在默認狀況下,Python的新類和舊類的實例都有一個字典來存儲屬性值。這對於那些沒有實例屬性的對象來講太浪費空間了,當須要建立大量實例的時候,這個問題變得尤其突出。python
所以這種默認的作法能夠經過在新式類中定義了一個__slots__屬性從而獲得瞭解決。__slots__聲明中包含若干實例變量,併爲每一個實例預留剛好足夠的空間來保存每一個變量,所以沒有爲每一個實例都建立一個字典,從而節省空間。數組
如今來講說python中dict爲何比list浪費內存?數據結構
和list相比,dict 查找和插入的速度極快,不會隨着key的增長而增長;dict須要佔用大量的內存,內存浪費多。ide
而list查找和插入的時間隨着元素的增長而增長;佔用空間小,浪費的內存不多。優化
python解釋器是Cpython,這兩個數據結構應該對應C的哈希表和數組。由於哈希表須要額外內存記錄映射關係,而數組只須要經過索引就能計算出下一個節點的位置,因此哈希表佔用的內存比數組大,也就是dict比list佔用的內存更大。ui
若是想更加詳細瞭解,能夠查看C的源代碼。python官方連接:https://www.python.org/downloads/source/ this
以下代碼是我從python官方截取的代碼片斷:spa
List 源碼:3d
typedef struct { PyObject_VAR_HEAD /* Vector of pointers to list elements. list[0] is ob_item[0], etc. */ PyObject **ob_item; /* ob_item contains space for 'allocated' elements. The number * currently in use is ob_size. * Invariants: * 0 <= ob_size <= allocated * len(list) == ob_size * ob_item == NULL implies ob_size == allocated == 0 * list.sort() temporarily sets allocated to -1 to detect mutations. * * Items must normally not be NULL, except during construction when * the list is not yet visible outside the function that builds it. */ Py_ssize_t allocated; } PyListObject;
Dict源碼:code
/* PyDict_MINSIZE is the minimum size of a dictionary. This many slots are * allocated directly in the dict object (in the ma_smalltable member). * It must be a power of 2, and at least 4. 8 allows dicts with no more * than 5 active entries to live in ma_smalltable (and so avoid an * additional malloc); instrumentation suggested this suffices for the * majority of dicts (consisting mostly of usually-small instance dicts and * usually-small dicts created to pass keyword arguments). */ #define PyDict_MINSIZE 8 typedef struct { /* Cached hash code of me_key. Note that hash codes are C longs. * We have to use Py_ssize_t instead because dict_popitem() abuses * me_hash to hold a search finger. */ Py_ssize_t me_hash; PyObject *me_key; PyObject *me_value; } PyDictEntry; /* To ensure the lookup algorithm terminates, there must be at least one Unused slot (NULL key) in the table. The value ma_fill is the number of non-NULL keys (sum of Active and Dummy); ma_used is the number of non-NULL, non-dummy keys (== the number of non-NULL values == the number of Active items). To avoid slowing down lookups on a near-full table, we resize the table when it's two-thirds full. */ typedef struct _dictobject PyDictObject; struct _dictobject { PyObject_HEAD Py_ssize_t ma_fill; /* # Active + # Dummy */ Py_ssize_t ma_used; /* # Active */ /* The table contains ma_mask + 1 slots, and that's a power of 2. * We store the mask instead of the size because the mask is more * frequently needed. */ Py_ssize_t ma_mask; /* ma_table points to ma_smalltable for small tables, else to * additional malloc'ed memory. ma_table is never NULL! This rule * saves repeated runtime null-tests in the workhorse getitem and * setitem calls. */ PyDictEntry *ma_table; PyDictEntry *(*ma_lookup)(PyDictObject *mp, PyObject *key, long hash); PyDictEntry ma_smalltable[PyDict_MINSIZE]; };
PyObject_HEAD 源碼:
#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS /* Define pointers to support a doubly-linked list of all live heap objects. */ #define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA \ struct _object *_ob_next; \ struct _object *_ob_prev; #define _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT 0, 0, #else #define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA #define _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT #endif /* PyObject_HEAD defines the initial segment of every PyObject. */ #define PyObject_HEAD \ _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA \ Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt; \ struct _typeobject *ob_type;
PyObject_VAR_HEAD 源碼:
/* PyObject_VAR_HEAD defines the initial segment of all variable-size * container objects. These end with a declaration of an array with 1 * element, but enough space is malloc'ed so that the array actually * has room for ob_size elements. Note that ob_size is an element count, * not necessarily a byte count. */ #define PyObject_VAR_HEAD \ PyObject_HEAD \ Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */
如今知道了dict爲何比list 佔用的內存空間更大。接下來如何讓你的類更加的節省內存。
其實有兩種解決方案:
第一種是使用__slots__ ;另一種是使用Collection.namedtuple 實現。
首先用標準的方式寫一個類:
#!/usr/bin/env python class Foobar(object): def __init__(self, x): self.x = x @profile def main(): f = [Foobar(42) for i in range(1000000)] if __name__ == "__main__": main()
而後,建立一個類Foobar(),而後實例化100W次。經過@profile查看內存使用狀況。
運行結果:
該代碼共使用了372M內存。
接下來經過__slots__代碼實現該代碼:
#!/usr/bin/env python class Foobar(object): __slots__ = 'x' def __init__(self, x): self.x = x @profile def main(): f = [Foobar(42) for i in range(1000000)] if __name__ == "__main__": main()
運行結果:
使用__slots__使用了91M內存,比使用__dict__存儲屬性值節省了4倍。
其實使用collection模塊的namedtuple也能夠實現__slots__相同的功能。namedtuple其實就是繼承自tuple,同時也由於__slots__的值被設置成了一個空tuple以免建立__dict__。
看看collection是如何實現的:
collection 和普通建立類方式相比,也節省了很多的內存。所在在肯定類的屬性值固定的狀況下,可使用__slots__方式對內存進行優化。可是這項技術不該該被濫用於靜態類或者其餘相似場合,那不是python程序的精神所在。