1.角點定義ios
角點是一種局部特徵,具備旋轉不變性和不隨光照條件變化而變化的特色,通常將圖像中曲率足夠高或者曲率變化明顯的點做爲角點。檢測獲得的角點特徵一般用於圖像匹配、目標跟蹤、運動估計等方面。算法
2.Fast檢測角點編程
1)基本思想測試
E.Rosten和T.Drummond兩位大佬在06年一篇文章中提出了FAST特徵算法,基本思想十分簡單:以某個像素點爲圓心,某半徑的圓周上其餘像素點與圓心像素點特性差別達到某種標準時即認爲該點就是角點。ui
2)數學模型spa
通過測試發現,選取的圓形半徑爲3時能夠兼顧檢測結果和效率。如上圖所示,點p與半徑爲3的圓周上的16個像素點比較其灰度差,若灰度差絕對值大於某閾值的點數超過設定數目(通常能夠取9/10/11/12),則認爲該點是角點。.net
使用小技巧加速該算法,這裏取設定數目爲12。code
(1)判斷點1和點9灰度值與點p差值絕對值是否都大於閾值,若是是則繼續;不然pass該點blog
(2)判斷點一、點五、點九、點13四點與點p灰度值差值大於閾值的數目是否大於2,若是是則繼續;不然pass該點ci
(3)判斷圓周上16點與點p灰度值差值大於閾值的數目是否不小於12,若是是則認爲該點是候選點;不然pass該點
對圖像中全部像素點進行上述操做後,獲得候選點點集。一般使用非極大值抑制過濾局部非極大值點,在這以前須要先計算各候選點的score,score就定義爲16個點與中心點灰度值差值的絕對值總和
3.opencv實現
我的使用vs2012+opencv2.4.13做爲開發環境,具體實現以下
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <core/core.hpp> 3 #include <highgui/highgui.hpp> 4 #include <imgproc/imgproc.hpp> 5 #include <features2d/features2d.hpp> 6 7 using namespace std; 8 using namespace cv; 9 10 11 int getSum(uchar *p, int length) 12 { 13 int sum = 0; 14 for(int i=0;i<length; i++) 15 { 16 sum += *(p+i); 17 } 18 return sum; 19 } 20 21 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 22 { 23 /* 1.讀入圖像 */ 24 Mat image = imread("../church01.jpg", 0); 25 if(!image.data) 26 return 0; 27 28 namedWindow("Original Image"); 29 imshow("Original Image", image); 30 31 Mat fastImg(image.size(), CV_8U, Scalar(0));//用於保存Fast特徵點候選點 32 Mat fastScore(image.size(), CV_32F, Scalar(0));//用於計算候選點score 33 vector<Point> points; 34 int rows, cols, threshold; 35 rows = image.rows; 36 cols = image.cols; 37 threshold = 50; 38 39 /* 2.檢測Fast特徵點 */ 40 for(int x = 3; x < rows - 3; x++) 41 { 42 for(int y = 3; y < cols - 3; y++) 43 { 44 uchar delta[16] = {0}; 45 uchar diff[16] = {0}; 46 delta[0] = (diff[0] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x, y-3))) > threshold; 47 delta[8] = (diff[8] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x, y+3))) > threshold; 48 if(getSum(delta, 16) == 0) 49 continue; 50 else 51 { 52 delta[12] = (diff[12] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-3, y))) > threshold; 53 delta[4] = (diff[4] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+3, y))) > threshold; 54 if(getSum(delta, 16) < 3) 55 continue; 56 57 else 58 { 59 delta[1] = (diff[1] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+1, y-3))) > threshold; 60 delta[2] = (diff[2] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+2, y-2))) > threshold; 61 delta[3] = (diff[3] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+3, y-1))) > threshold; 62 63 delta[5] = (diff[5] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+3, y+1))) > threshold; 64 delta[6] = (diff[6] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+2, y+2))) > threshold; 65 delta[7] = (diff[7] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x+1, y+3))) > threshold; 66 67 delta[9] = (diff[9] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-1, y+3))) > threshold; 68 delta[10] = (diff[10] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-2, y+2))) > threshold; 69 delta[11] = (diff[11] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-3, y+1))) > threshold; 70 71 delta[13] = (diff[13] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-3, y-1))) > threshold; 72 delta[14] = (diff[14] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-2, y-2))) > threshold; 73 delta[15] = (diff[15] = abs(image.at<uchar>(x,y) - image.at<uchar>(x-1, y-3))) > threshold; 74 75 if(getSum(delta, 16) >= 12) 76 { 77 points.push_back(Point(y,x)); 78 fastScore.at<float>(x,y) = getSum(diff, 16); 79 fastImg.at<uchar>(x,y) = 255; 80 } 81 } 82 } 83 } 84 85 } 86 87 vector<Point>::const_iterator itp = points.begin(); 88 while(itp != points.end()) 89 { 90 circle(image, *itp, 3, Scalar(255), 1); 91 ++itp; 92 } 93 //未進行非極大值抑制以前的特徵點檢測結果 94 namedWindow("Fast Image"); 95 imshow("Fast Image", image); 96 97 /* 3.對特徵點候選點進行非極大值抑制 */ 98 image = imread("../church01.jpg", 0); 99 Mat dilated(fastScore.size(), CV_32F, Scalar(0)); 100 Mat localMax; 101 Mat element(7, 7, CV_8U, Scalar(1)); 102 dilate(fastScore, dilated, element); 103 compare(fastScore, dilated, localMax, CMP_EQ); 104 bitwise_and(fastImg, localMax, fastImg); 105 106 for(int x = 0;x < fastImg.cols; x++) 107 { 108 for(int y = 0; y < fastImg.rows; y++) 109 { 110 if(fastImg.at<uchar>(y,x)) 111 { 112 circle(image, Point(x,y), 3, Scalar(255), 1); 113 114 } 115 } 116 } 117 //進行非極大值抑制以後的特徵點檢測結果 118 namedWindow("Fast Image2"); 119 imshow("Fast Image2", image); 120 121 waitKey(); 122 return 0; 123 }
代碼運行結果以下,比較第2/3張圖能夠發現,非極大值抑制具備過濾掉局部區域中非極大值角點的做用。
4.算法小結
該算法思想簡單,運算量很小,適合實時檢測方面的應用。不過也有缺點,主要表現爲對於邊緣點與噪點區分能力不強,固然後面也有不少人在此基礎上加以改進提升算法的穩定性。
5.參考文獻
[1]《opencv2計算機視覺編程手冊》
[2]【特徵檢測】FAST特徵檢測算法(http://blog.csdn.net/hujingshuang/article/details/46898007)