格式化、掛載、手動增長swap

4.5 磁盤格式化

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/filesystems  //查看分區支持的文件系統格式

ext4

ext3

ext2

nodev proc

nodev devpts

iso9660

vfat

hfs

hfsplus

 

[root@localhost ~]# mount //查看分區的文件系統是什麼（掛載以後才能看到）

/dev/sda3 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota

/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs

 

mke2fs

-t 表示你要格式化成什麼系統()

-b 指定塊大小

-m 預留空間給root

-i  多少字節對應一個inode

 

mkfs.ext4=====mke2fs -t ext4

 

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t xfs -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 //還不支持xfs系統

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

 

Your mke2fs.conf file does not define the xfs filesystem type.

Aborting...

 

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 //格式化成ext4文件系統 每塊2k

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

文件系統標籤=

OS type: Linux

塊大小=2048 (log=1)

分塊大小=2048 (log=1)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

196608 inodes, 1572864 blocks

78643 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

第一個數據塊=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=270008320

96 block groups

16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group

2048 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104

 

Allocating group tables: 完成                            

正在寫入inode表: 完成                            

Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成

 

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 //當系統存檔的是比較大的文件、視頻、音樂能夠使用大點8kb

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

文件系統標籤=

OS type: Linux

塊大小=2048 (log=1)

分塊大小=2048 (log=1)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

196608 inodes, 1572864 blocks

78643 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

第一個數據塊=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=270008320

96 block groups

16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group

2048 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104

 

Allocating group tables: 完成                            

正在寫入inode表: 完成                            

Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成

 

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 //

mkfs.xfs: /dev/sdb1 appears to contain an existing filesystem (ext4).

mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.

 

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb1  //強制覆蓋（前面已經格式化過了）

meta-data=/dev/sdb1              isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=196608 blks

         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1

         =                       crc=0

data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=786432, imaxpct=25

         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks

naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2

         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

 

 

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1  //查看一個未掛載的分區文件系統(UUID)

/dev/sdb1: UUID="ac545dff-22fb-4fd6-8f76-d238fc6c1b72" TYPE="xfs"

 

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2046 -m 1 /dev/sdb1  ///===mkfs.ext4 -m 1

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

文件系統標籤=

OS type: Linux

塊大小=1024 (log=0)

分塊大小=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

196608 inodes, 3145728 blocks

31457 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user

 

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -i 8192 -m 1 /dev/sdb1  //多少字節對應一個inode

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

文件系統標籤=

OS type: Linux

塊大小=4096 (log=2)

分塊大小=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

393216 inodes, 786432 blocks  //2塊對應一個inode  1:2

7864 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user

第一個數據塊=0

 

沒有分區也能夠直接格式化

4.7 磁盤掛載

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

 

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1

/dev/sdb1: UUID="46ff014e-bb84-4d45-8c1f-a578e41cdea7" TYPE="ext4"

 

[root@localhost ~]# mount UUID="46ff014e-bb84-4d45-8c1f-a578e41cdea7" /mnt

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/  //掛載

[root@localhost ~]# df -h

文件系統        容量  已用  可用 已用% 掛載點

/dev/sda3        11G  916M  9.8G    9% /

devtmpfs        260M     0  260M    0% /dev

tmpfs           265M     0  265M    0% /dev/shm

tmpfs           265M  4.4M  261M    2% /run

tmpfs           265M     0  265M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1       197M   75M  123M   38% /boot

/dev/sdb1       2.9G  9.0M  2.8G    1% /mnt

 

[root@localhost ~]# mount

/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)

/dev/sdb1 on /mnt type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)

 

[root@localhost mnt]# umount -l /dev/sdb1  //懶人卸載

 

Mount經常使用選項：不加選項默認defaults

Use  default  options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser,and async.    

Rw：可讀寫、

Suid：可設置uid權限、      

Dev：省略

Exec：可執行權限

Auto：自動掛載

Nouser：不容許普通用戶掛載

Async：不會實時同步

 

[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab //設置以後開機自動掛載

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Sun Oct 15 14:36:08 2017

#

# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

#//第五列是否備份 0不備份 1備份   第六列設置自檢 0不檢測 1/2檢測1比2優先級高些，1檢測完在檢測2

UUID=c54d7936-0b37-40bc-980f-7a4469bbe822 /                       xfs     defaults        1 1

UUID=540025a9-8958-498f-98d6-35ac2a63b730 /boot                   xfs     defaults        1 2

UUID=ca3fdb3f-6a65-4a04-ba4f-7e4c35c724c3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

/dev/sdb1                                 /mnt                    ext4    defaults        

 

[root@localhost ~]# man fstab

 

4.9 手動增長swap空間

dd操做磁盤的命令 if指定從哪裏讀 /dev/zero造零器  of將這些零寫入到哪裏去 count執行多少次

[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/newdisk bs=1M count=100

記錄了100+0 的讀入

記錄了100+0 的寫出

104857600字節(105 MB)已複製，5.9509 秒，17.6 MB/秒

[root@localhost ~]# du -sh /tmp/newdisk

100M/tmp/newdisk

[root@localhost ~]# mkswap -f /tmp/newdisk //格式化

正在設置交換空間版本 1，大小 = 102396 KiB

無標籤，UUID=01555cf3-52eb-4aaf-afb4-5b5a0b88fcd9

[root@localhost ~]# free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:           529        306        223          4          0        173

-/+ buffers/cache:        131        397

Swap:         1199          0       1199

[root@localhost ~]# swapon /tmp/newdisk //掛載

[root@localhost ~]# free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:           529        306        223          4          0        173

-/+ buffers/cache:        131        397

Swap:         1299          0       1299

[root@localhost ~]# chmod 0600 /tmp/newdisk

 

[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /tmp/newdisk  //卸載

[root@localhost ~]# free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:           529        306        223          4          0        173

-/+ buffers/cache:        131        397

Swap:         1199          0       1199