SQLAlchemy是一個基於Python實現的ORM框架。該框架創建在 DB API之上,使用關係對象映射進行數據庫操做,簡言之即是:將類和對象轉換成SQL,而後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。html
不少小夥伴說SQLAlchemy不如Django的models好用,這裏咱們須要知道。mysql
Models其實只是配置和使用比較簡單,畢竟是Django自帶的ORM框架,可是兼容性遠不如SQLAchemy,真正算得上全面的ORM框架必然是SQLAlchemy。sql
不管使用什麼ORM框架,其實都是爲了方便不熟練數據庫使用的同窗,最推薦的仍是使用原生的SQL語句,也建議你們攻克SQL難關。數據庫
組成部分:安全
Engine,框架的引擎session
Connection Pooling ,數據庫鏈接池架構
Dialect,選擇鏈接數據庫的DB API種類oracle
Schema/Types,架構和類型框架
SQL Exprression Language,SQL表達式語言ide
SQLAlchemy自己沒法操做數據庫,其必須以來pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用於和數據API進行交流,根據配置文件的不一樣調用不一樣的數據庫API,從而實現對數據庫的操做,如:
MySQL-Python mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> pymysql mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] MySQL-Connector mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> cx_Oracle oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...] 更多:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
經過SQLAlchemy執行源生的sql語句
方式一:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超過鏈接池大小外最多建立的鏈接 pool_size=5, # 鏈接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,不然報錯 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久以後對線程池中的線程進行一次鏈接的回收(重置) ) def task(): conn = engine.raw_connection() cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.execute( "select * from t1" ) result = cursor.fetchall() print(">>>",result) cursor.close() conn.close() task()
方式二:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) def task(): conn = engine.connect() with conn: cur = conn.execute( "select * from t1" ) result = cur.fetchall() print(result) task()
方式三
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) def task(): cur = engine.execute("select * from t1") result = cur.fetchall() cur.close() print(result) task()
經過sqlalchemy來建立表和刪除表
import datetime from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index # 創建基礎類 R關係 M映射 類 Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' # 指定建立的表名 # 寫字段 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) email = Column(String(32), unique=True) # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = ( UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), # 設置位移約束 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), # 設置索引 ) # 建立數據庫的引擎 engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超過鏈接池大小外最多建立的鏈接 pool_size=5, # 鏈接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,不然報錯 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久以後對線程池中的線程進行一次鏈接的回收(重置) ) # 檢索全部繼承Base的Object並在 engine 指向的數據庫中建立全部的表 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 刪除全部的數據庫表 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
import datetime from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index # 創建基礎類 R關係 M映射 類 Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' # 指定建立的表名 # 寫字段 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) email = Column(String(32), unique=True) # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = ( UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), # 設置位移約束 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), # 設置索引 ) # 建立數據庫的引擎 engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超過鏈接池大小外最多建立的鏈接 pool_size=5, # 鏈接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,不然報錯 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久以後對線程池中的線程進行一次鏈接的回收(重置) ) # 檢索全部繼承Base的Object並在 engine 指向的數據庫中建立全部的表 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 刪除全部的數據庫表 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
# ########## 一對多示例 ########## class School(Base): __tablename__ = "school" id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32),nullable=False) class Student(Base): __tablename__ = "student" id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32),nullable=False) school_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("school.id")) # 多對一關係存儲列 # 與生成表結構無關,僅用於查詢方便 school = relationship("School", backref='student') engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:root@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01?charset=utf8") # 檢索全部繼承 Model 的Object 並在 engine 指向的數據庫中建立 全部的表 Model.metadata.create_all(engine)
from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship class Girls(Model): __tablename__ = "girl" id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32),nullable=False) # relationship g2b = relationship("Boys",backref="b2g",secondary="hotel") class Boys(Model): __tablename__ = "boy" id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32),nullable=False) class Hotels(Model): __tablename__ = "hotel" id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) boy_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("boy.id")) girl_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("girl.id")) engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:root@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy01?charset=utf8") # 檢索全部繼承 Model 的Object 並在 engine 指向的數據庫中建立 全部的表 Model.metadata.create_all(engine)
def init_db(): """ 根據類建立數據庫表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超過鏈接池大小外最多建立的鏈接 pool_size=5, # 鏈接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,不然報錯 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久以後對線程池中的線程進行一次鏈接的回收(重置) ) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): """ 根據類刪除數據庫表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超過鏈接池大小外最多建立的鏈接 pool_size=5, # 鏈接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,不然報錯 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久以後對線程池中的線程進行一次鏈接的回收(重置) ) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) if __name__ == '__main__': drop_db() init_db()
數據庫記錄操做的兩種方式
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) ############方式一############# Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) # 每次執行數據庫操做時,都須要建立一個session session = Session() # ############# 執行ORM操做 ############# obj1 = Users(name="alex1") session.add(obj1) # 提交事務 session.commit() # 關閉session session.close() ###########方式二########### # 方式二:支持線程安全,爲每一個線程建立一個session # - threading.Local # - 惟一標識 # ScopedSession對象 # self.registry(), 加括號 建立session # self.registry(), 加括號 建立session # self.registry(), 加括號 建立session from greenlet import getcurrent as get_ident Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = scoped_session(Session,get_ident) # session.add # 操做 session.remove()
from day101_sqlAlchemy.SQLAlchemy02_create_table_single import engine,Users from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker Session = sessionmaker(engine) # 新建數據庫的查詢窗口 db_session = Session() # 打開查詢窗口 # 增長單條數據 # u = Users(name="ryxiong") # 新建insert語句 insert into # db_session.add(u) # 將insert語句移動到 db_session 查詢窗口 # db_session.commit() # 執行查詢窗口中的全部語句 # db_session.close() # 關閉查詢窗口 # 增長多條數據 # u_list = [Users(name="egon"),Users(name="alex")] # db_session.add_all(u_list) # 添加多條數據 # db_session.commit() # db_session.close() # 查詢數據 # res = db_session.query(Users).all() # 查詢全部數據 # for user in res: # print(user.id,user.name) # res = db_session.query(Users).first() # 查詢符合條件的第一條數據 # print(res.id,res.name) # 3 alex # 並列條件查詢 # res = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id<3,Users.name=="ryxiong").all() # for user in res: # print(user.id,user.name) # 1 ryxiong # res = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id<3,Users.name=="ryxiong").first() # print(res.id,res.name) # 1 ryxiong # 修改數據 # db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id==2).update({"name":"Egon"}) # db_session.commit() # 刪除數據 db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id==3).delete() db_session.commit()
from day101_sqlAlchemy.SQLAlchemy03_create_table_foreignKey import engine,Student,School from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker Session = sessionmaker(engine) # 新建數據庫的查詢窗口 db_session = Session() # 打開查詢窗口 # 增長一條數據 # school = School(name="新東方") # db_session.add(school) # db_session.commit() # 在添加學生 # school_fir = db_session.query(School).filter(School.name=="新東方").first() # # student = Student(name="ryxiong",school_id=school_fir.id) # db_session.add(student) # db_session.commit() # 1.添加數據 relationship 正向添加數據 # stu = Student(name="alex",school=School(name="藍翔")) # db_session.add(stu) # db_session.commit() # 2.添加數據relationship 反向添加數據 # sch = School(name="藍翔") # sch.student = [ # Student(name="egon"), # Student(name="wusir") # ] # db_session.add(sch) # db_session.commit() # 查詢 # 1.relationship正向查詢 res = db_session.query(Student).all() for stu in res: print(stu.id,stu.name,stu.school.name) # 2.relationship反向查詢 res = db_session.query(School).all() for sch in res: for stu in sch.student: print(sch.name,stu.id,stu.name)
from day101_sqlAlchemy.SQLAlchemy04_create_table_M2M import engine,Boys,Girls from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker Session = sessionmaker(engine) # 新建數據庫的查詢窗口 db_session = Session() # 打開查詢窗口 # 添加數據 # 1.relationship正向添加 # girl = Girls(name="Nancy",boy=[Boys(name="ryxiong"),Boys(name="alex")]) # db_session.add(girl) # db_session.commit() # 2.relationship反向添加 # boy = Boys(name="egon") # boy.girl = [ # Girls(name="羅玉鳳"), # Girls(name="朱利安"), # ] # # db_session.add(boy) # db_session.commit() # 查詢數據 # 1.relationship 正向查詢 res = db_session.query(Girls).all() for girl in res: for boy in girl.boy: print(girl.name,boy.name) # 2.relationship 反向查詢 res = db_session.query(Boys).all() for boy in res: for girl in boy.girl: print(boy.name,girl.name)
from day101_sqlAlchemy.SQLAlchemy02_create_table_single import engine,Users from sqlalchemy.sql import text from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import and_,or_ Session = sessionmaker(engine) # 新建數據庫的查詢窗口 db_session = Session() # 打開查詢窗口 # 邏輯條件查詢 and/or # ret1 = db_session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id<3,Users.name=="ryxiong")).all() # print(ret1) # ret2 = db_session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id<2,Users.name=="egon")).all() # print(ret2) # # ret3 = db_session.query(Users).filter( # or_( # and_(Users.id==1,Users.name=="ryxiong"), # and_(Users.id==2,Users.name=="egon") # ) # ).all() # print(ret3) # 查詢全部數據排序 # ret = db_session.query(Users).order_by(Users.id.asc()).all() # 按照id升序排列 # # print(ret) # 查詢數據,指定查詢數據列,加入別名 # ret = db_session.query(Users.name.label("username"),Users.id).first() # # print(ret) # ('alex', 3) # print(ret.id,ret.username) # 3 alex # 表達式篩選條件 # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.name=="ryxiong").all() # user_list1 = db_session.query(Users).filter_by(name="ryxiong").all() # for user in user_list: # print(user.name) # 複雜查詢 # user_list2 = db_session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=3,name="ryxiong") # print(user_list2) # 查詢語句 # user_list3 = db_session.query(Users).filter(text("select * from user id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=3,name="ryxiong") # print(user_list3) # 其餘查詢條件 # ret = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1,3)).all() # 查詢id值在1-3之間,不包含3的 # print(ret) # # ret1 = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,2])).all() # 查詢id在列表[1,2]中的用戶 # print(ret1) # # ret2 = db_session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,2])).all() # 查詢用戶id不在列表[1,2]中的。 # print(ret2) # 子查詢 # ret3 = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(db_session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name="ryxiong"))).all() # print(ret3) # 通配符 # ret4 = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like("%ong")).all() # print(ret4) # ret5 = db_session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like("%ong")).all() # print(ret5) # 切片 # ret6 = db_session.query(Users)[1:2] # print(ret6) # 分組 group_by from sqlalchemy.sql import func # ret7 = db_session.query(Users).group_by(Users.name).all() # print(ret7) # 聚合函數 ret8 = db_session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id), ).group_by(Users.name).all() print(ret8) # [(3, Decimal('3'), 3), (2, Decimal('2'), 2), (1, Decimal('1'), 1)] ret9 = db_session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id), ).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id)>2).all() print(ret9) # [(3, Decimal('3'), 3)]