Wadler的一句「Monad不就是自函子範疇上的幺半羣嗎?這有什麼難理解的?」讓多少不懂範疇論的FP萌新瑟瑟發抖,但用代碼實現一下就馬上開竅。爲何說「Monad is just a semicolon」,爲何形容它爲pipe,爲何說他是fp stateless的根基,都是在說一個賊簡單的道理:單子就是「你要改變個人值,你告訴我你要幹嗎,我幫你改,改完我告訴你」的無限循環。要我說,Monad就是像polymorphism同樣起了一個欺生的名字。swift
a -> Ca
app
class Context<T> {
var value: T
init(_ value: T) {
self.value = value
}
}
// 驗證
let c = Context(1)
c.value // 1
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(a -> b) -> Fa -> Fb
less
class Functor<T>: Context<T> {
func map<U>(_ f: (T) -> U) -> Functor<U> {
return Functor<U>(f(value))
}
}
// 驗證
let f = Functor(1)
let mapped = f.map { "\($0)" }
mapped.value // "1"
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A(a -> b) -> Aa -> Ab
ui
class Applicative<T>: Functor<T> {
func apply<U>(_ f: Applicative<(T) -> U>) -> Applicative<U> {
return Applicative<U>(f.value(value))
}
}
// 驗證
let a = Applicative(1)
let applied = a.apply(Applicative({ "\($0)" }))
applied.value // "1"
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(a -> Mb) -> Ma -> Mb
spa
class Monad<T>: Applicative<T> {
func flatMap<U>(_ f: (T) -> Monad<U>) -> Monad<U> {
return f(value)
}
}
// 驗證
let m = Monad(1)
let flatMapped = m.flatMap { Monad( "\($0)" ) }
flatMapped.value // "1"
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