GraphQL is Facebook’s new query language for fetching application data in a uniform way.node
GraphQL並非一個面向圖數據庫的查詢語言,而是一個數據抽象層,包括數據格式、數據關聯、查詢方式定義與實現等等一攬子的東西。GraphQL也並非一個具體的後端編程框架,若是將REST看作適合於簡單邏輯的查詢標準,那麼GraphQL能夠作一個獨立的抽象層,經過對於多個REST風格的簡單的接口的排列組合提供更多複雜多變的查詢方式。與REST相比,GraphQL定義了更嚴格、可擴展、可維護的數據查詢方式。git
GraphQL與以前Netflix出品的Falcor,都是致力於解決相同的問題:如何有效處理日益增加不斷變化的Web/Mobile端複雜的數據需求。筆者一直認爲,REST原論文最大的功勞在於先後端分離與無狀態請求,而REST的資源化的請求方式只適合面向簡單的請求,對於具備複雜資源間關聯的請求就有點無能爲力。關於這一點,筆者在以前的RARF系列中有過充分的討論。github
GraphQL is a specification.shell
仍是須要強調一點,引入GraphQL並不意味着要像以前從Struts遷移到SpringBoot同樣須要去修改你的真實的後端代碼,所以GraphQL能夠看作一個業務邏輯層靈活有效地輔助工具。這一點也是GraphQL與原來的REST API最大的差異,舉例而言:數據庫
{ latestPost { _id, title, content, author { name }, comments { content, author { name } } } }
這是一個很典型的GraphQL查詢,在查詢中指明瞭須要返回某個Blog的評論與做者信息,一個典型的返回結果譬如:express
{ "data": { "latestPost": { "_id": "03390abb5570ce03ae524397d215713b", "title": "New Feature: Tracking Error Status with Kadira", "content": "Here is a common feedback we received from our users ...", "author": { "name": "Pahan Sarathchandra" }, "comments": [ { "content": "This is a very good blog post", "author": { "name": "Arunoda Susiripala" } }, { "content": "Keep up the good work", "author": { "name": "Kasun Indi" } } ] } } }
而若是採用REST API方式,要麼須要前端查詢屢次,要麼須要去添加一個新的接口,專門針對前端這種較爲特殊的請求進行響應,而這樣又不可避免地致使後端代碼的冗餘,畢竟頗有可能這個特殊的請求與返回哪天就被廢了。npm
Learn GraphQLGraphQL系列教程編程
from-rest-to-graphql:從REST到GraphQL的思惟變遷json
GraphQL explained How GraphQL turns a query into a response:GraphQL簡單的原理介紹,能夠有助於理解GraphQL的設計理念與做用
awesome-graphql:一系列的關於GraphQL相關的資源的蒐集
首先建立項目文件夾:
mkdir graphql-demo cd graphql-demo
而後使用npm安裝必要的依賴:
npm init -f npm install graphql express express-graphql --save
做爲一個簡單的數據服務器,咱們僅使用最簡單的JSON文件做爲數據源:
{ "1": { "id": "1", "name": "Dan" }, "2": { "id": "2", "name": "Marie" }, "3": { "id": "3", "name": "Jessie" } }
一個簡單的GraphQL服務器須要建立Scheme以及支持的查詢:
// Import the required libraries var graphql = require('graphql'); var graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql'); var express = require('express'); // Import the data you created above var data = require('./data.json'); // Define the User type with two string fields: `id` and `name`. // The type of User is GraphQLObjectType, which has child fields // with their own types (in this case, GraphQLString). var userType = new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'User', fields: { id: { type: graphql.GraphQLString }, name: { type: graphql.GraphQLString }, } }); // Define the schema with one top-level field, `user`, that // takes an `id` argument and returns the User with that ID. // Note that the `query` is a GraphQLObjectType, just like User. // The `user` field, however, is a userType, which we defined above. var schema = new graphql.GraphQLSchema({ query: new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'Query', fields: { user: { type: userType, // `args` describes the arguments that the `user` query accepts args: { id: { type: graphql.GraphQLString } }, // The resolve function describes how to "resolve" or fulfill // the incoming query. // In this case we use the `id` argument from above as a key // to get the User from `data` resolve: function (_, args) { return data[args.id]; } } } }) }); express() .use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({ schema: schema, pretty: true })) .listen(3000); console.log('GraphQL server running on http://localhost:3000/graphql');
而後使用node命令啓動服務器:
node index.js
若是你直接訪問http://localhost:3000/graphql會獲得以下反饋:
{ "errors": [ { "message": "Must provide query string." } ] }
按照以下方式能夠建立一個簡單的根據ID查詢用戶的姓名,從中能夠看出基本的GraphQL的查詢的樣式,就是一個JSON的Key-Value對,鍵值就是查詢值:
{ user(id: "1") { name } }
返回數據是:
{ "data": { "user": { "name": "Dan" } } }
若是你但願以GET方式進行查詢,能夠移除全部的空格,即獲得以下方式的請求:
http://localhost:3000/graphql?query={user(id:"1"){name}}
注意,GraphQL定義了一種通用的數據查詢語言,並不必定要基於HTTP協議,不過目前絕大部分應用服務器的交互協議都是HTTP,所以這裏也是基於Express以及GraphQL的JavaScript實現構建一個簡單的GraphQL服務器。
$ mkdir graphql-intro && cd ./graphql-intro $ npm install express --save $ npm install babel --save $ touch ./server.js $ touch ./index.js
而核心的服務端代碼爲:
// index.js // by requiring `babel/register`, all of our successive `require`s will be Babel'd require('babel/register'); require('./server.js'); // server.js import express from 'express'; let app = express(); let PORT = 3000; app.post('/graphql', (req, res) => { res.send('Hello!'); }); let server = app.listen(PORT, function () { let host = server.address().address; let port = server.address().port; console.log('GraphQL listening at http://%s:%s', host, port); });
直接使用Node命令便可以啓動服務器:
$ node index.js GraphQL listening at http://0.0.0.0:3000
能夠用Curl進行簡單的測試:
$ curl -XPOST http://localhost:3000/graphql Hello!
如今咱們已經建立了一個簡單的HTTP Server能夠進行交互,下面咱們就要爲該Server添加GraphQL查詢的解析的支持。首先回顧下一個基本的GraphQL的查詢請求以下:
query getHighScore { score }
該查詢意味着某個GraphQL的客戶端但願獲取getHighScore
域的score
子域的信息,Fields就是客戶端要求GraphQL返回的數聽說明,一個Fields也能夠包含參數,譬如:
query getHighScores(limit: 10) { score }
而咱們的GraphQL Server首先須要知道應該如何去解析這樣的請求,即須要去定義Schema。構建一個Schema的過程有點相似於構建RESTful的路由樹的過程,Schema會包含Server能夠返回給前端的Fields以及響應中的數據類型。GraphQL中是採起了靜態數據類型,所以Client能夠依賴於其發起請求時聲明的數據類型。首先咱們聲明使用Schema所須要的依賴項:
$ npm install graphql --save $ npm install body-parser --save $ touch ./schema.js
而後咱們建立一個GraphQLSchema實例,通常來講咱們會將配置放入一個單獨的文件夾中:
// schema.js import { GraphQLObjectType, GraphQLSchema, GraphQLInt } from 'graphql/lib/type'; let count = 0; let schema = new GraphQLSchema({ query: new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'RootQueryType', fields: { count: { type: GraphQLInt, resolve: function() { return count; } } } }) }); export default schema;
該Schema的定義用通俗地語言表達便是針對查詢會返回一個RootQueryType的對象,而每一個RootQueryType對象會包含一個整型的count域。
在定義好了Schema以後,咱們就須要將其應用到HTTP Server中:
import express from 'express'; import schema from './schema'; // new dependencies import { graphql } from 'graphql'; import bodyParser from 'body-parser'; let app = express(); let PORT = 3000; // parse POST body as text app.use(bodyParser.text({ type: 'application/graphql' })); app.post('/graphql', (req, res) => { // execute GraphQL! graphql(schema, req.body) .then((result) => { res.send(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2)); }); }); let server = app.listen(PORT, function () { var host = server.address().address; var port = server.address().port; console.log('GraphQL listening at http://%s:%s', host, port); });
全部針對/graphql
的查詢都會在定義好的Schema下執行,這裏咱們默認的返回count值,仍是使用Curl進行簡單的調試能夠獲得:
$ node ./index.js // restart your server // in another shell $ curl -XPOST -H "Content-Type:application/graphql" -d 'query RootQueryType { count }' http://localhost:3000/graphql { "data": { "count": 0 } }
實際上,GraphQL Server也能夠返回其定義好的Schema信息:
$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql' -d '{__schema { queryType { name, fields { name, description} }}}' http://localhost:3000/graphql { "data": { "__schema": { "queryType": { "name": "RootQueryType", "fields": [ { "name": "count", "description": null } ] } } } }
其使用的查詢實際上就是這個樣子:
{ __schema { queryType { name, fields { name, description } } } }
實際上,咱們也能夠爲每一個定義的域添加譬如description
, isDeprecated
, 以及 deprecationReason
這樣的描述信息,譬如:
let schema = new GraphQLSchema({ query: new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'RootQueryType', fields: { count: { type: GraphQLInt, // add the description description: 'The count!', resolve: function() { return count; } } } }) });
那麼返回的新的元信息就是:
$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql' -d '{__schema { queryType { name, fields { name, description} }}}' http://localhost:3000/graphql { "data": { "__schema": { "queryType": { "name": "RootQueryType", "fields": [ { "name": "count", "description": "The count!" } ] } } } }
上文中所講的都是基於GraphQL定義一個查詢方式,而GraphQL也是支持對於數據的增刪改,這在GraphQL中稱爲mutations
。Mutations也是一個域,其主要是爲了指明某個請求打來的Side Effects,所以大部分的語法仍是一致的。Mutations也是須要提供一個返回值的,主要是爲了返回你改變的值以供驗證修改是否成功。
let schema = new GraphQLSchema({ query mutation: new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'RootMutationType', fields: { updateCount: { type: GraphQLInt, description: 'Updates the count', resolve: function() { count += 1; return count; } } } }) });
對應的查詢方式就是:
$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql' -d 'mutation RootMutationType { updateCount }' http://localhost:3000/graphql { "data": { "updateCount": 1 } }