使用Kubeadm(1.13+)快速搭建Kubernetes集羣

原文: 使用Kubeadm(1.13+)快速搭建Kubernetes集羣

Kubeadm是管理集羣生命週期的重要工具,從建立到配置再到升級,Kubeadm處理現有硬件上的生產集羣的引導,並以最佳實踐方式配置核心Kubernetes組件,以便爲新節點提供安全而簡單的鏈接流程並支持輕鬆升級。隨着Kubernetes 1.13 的發佈,如今Kubeadm正式成爲GA。html

準備

首先準備2臺虛擬機(CPU最少2核),我是使用Hyper-V建立的2臺Ubuntu18.04虛擬機,IP和機器名以下:node

172.17.20.210 masternginx

172.17.20.211 node1docker

禁用Swap

Kubernetes 1.8開始要求必須禁用Swap,若是不關閉,默認配置下kubelet將沒法啓動。bootstrap

編輯/etc/fstab文件:ubuntu

sudo vim /etc/fstab

UUID=8be04efd-f7c5-11e8-be8b-00155d000500 / ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=C0E3-6A72 /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 0
#/swap.img      none    swap    sw      0       0

如上,將/swap.img所在的行註釋掉,而後運行:vim

sudo swapoff -a

(可選)DNS配置

在Ubuntu18.04+版本中,DNS由systemd全面接管,接口監聽在127.0.0.53:53,配置文件在/etc/systemd/resolved.conf中。api

有時候會致使沒法解析域名的問題,可以使用以下2種方式來解決:安全

1.最簡單的就是關閉systemd-resolvd服務bash

sudo systemctl stop systemd-resolved
sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved

而後手動修改/etc/resolv.conf文件就能夠了。

2.更加推薦的作法是修改systemd-resolv的設置:

sudo vim /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

# 修改成以下
[Resolve]
DNS=1.1.1.1 1.0.0.1
#FallbackDNS=
#Domains=
LLMNR=no
#MulticastDNS=no
#DNSSEC=no
#Cache=yes
#DNSStubListener=yes

DNS=設置的是域名解析服務器的IP地址,這裏分別設爲1.1.1.1和1.0.0.1
LLMNR=設置的是禁止運行LLMNR(Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution),不然systemd-resolve會監聽5535端口。

安裝Docker

Kubernetes從1.6開始使用CRI(Container Runtime Interface)容器運行時接口。默認的容器運行時仍然是Docker,是使用kubelet中內置dockershim CRI來實現的。

Docker的安裝能夠參考以前的博客:Docker初體驗

須要注意的是,Kubernetes 1.13已經針對Docker的1.11.1, 1.12.1, 1.13.1, 17.03, 17.06, 17.09, 18.06等版本作了驗證,最低支持的Docker版本是1.11.1,最高支持是18.06,而Docker最新版本已是18.09了,故咱們安裝時須要指定版本爲18.06.1-ce

sudo apt install docker-ce=18.06.1~ce~3-0~ubuntu

安裝kubeadm, kubelet 和 kubectl

部署以前,咱們須要安裝三個包:

  • kubeadm: 引導啓動k8s集羣的命令行工具。

  • kubelet: 在羣集中全部節點上運行的核心組件, 用來執行如啓動pods和containers等操做。

  • kubectl: 操做集羣的命令行工具。

首先添加apt-key:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https curl
curl -s https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

添加kubernetes源:

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/ kubernetes-xenial main

安裝:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl

使用kubeadm建立一個單Master集羣

初始化Master節點

K8s的控制面板組件運行在Master節點上,包括etcd和API server(Kubectl即是經過API server與k8s通訊)。

在執行初始化以前,咱們還有一下3點須要注意:

1.選擇一個網絡插件,並檢查它是否須要在初始化Master時指定一些參數,好比咱們可能須要根據選擇的插件來設置--pod-network-cidr參數。參考:Installing a pod network add-on

2.kubeadm使用eth0的默認網絡接口(一般是內網IP)作爲Master節點的advertise address,若是咱們想使用不一樣的網絡接口,可使用--apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address>參數來設置。若是適應IPv6,則必須使用IPv6d的地址,如:--apiserver-advertise-address=fd00::101

3.使用kubeadm config images pull來預先拉取初始化須要用到的鏡像,用來檢查是否能鏈接到Kubenetes的Registries。

Kubenetes默認Registries地址是k8s.gcr.io,很明顯,在國內並不能訪問gcr.io,所以在kubeadm v1.13以前的版本,安裝起來很是麻煩,可是在1.13版本中終於解決了國內的痛點,其增長了一個--image-repository參數,默認值是k8s.gcr.io,咱們將其指定爲國內鏡像地址:registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers,其它的就能夠徹底按照官方文檔來愉快的玩耍了。

其次,咱們還須要指定--kubernetes-version參數,由於它的默認值是stable-1,會致使從https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt下載最新的版本號,咱們能夠將其指定爲固定版本(最新版:v1.13.1)來跳過網絡請求。

如今,咱們就來試一下:

# 使用calico網絡 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16
sudo kubeadm init --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.13.1 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16

# 輸出
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 172.17.20.210]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.20.210 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.20.210 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[kubelet-check] Initial timeout of 40s passed.
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 42.003645 seconds
[uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "master" as an annotation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:

  kubeadm join 172.17.20.210:6443 --token 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222

此次很是順利的就部署成功了,若是咱們想使用非root用戶操做kubectl,可使用如下命令,這也是kubeadm init輸出的一部分:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

安裝網絡插件

爲了讓Pods間能夠相互通訊,咱們必須安裝一個網絡插件,而且必須在部署任何應用以前安裝,CoreDNS也是在網絡插件安裝以後纔會啓動的。

網絡的插件完整列表,請參考 Networking and Network Policy

在安裝以前,咱們先查看一下當前Pods的狀態:

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

# 輸出
NAMESPACE     NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-6pgfr         0/1     Pending   0          87s
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-m9kgs         0/1     Pending   0          87s
kube-system   etcd-master                      1/1     Running   0          47s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-master            1/1     Running   0          38s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-master   1/1     Running   0          55s
kube-system   kube-proxy-mkg24                 1/1     Running   0          87s
kube-system   kube-scheduler-master            1/1     Running   0          41s

如上,能夠看到CoreDND的狀態是Pending,這是由於咱們尚未安裝網絡插件。

Calico是一個純三層的虛擬網絡方案,Calico 爲每一個容器分配一個 IP,每一個 host 都是 router,把不一樣 host 的容器鏈接起來。與 VxLAN 不一樣的是,Calico 不對數據包作額外封裝,不須要 NAT 和端口映射,擴展性和性能都很好。

默認狀況下,Calico網絡插件使用的的網段是192.168.0.0/16,在init的時候,咱們已經經過--pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16來適配Calico,固然你也能夠修改calico.yml文件來指定不一樣的網段。

可使用以下命令命令來安裝Canal插件:

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/kubernetes-datastore/calico-networking/1.7/calico.yaml

# 上面的calico.yaml會去quay.io拉取鏡像,若是沒法拉取,可以使用下面的國內鏡像
kubectl apply -f http://mirror.faasx.com/k8s/calico/v3.3.2/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f http://mirror.faasx.com/k8s/calico/v3.3.2/calico.yaml

關於更多Canal的信息能夠查看Calico官方文檔:kubeadm quickstart

稍等片刻,再使用kubectl get pods --all-namespaces命令來查看網絡插件的安裝狀況:

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

# 輸出
NAMESPACE     NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   calico-node-x96gn                2/2     Running   0          47s
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-6pgfr         1/1     Running   0          54m
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-m9kgs         1/1     Running   0          54m
kube-system   etcd-master                      1/1     Running   3          53m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-master            1/1     Running   3          53m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-master   1/1     Running   3          53m
kube-system   kube-proxy-mkg24                 1/1     Running   2          54m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-master            1/1     Running   3          53m

如上,STATUS所有變爲了Running,表示安裝成功,接下來就能夠加入其餘節點以及部署應用了。

Master隔離

默認狀況下,因爲安全緣由,集羣並不會將pods部署在Master節點上。可是在開發環境下,咱們可能就只有一個Master節點,這時可使用下面的命令來解除這個限制:

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-

## 輸出
node/master untainted

加入工做節點

要爲羣集添加工做節點,須要爲每臺計算機執行如下操做:

  • SSH到機器
  • 成爲root用戶,(如: sudo su -)
  • 運行上面的kubeadm init命令輸出的:kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

若是咱們忘記了Master節點的加入token,可使用以下命令來查看:

kubeadm token list

# 輸出
TOKEN                     TTL       EXPIRES                USAGES                   DESCRIPTION                                                EXTRA GROUPS
6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m   22h       2018-12-07T13:46:33Z   authentication,signing   The default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.   system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token

默認狀況下,token的有效期是24小時,若是咱們的token已通過期的話,可使用如下命令從新生成:

kubeadm token create

# 輸出
u2mt59.tyqpo0v5wf05lx2q

若是咱們也沒有--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash的值,可使用如下命令生成:

openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

# 輸出
eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222

如今,咱們登陸到工做節點服務器,而後運行以下命令加入集羣(這也是上面init輸出的一部分):

sudo kubeadm join 172.17.20.210:6443 --token 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222

# 輸出
[sudo] password for raining: 
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client, requesting info from "https://172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Requesting info from "https://172.17.20.210:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key
[discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots, will use API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[join] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[join] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "node1" as an annotation

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.

等待一會,咱們能夠在Master節點上使用kubectl get nodes命令來查看節點的狀態:

kubectl get nodes

# 輸出
NAME     STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
master   Ready    master   17m   v1.13.1
node1    Ready    <none>   15m   v1.13.1

如上所有Ready,大功告成,咱們能夠運行一些命令來測試一下集羣是否正常。

測試

首先驗證kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, pod network 是否正常:

# 部署一個 Nginx Deployment,包含兩個Pod
# https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:alpine
kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=2

# 驗證Nginx Pod是否正確運行,而且會分配192.168.開頭的集羣IP
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide

# 輸出以下:
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE    NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx-54458cd494-p8jzs   1/1     Running   0          31s   192.168.1.2   node1   <none>           <none>
nginx-54458cd494-v2m4b   1/1     Running   0          24s   192.168.1.3   node1   <none>           <none>

再驗證一下kube-proxy是否正常:

# 以 NodePort 方式對外提供服務 https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

# 查看集羣外可訪問的Port
kubectl get services nginx

# 輸出
NAME    TYPE       CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
nginx   NodePort   10.110.49.49   <none>        80:31899/TCP   4s

# 能夠經過任意 NodeIP:Port 在集羣外部訪問這個服務,本示例中部署的2臺集羣IP分別是172.17.20.210和172.17.20.211
curl http://172.17.20.210:31899
curl http://172.17.20.211:31899

最後驗證一下dns, pod network是否正常:

# 運行Busybox並進入交互模式
kubectl run -it curl --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl

# 輸入`nslookup nginx`查看是否能夠正確解析出集羣內的IP,已驗證DNS是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ nslookup nginx

# 輸出
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      nginx
Address 1: 10.110.49.49 nginx.default.svc.cluster.local

# 經過服務名進行訪問,驗證kube-proxy是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://nginx/

# 輸出以下:
# <!DOCTYPE html> ---省略

# 分別訪問一下2個Pod的內網IP,驗證跨Node的網絡通訊是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.2/
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.3/

驗證經過,集羣搭建成功,接下來咱們就能夠參考官方文檔來部署其餘服務,愉快的玩耍了。

卸載集羣

想要撤銷kubeadm執行的操做,首先要排除節點,並確保該節點爲空, 而後再將其關閉。

在Master節點上運行:

kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets
kubectl delete node <node name>

而後在須要移除的節點上,重置kubeadm的安裝狀態:

sudo kubeadm reset

若是你想從新配置集羣,使用新的參數從新運行kubeadm init或者kubeadm join便可。

參考資料

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