以前週會技術分享,一位同事講解了HashMap的源碼,涉及到一些常量設計的目的,本文將談談這些常量爲什麼這樣設計,但願你們有所收穫。java
/** * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two. */ static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4;
HashMap默認初始化大小爲何是16,這裏分兩個維度分析,爲何是2的冪,爲何是16而不是8或者32。node
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
咱們知道HashMap的底層數據結構是數組+鏈表/數組+紅黑樹,由以上方法,能夠發現數組下標索引的定位公式是:i = (n - 1) & hash
,當初始化大小n是2的倍數時,(n - 1) & hash
等價於n%hash
。定位下標通常用取餘法,爲何這裏不用取餘呢?程序員
所以,默認初始化大定義爲2的冪,就是爲了使用更高效的與運算。數組
若是過小,4或者8,擴容比較頻繁;若是太大,32或者64甚至太大,又佔用內存空間。數據結構
打個比喻,假設你開了個情侶咖啡廳,平時通常都是7,8對情侶來喝咖啡,高峯也就10對。那麼,你是否是設置8個桌子就好啦,若是人來得多再考慮加桌子。若是設置4桌,那麼就常常座位不夠要加桌子,若是設置10桌或者更多,那麼確定佔地方嘛。less
/** * The load factor used when none specified in constructor. */ static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
加載因子表示哈希表的填滿程度,跟擴容息息相關。爲何不是0.5或者1呢?dom
若是是0.5,就是說哈希表填到一半就開始擴容了,這樣會致使擴容頻繁,而且空間利用率比較低。
若是是1,就是說哈希表徹底填滿纔開始擴容,這樣雖然空間利用提升了,可是哈希衝突機會卻大了。能夠看一下源碼文檔的解釋:ide
* <p>As a general rule, the default load factor (.75) offers a good * tradeoff between time and space costs. Higher values decrease the * space overhead but increase the lookup cost (reflected in most of * the operations of the <tt>HashMap</tt> class, including * <tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>). The expected number of entries in * the map and its load factor should be taken into account when * setting its initial capacity, so as to minimize the number of * rehash operations. If the initial capacity is greater than the * maximum number of entries divided by the load factor, no rehash * operations will ever occur.
翻譯大概意思是:學習
做爲通常規則,默認負載因子(0.75)在時間和空間成本上提供了良好的權衡。負載因子數值越大,空間開銷越低,可是會提升查找成本(體如今大多數的HashMap類的操做,包括get和put)。設置初始大小時,應該考慮預計的entry數在map及其負載係數,而且儘可能減小rehash操做的次數。若是初始容量大於最大條目數除以負載因子,rehash操做將不會發生。this
簡言之, 負載因子0.75 就是衝突的機會 與空間利用率權衡的最後體現,也是一個程序員實驗的經驗值。
StackOverFlow有個回答這個問題的:
What is the significance of load factor in HashMap?
這個回答解釋:一個bucket空和非空的機率爲0.5,經過牛頓二項式等數學計算,獲得這個loadfactor的值爲log(2),約等於0.693。
最後選擇選擇0.75,可能0.75是接近0.693的四捨五入數中,比較好理解的一個,而且默認容量大小16*0.75=12,爲一個整數。
/** * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a * bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon * shrinkage. */ static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
JDK8及之後的版本中,HashMap底層數據結構引入了紅黑樹。當添加元素的時候,若是桶中鏈表元素超過8,會自動轉爲紅黑樹。那麼閥值爲何是8呢?請看HashMap的源碼這段註釋:
* Ideally, under random hashCodes, the frequency of * nodes in bins follows a Poisson distribution * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution) with a * parameter of about 0.5 on average for the default resizing * threshold of 0.75, although with a large variance because of * resizing granularity. Ignoring variance, the expected * occurrences of list size k are (exp(-0.5) * pow(0.5, k) / * factorial(k)). The first values are: * * 0: 0.60653066 * 1: 0.30326533 * 2: 0.07581633 * 3: 0.01263606 * 4: 0.00157952 * 5: 0.00015795 * 6: 0.00001316 * 7: 0.00000094 * 8: 0.00000006 * more: less than 1 in ten million
理想狀態中,在隨機哈希碼狀況下,對於默認0.75的加載因子,桶中節點的分佈頻率服從參數爲0.5的泊松分佈,即便粒度調整會產生較大方差。
由對照表,能夠看到鏈表中元素個數爲8時的機率很是很是小了,因此鏈表轉換紅黑樹的閥值選擇了8。
/** * The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a * resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at * most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal. */ static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
上一小節分析,能夠知道,鏈表樹化閥值是8,那麼樹還原爲鏈表爲何是6而不是7呢?這是爲了防止鏈表和樹之間頻繁的轉換。若是是7的話,假設一個HashMap不停的插入、刪除元素,鏈表個數一直在8左右徘徊,就會頻繁樹轉鏈表、鏈表轉樹,效率很是低下。
/** * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified * by either of the constructors with arguments. * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30. */ static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
由第一小節(HashMap默認初始化大小爲何是1 << 4)分析可知,HashMap容量須要知足2的冪,與運算比取餘運算效率高。只有容量是2的n次方時,與運算纔等於取餘運算。
tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]
咱們知道,int佔四個字節,一個字節佔8位,因此是32位整型,也就是說最多32位。那按理說,最大數能夠向左移動31位即2的31次冪,在這裏爲何不是2的31次方呢?
實際上,二進制數的最左邊那一位是符號位,用來表示正負的,咱們來看一下demo代碼:
System.out.println(1<<30); System.out.println(1<<31); System.out.println(1<<32); System.out.println(1<<33); System.out.println(1<<34);
輸出:
1073741824 -2147483648 1 2 4
因此,HashMap最大容量是1 << 30。
/** * The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified. * (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.) * Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts * between resizing and treeification thresholds. */ static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
這是由於容量低於64時,哈希碰撞的機率比較大,而這個時候出現長鏈表的可能性會稍微大一些,這種緣由下產生的長鏈表,咱們應該優先選擇擴容而避免沒必要要的樹化。