爬蟲前奏,帶你感覺爬蟲

爬蟲

網絡爬蟲(又被稱爲網頁蜘蛛,網絡機器人,在FOAF社區中間,更常常的稱爲網頁追逐者),是一種按照必定的規則,自動地抓取萬維網信息的程序或者腳本。html

另一些不常使用的名字還有螞蟻、自動索引、模擬程序或者蠕蟲。大概知道什麼是爬蟲了吧,那就帶你看看它的好玩之處。python

Requests

在帶進爬蟲的世界中以前那確定是要一一系列的準備工做了,首先就是requests這個模塊嘍。言歸正傳......git

Python標準庫中提供了:urllib、urllib二、httplib等模塊以供Http請求,可是,它的 API 太渣了。它是爲另外一個時代、另外一個互聯網所建立的。github

它須要巨量的工做,甚至包括各類方法覆蓋,來完成最簡單的任務。web

import urllib2
import json
import cookielib


def urllib2_request(url, method="GET", cookie="", headers={}, data=None):
    """
    :param url: 要請求的url
    :param cookie: 請求方式,GET、POST、DELETE、PUT..
    :param cookie: 要傳入的cookie,cookie= 'k1=v1;k1=v2'
    :param headers: 發送數據時攜帶的請求頭,headers = {'ContentType':'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
    :param data: 要發送的數據GET方式須要傳入參數,data={'d1': 'v1'}
    :return: 返回元祖,響應的字符串內容 和 cookiejar對象
    對於cookiejar對象,可使用for循環訪問:
        for item in cookiejar:
            print item.name,item.value
    """
    if data:
        data = json.dumps(data)

    cookie_jar = cookielib.CookieJar()
    handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie_jar)
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler)
    opener.addheaders.append(['Cookie', 'k1=v1;k1=v2'])
    request = urllib2.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers)
    request.get_method = lambda: method

    response = opener.open(request)
    origin = response.read()

    return origin, cookie_jar


# GET
result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="GET")

# POST
result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/',  method="POST", data= {'k1': 'v1'})

# PUT
result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/',  method="PUT", data= {'k1': 'v1'})
封裝urllib請求

 

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 許可證的 基於Python開發的HTTP 庫,其在Python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝,從而使得Pythoner進行網絡請求時,ajax

變得美好了許多,使用Requests能夠垂手可得的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操做。正則表達式

  一、GET請求

# 一、無參數實例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 
print ret.url
print ret.text
 
 
# 二、有參數實例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
 
print ret.url
print ret.text

向 https://github.com/timeline.json 發送一個GET請求,將請求和響應相關均封裝在 ret 對象中。json

  二、POST請求

# 一、基本POST實例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 
print ret.text
 
 
# 二、發送請求頭和數據實例
 
import requests
import json
 
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
 
print ret.text
print ret.cookies

向https://api.github.com/some/endpoint發送一個POST請求,將請求和相應相關的內容封裝在 ret 對象中。api

  三、其餘請求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基礎上構建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

requests模塊已經將經常使用的Http請求方法爲用戶封裝完成,用戶直接調用其提供的相應方法便可。瀏覽器

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
更多參數

若是這些還不能知足你,更多requests模塊相關的文檔見:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/

 

自動登錄抽屜並點贊

 感覺下不在抽屜登陸頁面登陸,本身寫腳原本實現登陸效果,而且能夠點讚的那種小過癮。

### 一、首先登錄任何頁面,獲取cookie
 
i1 = requests.get(url= "http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
 
### 二、用戶登錄,攜帶上一次的cookie,後臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行受權
i2 = requests.post(
    url= "http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data= {
        'phone': "86手機號",
        'password': "密碼",
        'oneMonth': ""
    },
    cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
)
 
### 三、點贊(只須要攜帶已經被受權的gpsd便可)
gpsd = i1.cookies.get_dict()['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)

 

「破解」微信公衆號

 上面的是否是有點意思,那就在來點刺激的。咱們來「破解」微信公衆號。是否是期待...

「破解」微信公衆號其實就是使用Python代碼自動實現【登錄公衆號】->【獲取觀衆用戶】-> 【向關注用戶發送消息】。

注:只能向48小時內有互動的粉絲主動推送消息

   一、自動登錄

分析對於web登陸頁面,用戶驗證時作的操做:

①登錄的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN

②POST的數據爲:

    {
         'username': 用戶名,
         'pwd': 密碼的MD5值,
         'imgcode': "", 
         'f': 'json'
    }

③POST的請求頭的Referer值,微信後臺用次來檢查是誰發送來的請求

④請求發送並登錄成功後,獲取用戶響應的cookie,之後操做其餘頁面時須要攜帶此cookie 

⑤請求發送並登錄成功後,獲取用戶相應的內容中的token

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time
import hashlib


def _password(pwd):
    ha = hashlib.md5()
    ha.update(pwd)
    return ha.hexdigest()

def login():
    
    login_dict = {
        'username': "用戶名",
        'pwd': _password("密碼"),
        'imgcode': "",
        'f': 'json'
    }

    login_res = requests.post(
        url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
        data=login_dict,
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})

    # 登錄成功以後獲取服務器響應的cookie
    resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
    # 登錄成功後,獲取服務器響應的內容
    resp_text = login_res.text
    # 登錄成功後,獲取token
    token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0]

    print resp_text
    print token
    print resp_cookies_dict

login()
登陸代碼

 

 登錄成功獲取的相應內容以下:

響應內容:
{"base_resp":{"ret":0,"err_msg":"ok"},"redirect_url":"\/cgi-bin\/home?t=home\/index&lang=zh_CN&token=537908795"}
 
響應cookie:
{'data_bizuin': '3016804678', 'bizuin': '3016804678', 'data_ticket': 'CaoX+QA0ZA9LRZ4YM3zZkvedyCY8mZi0XlLonPwvBGkX0/jY/FZgmGTq6xGuQk4H', 'slave_user': 'gh_5abeaed48d10', 'slave_sid': 'elNLbU1TZHRPWDNXSWdNc2FjckUxalM0Y000amtTamlJOUliSnRnWGRCdjFseV9uQkl5cUpHYkxqaGJNcERtYnM2WjdFT1pQckNwMFNfUW5fUzVZZnFlWGpSRFlVRF9obThtZlBwYnRIVGt6cnNGbUJsNTNIdTlIc2JJU29QM2FPaHZjcTcya0F6UWRhQkhO'}

  二、獲取信息

訪問其餘頁面獲取用戶信息

分析用戶管理頁面,經過Pyhton代碼以Get方式訪問此頁面,分析響應到的 HTML 代碼,

從中獲取用戶信息:

①獲取用戶的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_all_data&lang=zh_CN&token=登錄時獲取的token

②發送GET請求時,須要攜帶登錄成功後獲取的cookie

{'data_bizuin': '3016804678', 'bizuin': '3016804678', 'data_ticket': 'C4YM3zZ...

③獲取當前請求的響應的html代碼

④經過正則表達式獲取html中的指定內容(Python的模塊Beautiful Soup)

⑤獲取html中每一個用戶的 data-fakeid屬性,該值是用戶的惟一標識,經過它可向用戶推送消息

 

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time
import hashlib
import json
import re

LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {}

def _password(pwd):
    ha = hashlib.md5()
    ha.update(pwd)
    return ha.hexdigest()

def login():
    
    login_dict = {
        'username': "用戶名",
        'pwd': _password("密碼"),
        'imgcode': "",
        'f': 'json'
    }

    login_res = requests.post(
        url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
        data=login_dict,
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})

    # 登錄成功以後獲取服務器響應的cookie
    resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
    # 登錄成功後,獲取服務器響應的內容
    resp_text = login_res.text
    # 登錄成功後,獲取token
    token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0]

    return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict}


def standard_user_list(content):
    content = re.sub('\s*', '', content)
    content = re.sub('\n*', '', content)
    data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0]
    data = data.strip()
    while True:
        temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1)
        if len(temp) == 5:
            temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
            data = ''.join(temp)
        else:
            break

    while True:
        temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1)
        if len(temp) == 5:
            temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
            data = ''.join(temp)
        else:
            break

    data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data)
    ret = json.loads(data)
    return ret


def get_user_list():

    login_dict = login()
    LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict)

    login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']
    res_user_list = requests.get(
        url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag",
        params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']},
        cookies = login_cookie_dict,
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
    )
    user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text)
    for item in user_info['user_list']:
        print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],)
    
get_user_list()

  三、發送消息

分析給用戶發送消息的頁面,從網絡請求中剖析獲得發送消息的URL,從而使用Python代碼發送消息:

①發送消息的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=登錄時獲取的token放在此處&lang=zh_CN

②從登錄時相應的內容中獲取:token和cookie

③從用戶列表中獲取某個用戶惟一標識: fake_id

④封裝消息,併發送POST請求

send_dict = {
    'token': 登錄時獲取的token,
    'lang': "zh_CN",
    'f': 'json',
    'ajax': 1,
    'random': "0.5322618900912392",
    'type': 1,
    'content': 要發送的內容,
    'tofakeid': 用戶列表中獲取的用戶的ID,
    'imgcode': ''
}
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time
import hashlib
import json
import re

LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {}

def _password(pwd):
    ha = hashlib.md5()
    ha.update(pwd)
    return ha.hexdigest()

def login():
    
    login_dict = {
        'username': "用戶名",
        'pwd': _password("密碼"),
        'imgcode': "",
        'f': 'json'
    }

    login_res = requests.post(
        url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
        data=login_dict,
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})

    # 登錄成功以後獲取服務器響應的cookie
    resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
    # 登錄成功後,獲取服務器響應的內容
    resp_text = login_res.text
    # 登錄成功後,獲取token
    token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0]

    return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict}


def standard_user_list(content):
    content = re.sub('\s*', '', content)
    content = re.sub('\n*', '', content)
    data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0]
    data = data.strip()
    while True:
        temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1)
        if len(temp) == 5:
            temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
            data = ''.join(temp)
        else:
            break

    while True:
        temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1)
        if len(temp) == 5:
            temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
            data = ''.join(temp)
        else:
            break

    data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data)
    ret = json.loads(data)
    return ret


def get_user_list():

    login_dict = login()
    LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict)

    login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']
    res_user_list = requests.get(
        url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag",
        params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']},
        cookies = login_cookie_dict,
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
    )
    user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text)
    for item in user_info['user_list']:
        print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],)
    

def send_msg(user_fake_id, content='啥也沒發'):

    login_dict = LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT
    
    token = login_dict['token']
    login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']

    send_dict = {
        'token': token,
        'lang': "zh_CN",
        'f': 'json',
        'ajax': 1,
        'random': "0.5322618900912392",
        'type': 1,
        'content': content,
        'tofakeid': user_fake_id,
        'imgcode': ''
    }
   
    send_url = "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=%s&lang=zh_CN" % (token,)
    message_list = requests.post(
        url=send_url, 
        data=send_dict, 
        cookies=login_cookie_dict, 
        headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
    )


get_user_list()
fake_id = raw_input('請輸入用戶ID:')
content = raw_input('請輸入消息內容:')
send_msg(fake_id, content)
放送消息代碼

 

以上就是「破解」微信公衆號的整個過程,經過Python代碼實現了自動【登錄微信公衆號平臺】【獲取用戶列表】【指定用戶發送消息】。

有沒有一點點「黑客」的趕腳,是否是火燒眉毛的想去嘗試了...

 上面的代碼可能比較分散,直接上源碼把:猛擊

想要學習更多的爬蟲後續的更新在:http://www.cnblogs.com/kongqi816-boke/p/5827243.html

有意想不到的呦。

 

 若是還不能知足你的求知慾望,還有更多詳見:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5354900.html

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