在bash腳本編程中,條件結構體使用if語句和case語句兩種句式。html
if TEST; then CMD fi
TEST:條件判斷,多數狀況下可以使用test命令來實現,返回值爲0的話則執行CMD,不然就離開該條件結構體,腳本繼續往下執行。編程
[root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash if id zwl &> /dev/null; then echo "User zwl exists." fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh User zwl exists.
if TEST; then
CMD-TRUE else
CMD-FALSE fi
爲真執行CMD-TRUE,爲假執行CMD-FALSE。bash
[root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash read -p "Pleas input a user name:" name if id $name &> /dev/null; then echo "User $name exists." else echo "User $name doesn't exists." fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Pleas input a user name:zwl User zwl exists. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Pleas input a user name:alongdidi User alongdidi doesn't exists.
if TEST1; then CMD1 elif TEST2; then CMD2 elif TEST3; then CMD3 ... else CMD-LAST fi
當TEST1爲真時執行CMD1,不然判斷TEST2;當TEST2爲真時執行CMD2,不然判斷TEST3;以此類推,都不符合條件的話則執行CMD-LAST。socket
判斷文件類型的示例。函數
#!/bin/bash read -p "Please input only a absolute file path:" file if [ -z $file ]; then echo "You must input something." exit 2 fi if [ ! -e $file ]; then echo "No such file $file" elif [ -d $file ]; then echo "File $file is a directory." elif [ -L $file ]; then echo "File $file is a symbolic." elif [ -b $file ]; then echo "File $file is a block special file." elif [ -c $file ]; then echo "File $file is a character special file." elif [ -S $file ]; then echo "File $file is a socket file." elif [ -f $file ]; then echo "File $file is a regular file." else echo "File is unrecognized." fi
執行示例。學習
[root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path: You must input something. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:passwd No such file passwd [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/etc/passwd File /etc/passwd is a regular file [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/root/ File /root/ is a directory. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/etc/rc.local File /etc/rc.local is a symbolic.
字符連接文件也能夠被認爲是普通文件(regular),所以建議將普通文件的斷定放置在較靠後的位置。測試
注意:if語句是能夠嵌套的。spa
[root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash if [ -e /dev/sda ]; then if [ -b /dev/sda ]; then echo "It's a block file." fi fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh It's a block file.
編寫一個腳本,僅可接收一個參數,此參數應是一個用戶名稱。判斷該用戶名是否存在,若存在則輸出用戶的信息,不然就建立該用戶並設置默認密碼(password)。rest
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ];then echo "You must input just one argument!" exit 2 fi if id $1 &> /dev/null; then id $1 else useradd $1 echo "password" | passwd --stdin $1 &> /dev/null fi
編寫一個腳本,接收兩個數值類參數,並輸出其中較大的那個。code
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "Please input exact two number arguments." exit 1 fi if [ $1 -eq $2 ]; then echo "Number $1 and $2 are equal." elif [ $1 -gt $2 ]; then echo "The greater is $1." else echo "The greater is $2." fi
編寫一個腳本,接收一個用戶名做爲參數,並判斷其奇偶性。
[root@c7-server ~]# cat even_odd_if.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then echo "You must input just one argument." exit 1 fi var=$[$(id -u $1)%2] if [ $var -eq 0 ]; then echo "The UID of $1 is even." else echo "The UID of $1 is odd." fi
編寫一個腳本,接收兩個文件名做爲參數,返回文件的行數以及判斷哪一個文件的行數比較多。
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "You must input exat 2 arguments." exit 1 fi if [ ! -e $1 -o ! -e $2 ]; then echo "File $1 or/and $2 doesn't/don't exist[s]." exit 2 fi line1=$(wc -l $1 | cut -d " " -f 1) line2=$(wc -l $2 | cut -d " " -f 1) echo "The lines of $1 is $line1" echo "The lines of $2 is $line2" if [ $line1 -gt $line2 ]; then echo "$1 has more lines." elif [ $line1 -lt $line2 ]; then echo "$2 has more lines." else echo "They have same lines." fi
編寫一個腳本,傳遞一個用戶名做爲參數給腳本,判斷用戶的類型。
UID=0:管理員
UID=1~999:系統用戶
UID=1000+:普通用戶
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then echo "You must input exact one argument." exit 1 fi if ! id $1 &> /dev/null; then echo "You must input an existed username." exit 2 fi userId=$(id -u $1) if [ $userId -eq 0 ]; then echo "$1 is a admin user." elif [ $userId -lt 1000 ]; then echo "$1 is a system user." else echo "$1 is a normal user." fi
編寫一個腳本,展現一個菜單供用戶選擇,菜單告知用戶腳本能夠顯示的系統信息。
#!/bin/bash cat << EOF disk) Show disk infomation. mem) Show memory infomation. cpu) Show cpu infomation. *) QUIT! EOF read -p "Your option is: " option if [ -z $option ]; then echo "You input nothing,QUIT!" exit 1 elif [ $option == disk ]; then fdisk -l elif [ $option == mem ]; then free -m elif [ $option == cpu ]; then lscpu else echo "You input a illegal string,QUIT now!" fi
在後面學習了循環以後,能夠加上循環,使得用戶在輸入錯誤的狀況下,反覆讓用戶輸入直到輸入正確的選項。
#!/bin/bash cat << EOF disk) Show disk infomation. mem) Show memory infomation. cpu) Show cpu infomation. *) Again! EOF read -p "Your option is: " option while [ "$option" != disk -a "$option" != mem -a "$option" != cpu -o "$option" == "" ]; do echo "You input a illegal string. Usage {disk|mem|cpu}, case sensitive." read -p "Your option is: " option done if [ $option == disk ]; then fdisk -l elif [ $option == mem ]; then free -m elif [ $option == cpu ]; then lscpu fi
這個腳本的難點我以爲在於while循環中的判斷應該怎麼寫,$option是否應該加引號、字符串匹配右邊的字符(如disk)是否須要加引號、使用單中括號仍是雙中括號、使用單引號仍是雙引號。我也是一遍遍試直到瞎貓碰到死耗子才寫出來符合本身需求的bash代碼。
具體涉及的難點包括但《Bash腳本編程學習筆記04:測試命令test、狀態返回值、位置參數和特殊變量》文章開頭說的那些,所以這裏沒法爲你們作到準確的分析。
像上述腳本中,咱們反覆對一個變量作字符串等值比較並使用了多分支的if語句。此類狀況咱們徹底可使用case語句來代替,使其更容易看懂。
其官方語法以下:
case word in [ [(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;;]… esac
case會將word和pattern進行匹配,一旦匹配到就執行對應的command-list,而且退出。
pattern基於bash的模式匹配,即glob風格。
pattern至少一個,能夠有多個使用「|」分隔。
pattern+command-list成爲一個子句(clause),以下。
[(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;;
每一個子句,都會以「;;」或者「;&」或者「;;&」結束。基本上只會使用「;;」。
;;:決定了一旦word第一次匹配到了pattern,就執行對應的command-list,而且退出。
;&和;;&:而這兩個是不會在第一次匹配到就馬上退出的,還會有其餘後續的動做,幾乎不多用到,有須要的能夠去看手冊。
word在匹配前會經歷:波浪符展開、參數展開、命令替換、算術展開和引號去除。
pattern會經歷:波浪符展開、參數展開、命令替換和算術展開。
當word的值是一個通配符的時候,表示默認的case。相似多分支if語句最後的else。
來個官方示例,簡單易懂。
#!/bin/bash echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " read ANIMAL echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " case $ANIMAL in horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; esac echo " legs."
學會了case語句後,咱們就能夠對上面的多分支if語句的最後一個示例(顯示系統信息的)進行改寫,改成case語句的。應該不難,這裏不演示了,咱們嘗試新的腳本。
咱們嘗試寫一個bash服務類腳本,常見於CentOS 6系列的系統中的/etc/rc.d/init.d/目錄下。
#!/bin/bash # # chkconfig: - 50 50 # Description: test service script # prog=$(basename $0) lockfile="/var/lock/subsys/$prog" case $1 in start) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog has already started." else touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog starts finished." fi ;; stop) if [ ! -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog has already stopped." else rm -f $lockfile echo "The service $prog stops finished." fi ;; restart) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then rm -f $lockfile touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog restart finished." else touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog starts finished." fi ;; status) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog is running." else echo "The service $prog is not running." fi ;; *) echo "Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac
腳本編寫完成後,要放入服務腳本所在的目錄、給予權限、加入服務管控(chkconfig),最後就可使用service命令進行測試了。
~]# cp -av case_service.sh /etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service ‘case_service.sh’ -> ‘/etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service’ ~]# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service ~]# chkconfig --add case_service ~]# chkconfig case_service on
像這個服務類的腳本,咱們在重啓時,可能執行先中止後啓動,也可能執行啓動。這些在啓動和中止時都有已經寫好的代碼了。若是能夠將代碼進行重用的話,就能夠減小不少代碼勞動。這就是以後要介紹的函數。