MySQL優化(2)--------經常使用優化

前言

  以前已經簡單介紹了MySQL的優化步驟,那麼接下來天然而是就是經常使用的SQL優化,好比inseer、group by等經常使用SQL的優化,會涉及SQL語句內部細節(這正是我缺少的)。最後但願本身能記錄完成的一套MySQL優化博文!mysql

  注:其中部分我並無所有實驗(並不表明是錯的),這裏只至關於記錄下,接下來會慢慢補充!sql

  參考資料:《深刻淺出MySQL》(有須要PDF電子書的夥伴能夠評論或者私信我)數據庫

 


 

一、大批量插入數據優化

(1)對於MyISAM存儲引擎的表,可使用:DISABLE KEYS 和 ENABLE KEYS 用來打開或者關閉 MyISAM 表非惟一索引的更新工具

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DISABLE KEYS;
loading the data
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ENABLE KEYS;

(2)對於InnoDB引擎,有如下幾種優化措施:性能

  ① 導入的數據按照主鍵的順序保存:這是由於InnoDB引擎表示按照主鍵順序保存的,若是能將插入的數據提早按照排序好天然能省去不少時間。測試

  好比bulk_insert.txt文件是以表user主鍵的順序存儲的,導入的時間爲15.23秒優化

mysql> load data infile 'mysql/bulk_insert.txt' into table user;
Query OK, 126732 rows affected (15.23 sec)
Records: 126732 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

  沒有按照主鍵排序的話,時間爲:26.54秒ui

mysql> load data infile 'mysql/bulk_insert.txt' into table user;
Query OK, 126732 rows affected (26.54 sec)
Records: 126732 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

  ② 導入數據前執行SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=0,關閉惟一性校驗,帶導入以後再打開設置爲1:校驗會消耗時間,在數據量大的狀況下須要考慮。spa

  ③ 導入前設置SET AUTOCOMMIT=0,關閉自動提交,導入後結束再設置爲1:這是由於自動提交會消耗部分時間與資源,雖然消耗不是很大,可是在數據量大的狀況下仍是得考慮。code

二、INSERT的優化

(1)儘可能使用多個值表的 INSERT 語句,這種方式將大大縮減客戶端與數據庫之間的鏈接、關閉等消耗。(同一客戶的狀況下),即:

 INSERT INTO tablename values(1,2),(1,3),(1,4)

實驗:插入8條數據到user表中(使用navicat客戶端工具)

insert into user values(1,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(2,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(3,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(4,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(5,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(6,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(7,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(8,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));

獲得反饋:

[SQL] insert into user values(1,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.033s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(2,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.034s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(3,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.056s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(4,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.008s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(5,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.008s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(6,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.024s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(7,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.004s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(8,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 1
時間: 0.004s

總共的時間爲0.171秒,接下來使用多值表形式:

insert into user values
(9,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(10,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(11,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(12,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(13,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(14,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(15,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(16,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));

獲得反饋:

[SQL] insert into user values
(9,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(10,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(11,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(12,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(13,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(14,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(15,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(16,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影響的行: 8
時間: 0.038s

獲得時間爲0.038,這樣一來能夠很明顯節約時間優化SQL

(2)若是在不一樣客戶端插入不少行,可以使用INSERT DELAYED語句獲得更高的速度,DELLAYED含義是讓INSERT語句立刻執行其實數據都被放在內存的隊列中。並無真正寫入磁盤。LOW_PRIORITY恰好相反。

(3)將索引文件和數據文件分在不一樣的磁盤上存放InnoDB引擎是在同一個表空間的)。

(4)若是批量插入,則能夠增長bluk_insert_buffer_size變量值提供速度只對MyISAM有用

(5)當從一個文本文件裝載一個表時,使用LOAD DATA INFILE,一般比INSERT語句快20倍

三、GROUP BY的優化

  在默認狀況下,MySQL中的GROUP BY語句會對其後出現的字段進行默認排序(非主鍵狀況),就比如咱們使用ORDER BY col1,col2,col3...因此咱們在後面跟上具備相同列(與GROUP BY後出現的col1,col2,col3...相同)ORDER BY子句並無影響該SQL的實際執行性能。

  那麼就會有這樣的狀況出現,咱們對查詢到的結果是否已經排序不在意時,可使用ORDER BY NULL禁止排序達到優化目的。下面使用EXPLAIN命令分析SQL。

  在user_1中執行select id, sum(money) form user_1 group by name時,會默認排序(注意group by後的column是非index纔會體現group by的排序,若是是primary key,那以前說過了InnoDB默認是按照主鍵index排好序的

mysql> select*from user_1;
+----+----------+-------+
| id | name     | money |
+----+----------+-------+
|  1 | Zhangsan |    32 |
|  2 | Lisi     |    65 |
|  3 | Wangwu   |    44 |
|  4 | Lijian   |   100 |
+----+----------+-------+
4 rows in set

不由止排序,即不使用ORDER BY NULL時:有明顯的Using filesort。

  

當使用ORDER BY NULL禁止排序後,Using filesort不存在

四、ORDER BY 的優化  

MySQL可使用一個索引來知足ORDER BY 子句的排序,而不須要額外的排序,可是須要知足如下幾個條件:

(1)WHERE 條件和OREDR BY 使用相同的索引:即key_part1與key_part2是複合索引,where中使用複合索引中的key_part1

SELECT*FROM user WHERE key_part1=1 ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 DESC;

(2)並且ORDER BY順序和索引順序相同:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1, key_part2;

(3)而且要麼都是升序要麼都是降序:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 DESC;

但如下幾種狀況則不使用索引:

(1)ORDER BY中混合ASC和DESC:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 ASC;

(2)查詢行的關鍵字與ORDER BY所使用的不相同,即WHERE 後的字段與ORDER BY 後的字段是不同的

SELECT*FROM user WHERE key2 = ‘xxx’ ORDER BY key1;

(3)ORDER BY對不一樣的關鍵字使用,即ORDER BY後的關鍵字不相同

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key1, key2;

五、OR的優化

當MySQL使用OR查詢時,若是要利用索引的話,必須每一個條件列都使獨立索引,而不是複合索引(多列索引),才能保證使用到查詢的時候使用到索引。

好比咱們新建一張用戶信息表user_info

mysql> select*from user_info;
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
| user_id | idcard | name     | address    |
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
|       1 | 111111 | Zhangsan | Kunming   |
|       2 | 222222 | Lisi     | Beijing   |
|       3 | 333333 | Wangwu   | Shanghai  |
|       4 | 444444 | Lijian   | Guangzhou |
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
4 rows in set

以後建立ind_name_id(user_id, name)複合索引、id_index(id_index)獨立索引,idcard主鍵索引三個索引。

mysql> show index from user_info;
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table     | Non_unique | Key_name    | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| user_info |          0 | PRIMARY     |            1 | idcard      | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | ind_name_id |            1 | user_id     | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | ind_name_id |            2 | name        | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | id_index    |            1 | user_id     | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set

測試一:OR鏈接兩個有單獨索引的字段,整個SQL查詢纔會用到索引(index_merge),而且咱們知道OR其實是把每一個結果最後UNION一塊兒的。

mysql> explain select*from user_info where user_id=1 or idcard='222222';
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type        | possible_keys                | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | index_merge | PRIMARY,ind_name_id,id_index | ind_name_id,PRIMARY | 4,62    | NULL |    2 |      100 | Using sort_union(ind_name_id,PRIMARY); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set

測試二:OR使用複合索引的字段name,與沒有索引的address,整個SQL都是ALL全表掃描的

mysql> explain select*from user_info where name='Zhangsan' or address='Beijing';
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    43.75 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

交換OR位置而且使用另外的複合索引的列,也是ALL全表掃描:

mysql> explain select*from user_info where address='Beijing' or user_id=1;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    43.75 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

六、優化嵌套查詢

使用嵌套查詢有時候可使用更有效的JOIN鏈接代替,這是由於MySQL中不須要在內存中建立臨時表完成SELECT子查詢與主查詢兩部分查詢工做。可是並非全部的時候都成立,最好是在on關鍵字後面的列有索引的話,效果會更好!

好比在表major中major_id是有索引的:

select * from student u left join major m on u.major_id=m.major_id where m.major_id is null;

而經過嵌套查詢時,在內存中建立臨時表完成SELECT子查詢與主查詢兩部分查詢工做,會有必定的消耗

select * from student u where major_id not in (select major_id from major);

七、使用SQL提示

SQL提示(SQL HINT)是優化數據庫的一個重要手段,就是往SQL語句中加入一些人爲的提示來達到優化目的。下面是一些經常使用的SQL提示:

(1)USE INDEX:使用USE INDEX是但願MySQL去參考索引列表,就可讓MySQL不須要考慮其餘可用索引,其實也就是possible_keys屬性下參考的索引值

mysql> explain select* from user_info use index(id_index,ind_name_id) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

mysql> explain select* from user_info use index(id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | id_index      | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

(2)IGNORE INDEX忽略索引

咱們使用user_id判斷,用不到其餘索引時,能夠忽略索引。即與USE INDEX相反,從possible_keys中減去不須要的索引,可是實際環境中不多使用。

mysql> explain select* from user_info ignore index(primary,ind_name_id,id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    33.33 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

(3)FORCE INDEX強制索引

好比where user_id > 0,可是user_id在表中都是大於0的,天然就會進行ALL全表搜索,可是使用FORCE INDEX雖然執行效率不是最高(where user_id > 0條件決定的)但MySQL仍是使用索引。

mysql> explain select* from user_info where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

以後強制使用獨立索引id_index(user_id):

mysql> explain select* from user_info force index(id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | range | id_index      | id_index | 4       | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set

 


 

總結

  (1)不少時候數據庫的性能是因爲不合適(是指效率不高,可能會致使鎖表等)的SQL語句形成,本篇博文只是介紹簡單的SQL優化

  (2)其中有些優化在真正開發中是用不到的,可是一旦出問題性能降低的時候須要去一一分析。

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