觸發器是一種特殊類型的存儲過程。數據庫
觸發器和存儲過程的區別:觸發器主要是經過事件進行觸發被自動調用執行的,而存儲過程能夠經過存儲過程的名稱被調用。ide
什麼是觸發器測試
觸發器對錶進行插入、更新、刪除的時候會自動執行的特殊存儲過程。觸發器通常用在check約束更加複雜的約束上面。觸發器和普通的存儲過程的區別是:觸發器是當對某一個表進行操做。諸如:update、insert、delete這些操做的時候,系統會自動調用執行該表上對應的觸發器。SQL Server 2005中觸發器能夠分爲兩類:DML觸發器和DDL觸發器,其中DDL觸發器它們會影響多種數據定義語言語句而激發,這些語句有create、alter、drop語句。加密
DML觸發器分爲:spa
一、 after觸發器(以後觸發)rest
a、 insert觸發器日誌
b、 update觸發器事件
c、 delete觸發器事務
二、 instead of 觸發器 (以前觸發)內存
其中after觸發器要求只有執行某一操做insert、update、delete以後觸發器才被觸發,且只能定義在表上。而instead of觸發器表示並不執行其定義的操做(insert、update、delete)而僅是執行觸發器自己。既能夠在表上定義instead of觸發器,也能夠在視圖上定義。
觸發器有兩個特殊的表:插入表(instered表)和刪除表(deleted表)。這兩張是邏輯表也是虛表。有系統在內存中建立者兩張表,不會存儲在數據庫中。並且兩張表的都是隻讀的,只能讀取數據而不能修改數據。這兩張表的結果老是與被改觸發器應用的表的結構相同。當觸發器完成工做後,這兩張表就會被刪除。Inserted表的數據是插入或是修改後的數據,而deleted表的數據是更新前的或是刪除的數據。
對錶的操做 |
Inserted邏輯表 |
Deleted邏輯表 |
增長記錄(insert) |
存放增長的記錄 |
無 |
刪除記錄(delete) |
無 |
存放被刪除的記錄 |
修改記錄(update) |
存放更新後的記錄 |
存放更新前的記錄 |
Update數據的時候就是先刪除表記錄,而後增長一條記錄。這樣在inserted和deleted表就都有update後的數據記錄了。注意的是:觸發器自己就是一個事務,因此在觸發器裏面能夠對修改數據進行一些特殊的檢查。若是不知足能夠利用事務回滾,撤銷操做。
建立觸發器
【語法】
create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encrypion –加密觸發器
for update...
as
Transact-SQL
# 建立insert類型觸發器
--建立insert插入類型觸發器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_insert', 'tr') isnotnull)
droptrigger tgr_classes_insert
go
create trigger tgr_classes_insert
on classes
for insert --插入觸發
as
--定義變量
declare @id int, @name varchar(20), @temp int;
--在inserted表中查詢已經插入記錄信息
select @id = id, @name = name from inserted;
set @name = @name + convert(varchar, @id);
set @temp = @id / 2;
insert into student values(@name, 18 + @id, @temp, @id);
print'添加學生成功!';
go
--插入數據
insert into classes values('5班', getDate());
--查詢數據
select * from classes;
select * from student orderby id;
insert觸發器,會在inserted表中添加一條剛插入的記錄。
# 建立delete類型觸發器
--delete刪除類型觸發器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_delete', 'TR') isnotnull)
droptrigger tgr_classes_delete
go
create trigger tgr_classes_delete
on classes
fordelete --刪除觸發
as
print'備份數據中……';
if (object_id('classesBackup', 'U') isnotnull)
--存在classesBackup,直接插入數據
insert into classesBackup select name, createDate from deleted;
else
--不存在classesBackup建立再插入
select * into classesBackup from deleted;
print'備份數據成功!';
go
--不顯示影響行數
--set nocount on;
delete classes where name = '5班';
--查詢數據
select * from classes;
select * from classesBackup;
delete觸發器會在刪除數據的時候,將剛纔刪除的數據保存在deleted表中。
# 建立update類型觸發器
--update更新類型觸發器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_update', 'TR') isnotnull)
droptrigger tgr_classes_update
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update
on classes
forupdate
as
declare @oldName varchar(20), @newName varchar(20);
--更新前的數據
select @oldName = name from deleted;
if (exists (select * from student where name like'%'+ @oldName + '%'))
begin
--更新後的數據
select @newName = name from inserted;
update student set name = replace(name, @oldName, @newName) where name like'%'+ @oldName + '%';
print'級聯修改數據成功!';
end
else
print'無需修改student表!';
go
--查詢數據
select * from student orderby id;
select * from classes;
update classes set name = '五班'where name = '5班';
update觸發器會在更新數據後,將更新前的數據保存在deleted表中,更新後的數據保存在inserted表中。
# update更新列級觸發器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_update_column', 'TR') isnotnull)
droptrigger tgr_classes_update_column
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update_column
on classes
forupdate
as
--列級觸發器:是否更新了班級建立時間
if (update(createDate))
begin
raisError('系統提示:班級建立時間不能修改!', 16, 11);
rollbacktran;
end
go
--測試
select * from student orderby id;
select * from classes;
update classes set createDate = getDate() where id = 3;
update classes set name = '四班'where id = 7;
更新列級觸發器能夠用update是否判斷更新列記錄;
# instead of類型觸發器
instead of觸發器表示並不執行其定義的操做(insert、update、delete)而僅是執行觸發器自己的內容。
建立語法
create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encryption
instead ofupdate...
as
T-SQL
# 建立instead of觸發器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_inteadOf', 'TR') isnotnull)
drop trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
go
create trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
on classes
instead ofdelete/*, update, insert*/
as
declare @id int, @name varchar(20);
--查詢被刪除的信息,病賦值
select @id = id, @name = name from deleted;
print'id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name;
--先刪除student的信息
delete student where cid = @id;
--再刪除classes的信息
delete classes where id = @id;
print'刪除[ id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name + ' ] 的信息成功!';
go
--test
select * from student orderby id;
select * from classes;
delete classes where id = 7;
# 顯示自定義消息raiserror
if (object_id('tgr_message', 'TR') isnotnull)
drop trigger tgr_message
go
create trigger tgr_message
on student
after insert, update
asraisError('tgr_message觸發器被觸發', 16, 10);
go
--test
insert into student values('lily', 22, 1, 7);
update student set sex = 0 where name = 'lucy';
select * from student orderby id;
# 修改觸發器
alter trigger tgr_message
on student
after delete
asraisError('tgr_message觸發器被觸發', 16, 10);
go
--test
deletefrom student where name = 'lucy';
# 啓用、禁用觸發器
--禁用觸發器
disable trigger tgr_message on student;
--啓用觸發器
enable trigger tgr_message on student;
# 查詢建立的觸發器信息
--查詢已存在的觸發器
select * from sys.triggers;
select * from sys.objects where type = 'TR';
--查看觸發器觸發事件
select te.* from sys.trigger_events te join sys.triggers t
on t.object_id = te.object_id
where t.parent_class = 0 and t.name = 'tgr_valid_data';
--查看建立觸發器語句
exec sp_helptext 'tgr_message';
# 示例,驗證插入數據
if ((object_id('tgr_valid_data', 'TR') isnotnull))
droptrigger tgr_valid_data
go
createtrigger tgr_valid_data
on student
after insert
as
declare @age int,
@name varchar(20);
select @name = s.name, @age = s.age from inserted s;
if (@age < 18)
begin
raisError('插入新數據的age有問題', 16, 1);
rollbacktran;
end
go
--test
insert into student values('forest', 2, 0, 7);
insert into student values('forest', 22, 0, 7);
select * from student orderby id;
# 示例,操做日誌
if (object_id('log', 'U') isnotnull)droptable loggocreatetable log( id intidentity(1, 1) primarykey,actionvarchar(20), createDate datetime default getDate())goif (exists (select * from sys.objects where name = 'tgr_student_log'))droptrigger tgr_student_loggocreatetrigger tgr_student_logon studentafter insert, update, deleteasif ((exists (select 1 from inserted)) and (exists (select 1 from deleted)))begin insert into log(action) values('updated');endelseif (exists (select 1 from inserted) andnotexists (select 1 from deleted))begin insert into log(action) values('inserted');endelseif (notexists (select 1 from inserted) andexists (select 1 from deleted))begin insert into log(action) values('deleted');endgo--testinsert into student values('king', 22, 1, 7);update student set sex = 0 where name = 'king';delete student where name = 'king';select * from log;select * from student orderby id;