d3 曲線區域填充

本篇以一個簡單的demo示範一下在d3中實現曲線的區域填充。javascript

clip-path

clip-path:建立一個只有元素的部分區域能夠顯示的剪切區域。顯示clip-path內部的區域,而外部的區域不可見。html

區域填充也主要以clip-path爲基礎來實現。java

區域填充

1.1 先畫一條曲線

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
    </head>

    <body>
        <div id="test-svg">
        </div>
    </body>
    <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v5.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="js/2D.js"></script>
    <script>
        window.onload = function() {
            
            // 數據
            var data = [{
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 24),
                value: 23.24
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 25),
                value: 72.15
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 26),
                value: 38.84
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 27),
                value: 58.62
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 30),
                value: 10.80
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 4, 1),
                value: 85.47
            }];
            
            var width = 800,
                height = 400,
                padding = {
                    top: 40,
                    right: 40,
                    bottom: 40,
                    left: 40
                };
                
            var colors = d3.schemeSet2;
            var svg = d3.select("#test-svg")
                .append('svg')
                .attr('width', width + 'px')
                .attr('height', height + 'px');
                
            // x軸:時間軸
            var xScale = d3.scaleTime()
                .domain(d3.extent(data, function(d) {
                    return d.date;
                }))
                .range([padding.left, width - padding.right]);
                
            var xAxis = d3.axisBottom()
                .scale(xScale)
                .tickSize(10);
                
            svg.append('g')
                .call(xAxis)
                .attr("transform", "translate(0," + (height - padding.bottom) + ")")
                .selectAll("text")
                .attr("font-size", "10px")
                .attr("dx", "50px");

            var ymax = d3.max(data, function(d) {
                return d.value;
            });

            // y軸
            var yScale = d3.scaleLinear()
                .domain([0, ymax])
                .range([height - padding.bottom, padding.top]);
                
            var yAxis = d3.axisLeft()
                .scale(yScale)
                .ticks(10);
                
            svg.append('g')
                .call(yAxis)
                .attr("transform", "translate(" + padding.left + ",0)");
                
            var curveLine = d3.line()
                .x(function(d) {
                    return xScale(d.date);
                })
                .y(function(d) {
                    return yScale(d.value);
                })
                .curve(d3.curveCatmullRom.alpha(0.5));
                
            svg.append("path")
                .datum(data)
                .attr("fill", "none")
                .attr("stroke", "steelblue")
                .attr("stroke-width", 1.5)
                .attr("stroke-linejoin", "round")
                .attr("stroke-linecap", "round")
                .attr("d", curveLine);

                
        }
    </script>

</html>

2.2 添加一條水平的閾值線

// 水平閾值
            svg.append('line')
                .attr('x1', 0)
                .attr('y1', yScale(45))
                .attr('x2', width)
                .attr('y2', yScale(45))
                .attr('stroke', '#FFA354')
                .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
                .attr('stroke-dasharray', '6,4');

3.3 填充閾值線上面部分

// 添加一個clipPath 
svg.append("clipPath")
                .attr("id", "clip-th")
                .append("rect")
                .attr("x", 0)
                .attr("y", padding.top)
                .attr("width", width)
                .attr("height", yScale(45) - yScale(ymax));

// 再次添加一條曲線並填充區域            
            svg.append("path")
                .datum(data)
                .attr("fill", "steelblue")
                .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5)
                .attr("stroke", "none")
                .attr("d", curveLine)
                .attr('clip-path', "url(#clip-th)");

  • path填充的時候會把首尾點連起來,並非咱們想要的效果。因此咱們再首尾都添加一個點,來控制填充區域。

4.4 修改數據,從新繪製填充區域

data.unshift({
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 24),
                value: 0
            });
            data.push({
                date: new Date(2019, 4, 1),
                value: 0
            });
            
            svg.append("path")
                .datum(data)
                .attr("fill", "steelblue")
                .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5)
                .attr("stroke", "none")
                .attr("d", curveLine)
                .attr('clip-path', "url(#clip-th)");

  • 目的是達到了可是效果並非很理想。因爲額外的添加了兩個點生成的曲線和原曲線產生了誤差。我的以爲比較理想的作法是
    再添加一條紅線所示的正常直線path。而後將兩個直線和曲線組合起來進行填充。

5.5 再次修改數據,從新繪製

// 紅線所示直線數據
var data2 = [{
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 24),
                value: 23.24
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 3, 24),
                value: 0
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 4, 1),
                value: 0
            }, {
                date: new Date(2019, 4, 1),
                value: 85.47
            }];

// 添加直線生成器
var line = d3.line()
                .x(function(d) {
                    return xScale(d.date);
                })
                .y(function(d) {
                    return yScale(d.value);
                });


// 繪製兩個path
container.append("path")
                .datum(data)
                .attr("fill", "none")
                .attr("d", curveLine);
                
            container.append("path")
                .datum(data2)
                .attr("fill", "none")
                .attr("d", line);

// 將兩個path合併
var combined = "";
            container.selectAll("path")
                .each(function() {
                    combined += d3.select(this).attr("d");
                });
                
            container.selectAll("path").remove();
            
                        // 繪製合併後的path
            container.append("path")
                .attr("stroke", "none")
                .attr("d", combined)
                .attr("fill", "steelblue")
                .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5)
                .attr("fill-rule", "evenodd")
                .attr('clip-path', "url(#clip-th)");

  • 咱們就能看到徹底的區域填充了。切記要使用fill-rule來約定填充的區域。

6.6 添加兩條垂直的閾值

// 垂直閾值線
            svg.append('line')
                .attr('x1', xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 26)))
                .attr('y1', yScale(ymax))
                .attr('x2', xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 26)))
                .attr('y2', yScale(0))
                .attr('stroke', '#FFA354')
                .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
                .attr('stroke-dasharray', '6,4')

            svg.append('line')
                .attr('x1', xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 28)))
                .attr('y1', yScale(ymax))
                .attr('x2', xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 28)))
                .attr('y2', yScale(0))
                .attr('stroke', '#FFA354')
                .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
                .attr('stroke-dasharray', '6,4')

// clip-path

svg.append("clipPath")
                .attr("id", "clip-th2")
                .append("rect")
                .attr("x", xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 26)))
                .attr("y", yScale(45))
                .attr("width", xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 28)) - xScale(new Date(2019, 3, 26)))
                .attr("height", yScale(0) - yScale(45));

container.append("path")
                .attr("stroke", "none")
                .attr("d", combined)
                .attr("fill", "yellowgreen")
                .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5)
                .attr("fill-rule", "evenodd")
                .attr('clip-path', "url(#clip-th2)");

  • 這下就大功告成了!
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