what's the python之基本運算符及字符串、列表、元祖、集合、字典的內置方法

  計算機能夠進行的運算有不少種,運算按種類可分爲算數運算、比較運算、邏輯運算、賦值運算、成員運算、身份運算。字符串和列表的算數運算只能用+和*,字典沒有順序,因此不能進行算數運算和比較運算。比較運算中==比較的是值,is比較的是id。比較運算只能在同種類型下進行比較。字符串的比較是按照順序依次進行比較。邏輯運算的順序前後爲要用括號來表示。python

基本運算符

算術運算git

如下假設a=10,b=20api

 

比較運算bash

如下假設a=10,b=20app

 

賦值運算iphone

 

邏輯運算ide

 

 成員運算spa

 

 

身份運算code

 


 

what's the 內置方法

  內置方法就是python中已經寫好的方法,咱們不用管原理直接拿來用就行。因此內置方法是規定好的,咱們想要學會就必須是所有記住。orm

字符串的內置方法

  字符串的內置方法包括:移除空白strip、切分split、長度len、切片(切出子字符串)、startswith和endswith、替代replace、查找find(顧頭不顧尾,找不到則返回-1不報錯)、index(顧頭不顧尾,但找不到會報錯)、count(顧頭不顧尾,若不指定範圍則查找全部)、格式化輸出%或.format()、插入join、插入空格expandtabs、全大寫upper和全小寫lower、首字母大寫capitlize、大小寫翻轉swapcase、每一個單詞的首字母大寫title、插入符號

 

 

移除空白strip:

msg='             hello         '
print(msg)
print(msg.strip())#hello

msg='***hello*********'
msg=msg.strip('*')
print(msg)#hello

print(msg.lstrip('*'))#hello*********
print(msg.rstrip('*'))#***hello

舉個栗子(程序交互,若是用戶在輸入的用戶名或者密碼時不當心多按了空格,也不會形成錯誤,能夠正常登錄)

while True:
    name=input('user: ').strip()
    password=input('password: ').strip()

    if name == 'egon' and password == '123':
        print('login successfull')

切分split:

info='root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash'
print(info[0]+info[1]+info[2]+info[3])#root

user_l=info.split(':')
print(user_l[1])#x

msg='hello world egon say hahah'
print(msg.split()) #['hello', 'world', 'egon', 'say', 'hahah']
#默認以空格做爲分隔符

cmd='download|xhp.mov|3000'
cmd_l=cmd.split('|')
print(cmd_l[1])#xhp.mov
print(cmd_l[0])#downland

print(cmd.split('|',1))#['download', 'xhp.mov|3000']

長度len:

print(len('hell 123'))

切片(切出子字符串):

msg='hello world'
print(msg[1:3]) #el
print(msg[1:4]) #ell

startswith和endswith:

name='you_suck'
print(name.endswith('uk'))#True
print(name.startswith('y')#True
print(name.startswith('w')#False

替代replace:

name='jack say :i have a iphone,my name is jack'
print(name.replace('jack','john',1))
#john say :i have a iphone,my name is jack

查找find(顧頭不顧尾,找不到則返回-1不報錯)

index(顧頭不顧尾,但找不到會報錯)

count(顧頭不顧尾,若不指定範圍則查找全部):

name='jack say hello'
print(name.find('S',1,3)) #顧頭不顧尾,找不到則返回-1不會報錯,找到了則顯示索引
print(name.index('S')) #同上,可是找不到會報錯

print(name.count('S',1,5)) #顧頭不顧尾,若是不指定範圍則查找全部

格式化輸出%或.format():格式化輸出宏須要用到佔位符,通常統一使用%s

print('my name is %s my age is %s my sex is %s' %('jack',18,'male'))
#my name is jack my age is 18 my sex is male

print('my name is {} my age is {} my sex is {}'.format('jack',18,'male'))
#my name is jack my age is 18 my sex is male

print('my name is {0} my age is {1} my sex is {0}:{2}'.format('jack',18,'male'))
#my name is jack my age is 18 my sex is egon:male

print('my name is {name} my age is {age} my sex is {sex}'.format(
    sex='male',
    age=18,
    name='jack'))
#my name is jack my age is 18 my sex is male

插入join(切片split的反方向):

info='root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash'
print(info.split(':'))#['root', 'x', '0', '0', '', '/root', '/bin/bash']

l=['root', 'x', '0', '0', '', '/root', '/bin/bash']
print(':'.join(l))#root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash

插入空格expandtabs:

name='jack\thello'
print(name))#jack    hello#即倆單詞中間插入了一個縮進的長度的空格
print(name.expandtabs(1)#jack hello#即倆單詞中間插入了一個長度的空格

全大寫upper和全小寫lower:

name='jAck'
print(name.lower())
print(name.upper())

首字母大寫capitlize、大小寫翻轉swapcase、每一個單詞的首字母大寫title:

name='jAck'
print(name.capitalize()) #首字母大寫,其他部分小寫
print(name.swapcase()) #大小寫翻轉
msg='jack say good morning'
print(msg.title()) #每一個單詞的首字母大寫

插入符號:

name='jack'
print(name.center(30,'-'))#-------------jack-------------
print(name.ljust(30,'*'))#jack**************************
print(name.rjust(30,'*'))#**************************jack
print(name.zfill(50)) #用0填充
#0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000jack
在python3中
num0='4'
num1=b'4' bytes類型
num2=u'4' unicode,python3中無需加u就是unicode
num3='四' 中文數字
num4='Ⅳ' 羅馬數字
isdigt:str,bytes,unicode
print(num0.isdigit())
print(num1.isdigit())
print(num2.isdigit())
print(num3.isdigit())
print(num4.isdigit())

isdecimal:str,unicode
num0='4'
num1=b'4' #bytes
num2=u'4' #unicode,python3中無需加u就是unicode
num3='' #中文數字
num4='' #羅馬數字
print(num0.isdecimal())
# print(num1.)
print(num2.isdecimal())
print(num3.isdecimal())
print(num4.isdecimal())

isnumeric:str,unicode,中文,羅馬
num0='4'
num1=b'4' #bytes
num2=u'4' #unicode,python3中無需加u就是unicode
num3='' #中文數字
num4='' #羅馬數字

print(num0.isnumeric())
# print(num1)
print(num2.isnumeric())
print(num3.isnumeric())
print(num4.isnumeric())

 

列表的內置方法

  列表的內置方法主要有索引、切片、追加appand、刪除pop、長度len、包含in、插入insert、count、清除clear、複製copy、翻轉reverse、排序sort。

切片:

l=['a','b','c','d','e','f']

print(l[1:5])#['b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
print(l[1:5:2])#['b', 'd']#其中的2表示步距
print(l[2:5])#['c', 'd', 'e']
print(l[-1])#f

追加append:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study']
hobbies.append('girls')
print(hobbies)#['play', 'eat', 'sleep', 'study', 'girls']

刪除pop:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study']

x=hobbies.pop(1) #不是單純的刪除,是刪除而且把刪除的元素返回,咱們能夠用一個變量名去接收該返回值
print(x)#eat
print(hobbies)#['play', 'sleep', 'study']

del hobbies[1] #單純的刪除
hobbies.remove('eat') #單純的刪除,而且是指定元素去刪除

就append和pop補充一個隊列和堆棧的小題目

#隊列:先進先出
queue_l=[]
#入隊
queue_l.append('first')
queue_l.append('second')
queue_l.append('third')
print(queue_l)#['first', 'second', 'third']
# 出隊
print(queue_l.pop(0))#first
print(queue_l.pop(0))#second
print(queue_l.pop(0))#third


#堆棧:先進後出,後進先出
l=[]
#入棧
l.append('first')
l.append('second')
l.append('third')
print(l)#['first', 'second', 'third']
#出棧
print(l.pop())#third
print(l.pop())#second
print(l.pop())#first
View Code

長度len:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study']
print(len(hobbies))#4

包含in:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study']
print('sleep' in hobbies)#True

msg='hello world jack'
print('jack' in msg)#True

插入insert:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study','eat','eat']
hobbies.insert(1,'walk')
hobbies.insert(1,['walk1','walk2','walk3'])
print(hobbies)
#['play', ['walk1', 'walk2', 'walk3'], 'walk', 'eat', 'sleep', 'study', 'eat', 'eat']

另外一種插入extend:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study','eat','eat']
hobbies.extend(['walk1','walk2','walk3'])
print(hobbies)#['play', 'eat', 'sleep', 'study', 'eat', 'eat', 'walk1', 'walk2', 'walk3']
#注意extend與insert的區別

索引count、index:

hobbies=['play','eat','sleep','study','eat','eat']
print(hobbies.count('eat'))#3,個數
print(hobbies.index('sleep'))#2,下標位置

清除clear和複製copy簡單,不作詳述。

 

字典的內置方法

#存/取:
info_dic={'name':'egon','age':18,'sex':'male'}
print(info_dic['name11111111'])
print(info_dic.get('name',None))

#刪除:
info_dic={'name':'egon','age':18,'sex':'male'}
info_dic.pop()
info_dic.popitem()

del info_dic['name']
#pop:key存在則彈出值,不存在則返回默認值,若是沒有默認值則報錯
print(info_dic.pop('nam123123123123123123e',None))
print(info_dic)

print(info_dic.popitem())
print(info_dic)

#鍵s,值s,鍵值對:
info_dic={'name':'egon','age':18,'sex':'male'}
print(info_dic.keys())#
print(info_dic.values())#
print(info_dic.items())#鍵值對
for k in info_dic:#循環輸出鍵值對
    print(k,info_dic[k])
#長度len,比較簡單不作說明
#包含in,也較簡單不作說明

#升級:若原字典有則替換,若沒有則添加
info_dic={'name':'jack','age':18,'sex':'male'}
info_dic.update({'a':1,'name':'jAck'})
print(info_dic)

#增長:
info_dic={'name':'jack','age':18,'sex':'male'}
# info_dic['hobbies']=[]
# info_dic['hobbies'].append('study')
# info_dic['hobbies'].append('read')
# print(info_dic)

#copy和clear較簡單不作說明

#fromkeys:做用只是新建了一個字典,與原字典無關
d=info_dic.fromkeys(('name','age','sex'),None)
print(d)
d1=dict.fromkeys(('name','age','sex'),None)
d2=dict.fromkeys(('name','age','sex'),('jack',18,'male'))
print(d1)
print(d2)

 

 

元祖的內置方法

  元祖的內置方法較少,主要爲切片、in、長度len、索引index、count。

切片:

goods=('iphone','lenovo','sanxing','suoyi')
print(goods[1:3])#('lenovo', 'sanxing')

包含in:

goods=('iphone','lenovo','mi','zuk')
print('iphone' in goods)#True

d={'a':1,'b':2,'c':3}
print('b' in d)#True

長度len:

hobbies=('play','eat','sleep','study')
print(len(hobbies))#4

索引index、count:

goods=('iphone','lenovo','mi','zuk')
print(goods.index('iphone'))#0,下標位置
print(goods.count('iphone'))#1,個數

 

集合的內置方法

in和not in

s={'a','b','c','d'}
print('a'in s)#True

並集|

s_1={'a','b','c'}
s_2={'a','b','d'}
print(s_1|s_2)#{'a','b','c','d'}

#也能夠用union
print(s_1.union(s_2))

交集&

s_1={'a','b','c'}
s_2={'a','b','d'}
print(s_1&s_2)#{'a','b'}

#也能夠用intersection
print(s_1.intersection(s_2))

差集-

s_1={'a','b','c'}
s_2={'a','b','d'}
print(s_1-s_2)#{'c'}

#也能夠用difference
print(s_1.difference(s_2)) #{'c'}
print(s_2.difference(s_1)) #{'d'}

對稱差集^:即二者的並集去掉二者的交集

s_1={'a','b','c'}
s_2={'a','b','d'}
print(s_1^s_2) #{'c','d'}

#也能夠用symmetric_difference
print(s_1.symmetric_difference(s_2))

父集、子集

set1={1,2,3,4,5}
set2={1,2,3,4}
print(set1 >= set2)
#也能夠用issuperset
print(set1.issupissubseterset(set2))

print(set2 <= set1)
#也能夠用issubset
print(set2.issubset(set1))

  簡單要點,不作詳述:添加add、刪除pop(隨機刪除,由於集合是無序的)、remove(指定刪除,找不到則報錯)、discards(指定刪除,找不到不報錯)、升級update、清除clear、複製copy、解壓a*_。

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