Django+Nginx+uwsgi搭建本身的博客（六）

時間 2019-12-14

標籤 django+nginx+uwsgi django nginx uwsgi 搭建本身博客欄目 Python 简体版

原文原文鏈接

這篇應該是2017年的最後一篇博客了，在這裏首先祝你們元旦快樂！html

從這篇博客開始，將會介紹Blogs App的功能實現，包括數據模型的創建、相關功能的視圖函數的實現、前端頁面的設計等，這意味着咱們即將能夠書寫真正的博客了。前端

首先來創建咱們的Blogs App，方法同創建Users App，即在manage.py目錄下輸入如下命令：python

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python3 manage.py startapp blogs

python3 manage.py startapp blogs

在創建了Blogs App後，咱們首先要創建它的數據模型。Blogs App包括三張表：Blog、Comment和Category。Blog表包括博客的標題、做者等主要信息；Comment存儲博客的評論內容，而Category是博客的分類。Blog表的model以下：

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# blogs/models.py
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django.db import models
from users.models import Users
from ckeditor_uploader.fields import RichTextUploadingField
from django.utils import timezone
class Blog(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=32,verbose_name=u'標題')
auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
category = models.ForeignKey(Category,null=True)
content = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name=u'內容')
createdate = models.DateTimeField('Create time',default=timezone.now())
modifydate = models.DateTimeField('Modify time',default=timezone.now())
readcount = models.IntegerField(default=0)
# Add comment count
commentcount = models.IntegerField(default=0,null=True,blank=True)
draft = models.BooleanField(default=True)
@classmethod
def create(cls,title,authername,category,content,createdate,modifydate):
blog = cls(title=title,auther=authername,category=category,content=content,createdate=createdate,modifydate=modifydate)
return blog
def __unicode__(self):
return self.title

# blogs/models.py
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django.db import models
from users.models import Users
from ckeditor_uploader.fields import RichTextUploadingField
from django.utils import timezone

class Blog(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32,verbose_name=u'標題')
    auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category,null=True)
    content = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name=u'內容')
    createdate = models.DateTimeField('Create time',default=timezone.now())
    modifydate = models.DateTimeField('Modify time',default=timezone.now())
    readcount = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    # Add comment count
    commentcount = models.IntegerField(default=0,null=True,blank=True)
    draft = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    @classmethod
    def create(cls,title,authername,category,content,createdate,modifydate):
        blog = cls(title=title,auther=authername,category=category,content=content,createdate=createdate,modifydate=modifydate)
        return blog

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

Blog model的字段以下：

title: 博客標題，最長32jquery

auther：做者，是Users的外鍵數據庫

category：類別，是Category的外鍵django

content：博客的正文。這裏使用了CKeditor編輯器提供的富文本域來存儲博客的正文，以便以後的圖文混排操做。CKeditor的部分將在後面介紹。後端

createdate：博客的發表時間，這裏的時間用的是timezone.now()，即便用settings.py中定義的時區來決定當前的時間。安全

modifydate：博客的修改時間session

readcount：博客的閱讀數app

commentcount：博客擁有的評論數

draft：草稿標記，當爲True時表示博客爲草稿狀態，將不會在主頁出現；當爲False時博客爲正文狀態，將在正文出現。

下面是Category model和Comment model:

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# blogs/models.py
# ...
class Category(models.Model):
categoryname = models.CharField(max_length=8,unique=True)
blogcount = models.IntegerField()
def __unicode__(self):
return self.categoryname
class Comment(models.Model):
attachedblog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
content = models.TextField()
auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
createtime = models.DateTimeField('Comment Create time')
@classmethod
def create(cls,attachedblog,content,authername,createtime):
comment = cls(attachedblog=attachedblog,auther=authername,content=content,createtime=createtime)
return comment
def __unicode__(self):
return self.content

# blogs/models.py
# ...
class Category(models.Model):
    categoryname = models.CharField(max_length=8,unique=True)
    blogcount = models.IntegerField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.categoryname


class Comment(models.Model):
    attachedblog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
    content = models.TextField()
    auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
    createtime = models.DateTimeField('Comment Create time')

    @classmethod
    def create(cls,attachedblog,content,authername,createtime):
        comment = cls(attachedblog=attachedblog,auther=authername,content=content,createtime=createtime)
        return comment

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.content

Category model比較簡單，只有兩個字段：categoryname類別名和blogcount博客數量。

Comment model相對複雜一些：

attachedblog：每篇評論都要屬於一篇博客，該字段代表評論屬於哪篇博客

content：評論內容

auther：評論的做者

createtime：評論的發表時間

在創建好這些model後，和Users App同樣，咱們來作一些基本的配置工做：在blogs/apps.py和blogs/admin.py中註冊這些model和App，並將Blogs App加入到myblog/settings.py中。

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# blogs/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class BlogsConfig(AppConfig):
name = 'blogs'

# blogs/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class BlogsConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'blogs'

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# blogs/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Blog,Category
# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Blog)
admin.site.register(Category)

# blogs/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Blog,Category
# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Blog)
admin.site.register(Category)

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# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'blogs.apps.BlogsConfig',
'users.apps.UsersConfig',
# ...
]
# ...

# myblog/settings.py

# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'blogs.apps.BlogsConfig',
    'users.apps.UsersConfig',
    # ...
]
# ...

在完成了這些瑣碎的小配置後，咱們就能夠開始編寫咱們的視圖函數了。Blogs App涉及到的視圖函數相對比較複雜，所以在這篇博客中先介紹三個核心功能的後端實現：瀏覽、發佈博客以及保存草稿。

首先來看瀏覽功能的實現。瀏覽功能，即根據Blog的id獲得其相關內容並顯示在頁面上，相對比較簡單，代碼以下：

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# blogs/views.py
def content(request,blogId):
blog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
comment = Comment.objects.filter(attachedblog=blog)
request.session['currblogId'] = blogId
blog_title = blog.title
blog_content = blog.content
blogContent = {
'blog_title':blog_title,
'content':blog_content,
'comment_list':comment
}
blog.readcount+=1
blog.save()
return render(request,'blogs/content.html',blogContent)

# blogs/views.py
def content(request,blogId):
    blog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
    comment = Comment.objects.filter(attachedblog=blog)
    request.session['currblogId'] = blogId
    blog_title = blog.title
    blog_content = blog.content
    blogContent = {
                   'blog_title':blog_title,
                   'content':blog_content,
                   'comment_list':comment
                   }
    blog.readcount+=1
    blog.save()
    return render(request,'blogs/content.html',blogContent)

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# blogs/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
from django.conf.urls import include
from users import urls as userurls
app_name='blogs'
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^(?P<blogId>[0-9]*)$', views.content, name='content'),
# ...
]

# blogs/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
from django.conf.urls import include
from users import urls as userurls
app_name='blogs'
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<blogId>[0-9]*)$', views.content, name='content'),
    # ...
]

在content函數中，經過blogId能夠得到到惟一的Blog對象，進而拿到博客的標題、正文和從屬於該博客的全部評論。隨後，使用session記錄下正在訪問的博客的id，以便後面發佈評論使用。在得到了博客的相關信息後，即可以將其放在一個字典裏傳給前端以供顯示；而後，咱們要使該博客的訪問量+1，並更新在數據庫中。
在前端部分，同Users App同樣，咱們須要在blogs/templates中創建模板，並在其中創建blogs目錄存放咱們的頁面。因爲和Users App模板大同小異，所以這裏再也不放模板的代碼；content頁面代碼以下：

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{% extends "blogTemplate.html" %}
{% block content %}
<div class="content">
<h2>{{ blog_title }}</h2>
{{ content|safe }}
</div>
<p><a href="{% url 'index' %}">返回首頁</a></p>
{% endblock %}
{% block comment %}
{% if comment_list %}
{% for comment in comment_list %}
<ul class="comment">
<li>
{% if comment.auther.username == "anony" %}
<h4>匿名用戶 {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
{% else %}
<img src="{{ comment.auther.logoimage.url }}" width="64" height="64" />
<h4>{{ comment.auther }} {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
{% endif %}
</li>
<li>{{ comment.content|safe }}</li>
</ul>
<hr/>
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
<ul class="comment">
<p>尚未人發表評論</p>
</ul>
{% endif %}
<span>評論 </span>
<form action="{% url 'blogs:saveComment' %}" method="post" onsubmit="return toVaild()">
{% csrf_token %}
<ul class="comment">
<li><textarea name="blogcomment"></textarea></li>
<li><input type="submit" value="提交"></li>
</ul>
</form>
{% endblock %}

<!-- blogs/templates/blogs/content.html -->
{% extends "blogTemplate.html" %}
{% block content %}
<div class="content">
<h2>{{ blog_title }}</h2>
{{ content|safe }}
</div>
<p><a href="{% url 'index' %}">返回首頁</a></p>
{% endblock %}
{% block comment %}
{% if comment_list %}
	
	{% for comment in comment_list %}
		<ul class="comment">
		<li>
		{% if comment.auther.username == "anony" %}
		<h4>匿名用戶    {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
		{% else %}
                <img src="{{ comment.auther.logoimage.url }}" width="64" height="64" />
		<h4>{{ comment.auther }}    {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
		{% endif %}
		</li>
		<li>{{ comment.content|safe }}</li>
		</ul>
		<hr/>
	{% endfor %}
{% else %}
	<ul class="comment">
	<p>尚未人發表評論</p>
	</ul>
{% endif %}
<span>評論 </span>
<form action="{% url 'blogs:saveComment' %}" method="post" onsubmit="return toVaild()">
{% csrf_token %}
<ul class="comment">
<li><textarea name="blogcomment"></textarea></li>
<li><input type="submit" value="提交"></li>
</ul>
</form>
{% endblock %}

content頁面要顯示兩部份內容，其一是博客主體內容，包括博客的標題和正文，其二是博客的相關評論，以及發佈評論的表單。在博客的正文部分有一個地方須要注意，就是咱們的博客是以富文本形式存儲在數據庫中的，所以博客正文包含不少html標記。在顯示的時候咱們須要用|safe標記來代表這個內容是安全的，能夠將內容轉義以獲得正確的格式。若是沒有加上|safe，咱們看到的就是帶有html標記的原始數據。
在顯示評論的部分，咱們會逐條顯示評論的內容以及發佈時間，而且若是是非匿名評論，咱們會顯示評論者的用戶名和頭像，以下所示：

下面來讓咱們看一下如何發佈博客。爲了實現博客的圖文混排，咱們選用CKeditor這一款編輯器做爲博客的編輯器。這款編輯器是一種免費的富文本編輯器，體積小巧，而且配置方便，支持可見即所得的圖文混排，如圖所示：

此外，CKeditor還支持多種配置，以實現更強大的功能。在這裏我選用了默認的配置。

爲了使用CKeditor，咱們須要到官網上下載CKeditor，而後把解壓後獲得的ckeditor目錄拷貝到咱們在myblog目錄下創建的static目錄下。此外，咱們還要安裝Django的ckeditor庫django-ckeditor，這樣咱們就能夠在工程中使用ckeditor了（static的部分見本系列第三篇）。須要注意的是，ckeditor須要python的pillow庫做爲處理圖像的後端，所以咱們還須要安裝pillow。

爲了使用ckeditor，咱們須要在myblog/settings.py中添加一些配置，以下所示：

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# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'ckeditor',
'ckeditor_uploader',
# ...
]
# ...
CKEDITOR_JQUERY_URL = '/static/js/jquery-3.2.1.min.js'
CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'blogimage/'
CKEDITOR_IMAGE_BACKEND = 'pillow'
# ...

# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'ckeditor',
    'ckeditor_uploader',
    # ...
]
# ...
CKEDITOR_JQUERY_URL = '/static/js/jquery-3.2.1.min.js'
CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'blogimage/'
CKEDITOR_IMAGE_BACKEND = 'pillow'
# ...

咱們須要把ckeditor和它的上傳器加入到INSTALLED_APPS中，此外咱們還要將ckeditor的上傳圖片路徑和依賴的jquery庫路徑寫在settings.py中。

在配置好CKeditor後，咱們就能夠開始編寫發佈博客以及存儲草稿的view函數了。咱們須要一個ModelForm來發布博客，所以咱們創建blogForm.py文件，並建好咱們的BlogForm表單：

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# blogs/blogForm.py
#-*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django import forms
from django.forms import ModelForm
from .models import Blog
class BlogForm(ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Blog
fields = ['title','category','content']

# blogs/blogForm.py
#-*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django import forms
from django.forms import ModelForm
from .models import Blog


class BlogForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Blog
        fields = ['title','category','content']

在定義好BlogForm表單後，咱們就能夠寫發佈博客的相關函數了：

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# blogs/views.py
def addBlog(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
if request.session.has_key('currentblogId'):
tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=request.session['currentblogId'])
if tmpBlog:
form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)
tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
tmpBlog.draft = False
tmpBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
newBlog.draft = False
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
del request.session['currentblogId']
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
newBlog.draft = False
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('blogs:addblogResult', kwargs={'info': result_info}))
else:
form = BlogForm()
return render(request, 'blogs/addblog.html', {'form':form})
def addBlogResult(request,info):
tipMessage=''
if info == 'Success':
tipMessage = '博文已成功發表！'
else:
tipMessage = info
parameters = {'info':tipMessage}
return render(request, 'blogs/addblogResult.html', parameters)
def saveDraft(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
blogId = request.session.get('currentblogId','-1')
if blogId!='-1':
try:
tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
form = BlogForm(request.POST, instance=tmpBlog)
tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
tmpBlog.draft = True
tmpBlog.save()
result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
except Blog.DoesNotExist:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
return HttpResponse('test')
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
else:
return HttpResponse('test')
else:
return HttpResponse('test')

# blogs/views.py
def addBlog(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        if request.session.has_key('currentblogId'):
            tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=request.session['currentblogId'])
            if tmpBlog:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)
                tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                tmpBlog.draft = False
                tmpBlog.save()
                result_info = 'Success'
            else:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                    newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                    newBlog.draft = False
                    category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                    category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
                    category.save()
                    newBlog.save()
                    result_info = 'Success'
            del request.session['currentblogId']
        else:
            form = BlogForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                newBlog.draft = False
                category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
                category.save()
                newBlog.save()
                result_info = 'Success'
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('blogs:addblogResult', kwargs={'info': result_info}))
    else:
        form = BlogForm()
    return render(request, 'blogs/addblog.html', {'form':form})


def addBlogResult(request,info):
    tipMessage=''
    if info == 'Success':
        tipMessage = '博文已成功發表！'
    else:
        tipMessage = info
    parameters = {'info':tipMessage}
    return render(request, 'blogs/addblogResult.html', parameters)


def saveDraft(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        blogId = request.session.get('currentblogId','-1')
        if blogId!='-1':
            try:
                tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
                form = BlogForm(request.POST, instance=tmpBlog)
                tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                tmpBlog.draft = True
                tmpBlog.save()
                result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
                return HttpResponse(result_info)
            except Blog.DoesNotExist:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                    newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                    category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                    category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
                    category.save()
                    newBlog.save()
                    request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
                    result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
                    return HttpResponse(result_info)
                return HttpResponse('test')
        else:
            form = BlogForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
                category.save()
                newBlog.save()
                request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
                result_info = u'文章已保存於草稿箱中。'
                return HttpResponse(result_info)
            else:
                return HttpResponse('test')
    else:
        return HttpResponse('test')

發佈博客的函數分爲三部分：addBlog用於發佈博客，addBlogResult是在發佈博客成功後要跳轉的頁面，而saveDraft是將博客存儲爲草稿的函數。

首先來看saveDraft函數的實現。該函數要考慮到兩種狀況：一、博客的第一次保存；二、博客已存爲草稿下的再次保存。對於博客的第一次保存，咱們能夠直接調用BlogForm的方法進行保存，而且在保存以後將該篇博客的id存儲在session['currentblogId']中，以便狀況2的使用；對於已經存儲爲草稿的博客，咱們只需根據session['currentblogId']的值獲得當前博客，並再次調用save方法保存便可。在這個函數中，咱們使用了一種新的方法來初始化BlogForm：form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)，這是由於咱們能夠用一個已存在的對象來初始化一個ModelForm。另外，因爲咱們稍後在前端會以Ajax的方式來調用這個函數，所以咱們沒有使用render函數來渲染某個頁面，而只是簡單地返回了一個HttpResponse對象。

再來看addBlog函數的實現。該函數也要考慮兩種狀況：一、博客已存爲草稿後發佈；二、博客沒有存儲爲草稿直接發佈。對於第一種狀況，咱們能夠直接從session['currentblogId']中獲得當前博客的id值，再將其draft的值改成False後調用save方法保存。注意這裏的第一次save函數的調用，咱們傳入了commit=False的選項，這表示這次save並不會真正加載到數據庫中，在以後咱們還能夠對對象的字段值進行修改後再真正commit到數據庫中。另一個須要注意的地方是，咱們不只要在Blog表裏插入數據，也要更新category model的blogcount值，使之+1。

addBlogResult函數沒什麼可說的，就是根據addBlog的結果進行的跳轉頁面。

以上三個函數的url配置以下：

[python] view plain copy

print ?

# blog/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
# ...
url(r'^addblog/$', views.addBlog, name='addblog'),
url(r'^addblogResult/(?P<info>.*)$', views.addBlogResult, name='addblogResult'),
url(r'^saveDraft/$',views.saveDraft,name='saveDraft'),
# ...
]

# blog/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
    # ...
    url(r'^addblog/$', views.addBlog, name='addblog'),
    url(r'^addblogResult/(?P<info>.*)$', views.addBlogResult, name='addblogResult'),
    url(r'^saveDraft/$',views.saveDraft,name='saveDraft'),
    # ...
]

這樣，咱們的發佈博客、存儲草稿和正文的後端部分就完成了。在下篇博客中，將繼續介紹這三個功能的前端頁面實現～