和進程相比,線程有不少優點。在Linux系統下,啓動一個新的進程必須分配給它獨立的地址空間,創建衆多的數據表來維護代碼段和數據。而運行於一個進程中的多個線程,他們之間使用相同的地址空間。正是這樣,同一進程下的線程之間共享數據空間,數據能夠相互使用,而且線程間切換也要更快些,能夠更有效的利用CPU。vim
2、程序設計多線程
[注] 頭文件<pthread.h> 編譯時要加載動態庫 libpthread.a,使用 -lpthread
一、建立線程
二、等待線程
三、關閉線程
四、退出清除
一、建立線程
函數
int pthread_create(pthread_t *tidp, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_rtn)(void), void *arg)this
tidp爲線程id,是函數分配的值,因此要傳一個 pthread_t 的地址。
attr線程屬性,一般爲空。
start_rtn爲線程要執行的函數,返回值爲空指針,參數爲後面的*arg
若成功則返回0,不然返回出錯編號。
例:線程
#include<stdio.h>
#include<pthread.h></p> <p>void *func1(void *arg){ //原函數聲明
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("this is func1! The num is %d\n",*(int*)arg); //將空指針轉換爲int型指針
sleep(1);
}
}</p> <p>void *func2(int *m){ //自定義類型聲明,也能夠定義非指針類型,可是在create時會有警告,由於非地址並不能改變傳入的值
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("this is func2! The num is %d\n",*m);
(*m)++;
sleep(1);
}
}</p> <p>int main(){
pthread_t id1,id2;
int num = 5;
int *p = #
if(pthread_create(&id1,NULL,(void *)func1,(void *)p) != 0){
printf("thread1 create error!\n");
return -1;
}
if(pthread_create(&id2,NULL,(void *)func2,&num) != 0){
printf("thread2 create error!\n");
return -1;
}
pthread_join(id1,NULL); //等待線程結束
pthread_join(id2,NULL);
printf("Running complete!\n");
return 0;</p> <p>
}設計
運行結果:指針
[fsy@localhost process]$ gcc thC.c -o thC -lpthread -g
[fsy@localhost process]$ ./thC
this is func2! The num is 5
this is func1! The num is 6
this is func2! The num is 6
this is func1! The num is 7
this is func2! The num is 7
this is func1! The num is 8
this is func2! The num is 8
this is func1! The num is 9
this is func2! The num is 9
this is func1! The num is 10
Running complete!
[fsy@localhost process]$進程
二、等待線程內存
[注]當調用pthread_create函數時,線程並無開始執行,主進程應有等待,好比用sleep,或者用更專業的函數:pthread_join
get
int pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **rval_ptr)
調用函數能夠阻塞調用線程,直到指定的線程終止。
tid爲等待退出線程的id,rval_ptr爲函數的返回值。是指向指針的指針,能夠置空。
例:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<stdlib.h></p> <p>void *func(int *p){
int *num=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); //必須動態建立,緣由能夠參考我動態分配內存的博客
printf("Please input the number: ");
scanf("%d",num);
return (void *)num; //類型是pthread_create的參數規定的
}</p> <p>int main(){
pthread_t pth;
void *a;
if(pthread_create(&pth,NULL,(void *)func,NULL) != 0){
printf("create thread error!\n");
return 1;
}
pthread_join(pth,&a); //指向空指針的指針
printf("get the num from the thread, it's %d\n",*(int *)a);
return 0;
}
三、終止線程
線程終止有如下三種方式:
一、線程從函數中返回
二、線程能夠別其餘函數終止
三、線程本身調用pthread_exit函數
void pthread_exit(void *rval_ptr)
rval_ptr爲線程退出返回值的指針,即函數返回值。
四、退出清除
void pthread_cleanup_push(void (*rtn)(void*), void *arg)
rtn爲清除函數,arg是清除函數的參數
void pthread_cleanup_pop(int execute)
當execute 非0時執行清除函數。爲0時不執行。
從pthread_cleanup_push的調用點到pthread_cleanup_pop之間的程序段中,若是有終止進程的動做,如調用pthread_exit或異常終止(不包括return),就會執行pthread_cleanup_push()所指定的清理函數。多個嵌套匹配時,就近匹配。
例:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<pthread.h></p> <p>void *clean(char *argv){
printf("clean is called by %s\n",argv);
return NULL;
}
void *func1(void *argv){
printf("welcome enter the func1!\n");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"the first time call!");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"the second time call!");
if(argv){
return (void *)1; //第二次運行將此句注掉
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_cleanup_pop(1);
return (void *)0;
}</p> <p>void *func2(void *argv){
sleep(1); //兩個線程運行前後不肯定
printf("welcome enter the func2!\n");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"the first time call!");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"the second time call!");
if(argv){
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
return (void *)0;
}</p> <p>
int main(){
pthread_t tid1,tid2;
if(pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,(void *)func1,(void *)1) != 0){
printf("thread1 create error!\n");
return 1;
}</p> <p> if(pthread_create(&tid2,NULL,(void *)func2,(void *)1) != 0){
printf("thread2 create error!\n");
return 1;
}
pthread_join(tid1,NULL);
pthread_join(tid2,NULL);
return 0;
}
運行結果:
[fsy@localhost process]$ gcc thClean.c -o thclean -lpthread[fsy@localhost process]$ ./thcleanwelcome enter the func1!welcome enter the func2!clean is called by the second time call! //此處先2後1clean is called by the first time call![fsy@localhost process]$ vim thClean.c[fsy@localhost process]$ gcc thClean.c -o thclean -lpthread[fsy@localhost process]$ ./thcleanwelcome enter the func1!clean is called by the first time call! //second已經被popwelcome enter the func2!clean is called by the second time call!clean is called by the first time call![fsy@localhost process]$