Python基礎之函數
三元運算html
三元運算（三目運算），是對簡單的條件語句的縮寫。python
# 書寫格式 result = 值1 if 條件 else 值2 # 若是條件成立，那麼將 「值1」 賦值給result變量，不然，將「值2」賦值給result變量
基本數據類型補充
set編程
set集合，是一個無序且不重複的元素集合服務器
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set，添加元素
This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. 清除內容"""
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. 淺拷貝 """
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在，B中不存在
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. 從當前集合中刪除和B中相同的元素"""
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素，不存在不保錯
"""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集並更更新到A中 """
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 若是沒有交集，返回True，不然返回False"""
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. 是不是子序列"""
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. 是不是父序列"""
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
"""
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素，不存在保錯
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 對稱差集
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 對稱差集，並更新到a中 """
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set. 並集
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
pass
深淺拷貝
1、數字和字符串app
對於 數字 和 字符串 而言，賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝無心義，由於其永遠指向同一個內存地址。less
import copy # ######### 數字、字符串 ######### n1 = 123 # n1 = "i am alex age 10" print(id(n1)) # ## 賦值 ## n2 = n1 print(id(n2)) # ## 淺拷貝 ## n2 = copy.copy(n1) print(id(n2)) # ## 深拷貝 ## n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1) print(id(n3))
2、其餘基本數據類型ide
對於字典、元祖、列表 而言，進行賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝時，其內存地址的變化是不一樣的。函數式編程
一、賦值函數
賦值，只是建立一個變量，該變量指向原來內存地址，如：學習
n1 = {"k1": "wu", "k2": 123, "k3": ["alex", 456]}
n2 = n1
二、淺拷貝
淺拷貝，在內存中只額外建立第一層數據
import copy
n1 = {"k1": "wu", "k2": 123, "k3": ["alex", 456]}
n3 = copy.copy(n1)
三、深拷貝
深拷貝，在內存中將全部的數據從新建立一份（排除最後一層，即：python內部對字符串和數字的優化）
import copy
n1 = {"k1": "wu", "k2": 123, "k3": ["alex", 456]}
n4 = copy.deepcopy(n1)
函數
1、背景
在學習函數以前，一直遵循：面向過程編程，即：根據業務邏輯從上到下實現功能，其每每用一長段代碼來實現指定功能，開發過程當中最多見的操做就是粘貼複製，也就是將以前實現的代碼塊複製到現需功能處，以下：
while True：
if cpu利用率 > 90%:
#發送郵件提醒
鏈接郵箱服務器
發送郵件
關閉鏈接
if 硬盤使用空間 > 90%:
#發送郵件提醒
鏈接郵箱服務器
發送郵件
關閉鏈接
if 內存佔用 > 80%:
#發送郵件提醒
鏈接郵箱服務器
發送郵件
關閉鏈接
看下上述代碼，if條件語句下的內容能夠被提取出來公用，以下：
def 發送郵件(內容)
#發送郵件提醒
鏈接郵箱服務器
發送郵件
關閉鏈接
while True：
if cpu利用率 > 90%:
發送郵件('CPU報警')
if 硬盤使用空間 > 90%:
發送郵件('硬盤報警')
if 內存佔用 > 80%:
發送郵件('內存報警')
對於上述的兩種實現方式，第二次必然比第一次的重用性和可讀性要好，其實這就是函數式編程和麪向過程編程的區別：
- 函數式：將某功能代碼封裝到函數中，往後便無需重複編寫，僅調用函數便可
- 面向對象：對函數進行分類和封裝，讓開發「更快更好更強...」
函數式編程最重要的是加強代碼的重用性和可讀性
2、定義和使用
def 函數名(參數):
...
函數體
...
返回值
函數的定義主要有以下要點：
- def：表示函數的關鍵字
- 函數名：函數的名稱，往後根據函數名調用函數
- 函數體：函數中進行一系列的邏輯計算，如：發送郵件、計算出 [11,22,38,888,2]中的最大數等...
- 參數：爲函數體提供數據
- 返回值：當函數執行完畢後，能夠給調用者返回數據。
一、返回值
函數是一個功能塊，該功能到底執行成功與否，須要經過返回值來告知調用者。
以上要點中，比較重要有參數和返回值：
def 發送短信():
發送短信的代碼...
if 發送成功:
return True
else:
return False
while True:
# 每次執行發送短信函數，都會將返回值自動賦值給result
# 以後，能夠根據result來寫日誌，或重發等操做
result = 發送短信()
if result == False:
記錄日誌，短信發送失敗...
二、參數
爲何要有參數？
def CPU報警郵件() #發送郵件提醒 鏈接郵箱服務器 發送郵件 關閉鏈接 def 硬盤報警郵件() #發送郵件提醒 鏈接郵箱服務器 發送郵件 關閉鏈接 def 內存報警郵件() #發送郵件提醒 鏈接郵箱服務器 發送郵件 關閉鏈接 while True： if cpu利用率 > 90%: CPU報警郵件（） if 硬盤使用空間 > 90%: 硬盤報警郵件（） if 內存佔用 > 80%: 內存報警郵件（）
def 發送郵件(郵件內容) #發送郵件提醒 鏈接郵箱服務器 發送郵件 關閉鏈接 while True： if cpu利用率 > 90%: 發送郵件("CPU報警了。") if 硬盤使用空間 > 90%: 發送郵件("硬盤報警了。") if 內存佔用 > 80%: 發送郵件("內存報警了。")
函數的有三中不一樣的參數：
- 普通參數
- 默認參數
- 動態參數
# ######### 定義函數 ######### # name 叫作函數func的形式參數，簡稱：形參 def func(name): print name # ######### 執行函數 ######### # 'wupeiqi' 叫作函數func的實際參數，簡稱：實參 func('wupeiqi')
def func(name, age = 18): print "%s:%s" %(name,age) # 指定參數 func('wupeiqi', 19) # 使用默認參數 func('alex') 注：默認參數須要放在參數列表最後
def func(*args): print args # 執行方式一 func(11,33,4,4454,5) # 執行方式二 li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54] func(*li)
def func(**kwargs): print args # 執行方式一 func(name＝'wupeiqi',age=18) # 執行方式二 li = {'name':'wupeiqi', age:18, 'gender':'male'} func(**li)
def func(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargs
擴展：發送郵件實例
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.utils import formataddr msg = MIMEText('郵件內容', 'plain', 'utf-8') msg['From'] = formataddr(["武沛齊",'wptawy@126.com']) msg['To'] = formataddr(["走人",'424662508@qq.com']) msg['Subject'] = "主題" server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com", 25) server.login("wptawy@126.com", "郵箱密碼") server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', ['424662508@qq.com',], msg.as_string()) server.quit()
內置函數
注：查看詳細猛擊這裏
open函數，該函數用於文件處理
操做文件時，通常須要經歷以下步驟：
- 打開文件
- 操做文件
1、打開文件
文件句柄 = open('文件路徑', '模式')
打開文件時，須要指定文件路徑和以何等方式打開文件，打開後，便可獲取該文件句柄，往後經過此文件句柄對該文件操做。
打開文件的模式有：
- r ，只讀模式【默認】
- w，只寫模式【不可讀；不存在則建立；存在則清空內容】
- x， 只寫模式【不可讀；不存在則建立，存在則報錯】
- a， 追加模式【不可讀；不存在則建立；存在則只追加內容】
"+" 表示能夠同時讀寫某個文件
- r+， 讀寫【可讀，可寫】
- w+，寫讀【可讀，可寫】
- x+ ，寫讀【可讀，可寫】
- a+， 寫讀【可讀，可寫】
"b"表示以字節的方式操做
- rb 或 r+b
- wb 或 w+b
- xb 或 w+b
- ab 或 a+b
注：以b方式打開時，讀取到的內容是字節類型，寫入時也須要提供字節類型
2、操做
class file(object) def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 關閉文件 """ close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) may return an exit status upon closing. """ def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 文件描述符 """ fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). """ return 0 def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 刷新文件內部緩衝區 """ flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. """ pass def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 判斷文件是不是贊成tty設備 """ isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. """ return False def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 獲取下一行數據，不存在，則報錯 """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """ pass def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 讀取指定字節數據 """ read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. """ pass def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 讀取到緩衝區，不要用，將被遺棄 """ readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. """ pass def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 僅讀取一行數據 """ readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF. """ pass def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 讀取全部數據，並根據換行保存值列表 """ readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned. """ return [] def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 指定文件中指針位置 """ seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined behavior. Note that not all file objects are seekable. """ pass def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 獲取當前指針位置 """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """ pass def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 截斷數據，僅保留指定以前數據 """ truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). """ pass def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 寫內容 """ write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written. """ pass def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 將一個字符串列表寫入文件 """ writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. """ pass def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 可用於逐行讀取文件，非所有 """ xreadlines() -> returns self. For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. """ pass
class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase): """ Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer. encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False). errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and defaults to "strict". newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as follows: * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated. * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated to the given string. If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to write contains a newline character. """ def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 關閉文件 pass def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 文件描述符 pass def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 刷新文件內部緩衝區 pass def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 判斷文件是不是贊成tty設備 pass def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 讀取指定字節數據 pass def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 是否可讀 pass def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 僅讀取一行數據 pass def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 指定文件中指針位置 pass def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 指針是否可操做 pass def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 獲取指針位置 pass def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 截斷數據，僅保留指定以前數據 pass def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 是否可寫 pass def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 寫內容 pass def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement next(self). """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
3、管理上下文
爲了不打開文件後忘記關閉，能夠經過管理上下文，即：
with open('log','r') as f:
...
如此方式，當with代碼塊執行完畢時，內部會自動關閉並釋放文件資源。
在Python 2.7 及之後，with又支持同時對多個文件的上下文進行管理，即：
with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
pass
lambda表達式
學習條件運算時，對於簡單的 if else 語句，可使用三元運算來表示，即：
# 普通條件語句
if 1 == 1:
name = 'jeff'
else:
name = 'jason'
# 三元運算
name = 'jeff' if 1 == 1 else 'jason'
對於簡單的函數，也存在一種簡便的表示方式，即：lambda表達式
# ###################### 普通函數 ######################
# 定義函數（普通方式）
def func(arg):
return arg + 1
# 執行函數
result = func(123)
# ###################### lambda ######################
# 定義函數（lambda表達式）
my_lambda = lambda arg : arg + 1
# 執行函數
result = my_lambda(123)
遞歸
利用函數編寫以下數列：
斐波那契數列指的是這樣一個數列 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233，377，610，987，1597，2584，4181，6765，10946，17711，28657，46368...
def func(arg1,arg2):
if arg1 == 0:
print arg1, arg2
arg3 = arg1 + arg2
print arg3
func(arg2, arg3)
func(0,1)
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