俄羅斯方塊遊戲——pyqt5

時間 2019-11-10

原文原文鏈接

本章咱們要製做一個俄羅斯方塊遊戲。python

Tetris

譯註：稱呼：方塊是由四個小方格組成的

俄羅斯方塊遊戲是世界上最流行的遊戲之一。是由一名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄羅斯程序員在1985年製做的，從那時起，這個遊戲就風靡了各個遊戲平臺。程序員

俄羅斯方塊歸類爲下落塊迷宮遊戲。遊戲有7個基本形狀：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直線、方塊，每一個形狀都由4個方塊組成，方塊最終都會落到屏幕底部。因此玩家經過控制形狀的左右位置和旋轉，讓每一個形狀都以合適的位置落下，若是有一行所有被方塊填充，這行就會消失，而且得分。遊戲結束的條件是有形狀接觸到了屏幕頂部。編程

方塊展現：
數組

PyQt5是專門爲建立圖形界面產生的，裏面一些專門爲製做遊戲而開發的組件，因此PyQt5是能製做小遊戲的。app

製做電腦遊戲也是提升本身編程能力的一種很好的方式。dom

開發

沒有圖片，因此就本身用繪畫畫出來幾個圖形。每一個遊戲裏都有數學模型的，這個也是。ui

開工以前：spa

用QtCore.QBasicTimer()建立一個遊戲循環
模型是一直下落的
模型的運動是以小塊爲基礎單位的，不是按像素
從數學意義上來講，模型就是就是一串數字而已

代碼由四個類組成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris類建立遊戲，Board是遊戲主要邏輯。Tetrominoe包含了全部的磚塊，Shape是全部磚塊的代碼。code

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial 
This is a Tetris game clone.

Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com 
Last edited: August 2017
"""

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor 
import sys, random

class Tetris(QMainWindow):
    
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        
        self.initUI()
        
        
    def initUI(self):    
        '''initiates application UI'''

        self.tboard = Board(self)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

        self.statusbar = self.statusBar()        
        self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
        
        self.tboard.start()
        
        self.resize(180, 380)
        self.center()
        self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')        
        self.show()
        

    def center(self):
        '''centers the window on the screen'''
        
        screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
        size = self.geometry()
        self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2, 
            (screen.height()-size.height())/2)
        

class Board(QFrame):
    
    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
    
    BoardWidth = 10
    BoardHeight = 22
    Speed = 300

    def __init__(self, parent):
        super().__init__(parent)
        
        self.initBoard()
        
        
    def initBoard(self):     
        '''initiates board'''

        self.timer = QBasicTimer()
        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
        
        self.curX = 0
        self.curY = 0
        self.numLinesRemoved = 0
        self.board = []

        self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
        self.isStarted = False
        self.isPaused = False
        self.clearBoard()
        
        
    def shapeAt(self, x, y):
        '''determines shape at the board position'''
        
        return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

        
    def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
        '''sets a shape at the board'''
        
        self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
        

    def squareWidth(self):
        '''returns the width of one square'''
        
        return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
        

    def squareHeight(self):
        '''returns the height of one square'''
        
        return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
        

    def start(self):
        '''starts game'''
        
        if self.isPaused:
            return

        self.isStarted = True
        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
        self.numLinesRemoved = 0
        self.clearBoard()

        self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

        self.newPiece()
        self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)

        
    def pause(self):
        '''pauses game'''
        
        if not self.isStarted:
            return

        self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
        
        if self.isPaused:
            self.timer.stop()
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
            
        else:
            self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

        self.update()

        
    def paintEvent(self, event):
        '''paints all shapes of the game'''
        
        painter = QPainter(self)
        rect = self.contentsRect()

        boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()

        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
            for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
                
                if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                    self.drawSquare(painter,
                        rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
                        boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

        if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            
            for i in range(4):
                
                x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
                y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
                self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
                    boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
                    self.curPiece.shape())

                    
    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
        '''processes key press events'''
        
        if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
            return

        key = event.key()
        
        if key == Qt.Key_P:
            self.pause()
            return
            
        if self.isPaused:
            return
                
        elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
            
        elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
            
        elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
            
        elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
            
        elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
            self.dropDown()
            
        elif key == Qt.Key_D:
            self.oneLineDown()
            
        else:
            super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
                

    def timerEvent(self, event):
        '''handles timer event'''
        
        if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
            
            if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
                self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
                self.newPiece()
            else:
                self.oneLineDown()
                
        else:
            super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

            
    def clearBoard(self):
        '''clears shapes from the board'''
        
        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
            self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

        
    def dropDown(self):
        '''drops down a shape'''
        
        newY = self.curY
        
        while newY > 0:
            
            if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
                break
                
            newY -= 1

        self.pieceDropped()
        

    def oneLineDown(self):
        '''goes one line down with a shape'''
        
        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
            self.pieceDropped()
            

    def pieceDropped(self):
        '''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
        
        for i in range(4):
            
            x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
            y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
            self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())

        self.removeFullLines()

        if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
            self.newPiece()
            

    def removeFullLines(self):
        '''removes all full lines from the board'''
        
        numFullLines = 0
        rowsToRemove = []

        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
            
            n = 0
            for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                    n = n + 1

            if n == 10:
                rowsToRemove.append(i)

        rowsToRemove.reverse()
        

        for m in rowsToRemove:
            
            for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
                for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                        self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

        numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)

        if numFullLines > 0:
            
            self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
                
            self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
            self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
            self.update()
            

    def newPiece(self):
        '''creates a new shape'''
        
        self.curPiece = Shape()
        self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
        self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
        self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
        
        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
            
            self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
            self.timer.stop()
            self.isStarted = False
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")



    def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
        '''tries to move a shape'''
        
        for i in range(4):
            
            x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
            y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
            
            if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
                return False
                
            if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                return False

        self.curPiece = newPiece
        self.curX = newX
        self.curY = newY
        self.update()
        
        return True
        

    def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
        '''draws a square of a shape'''        
        
        colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
                      0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]

        color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
        painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, 
            self.squareHeight() - 2, color)

        painter.setPen(color.lighter())
        painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
        painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)

        painter.setPen(color.darker())
        painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
            x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
        painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1, 
            y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)


class Tetrominoe(object):
    
    NoShape = 0
    ZShape = 1
    SShape = 2
    LineShape = 3
    TShape = 4
    SquareShape = 5
    LShape = 6
    MirroredLShape = 7


class Shape(object):
    
    coordsTable = (
        ((0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0)),
        ((0, -1),    (0, 0),     (-1, 0),    (-1, 1)),
        ((0, -1),    (0, 0),     (1, 0),     (1, 1)),
        ((0, -1),    (0, 0),     (0, 1),     (0, 2)),
        ((-1, 0),    (0, 0),     (1, 0),     (0, 1)),
        ((0, 0),     (1, 0),     (0, 1),     (1, 1)),
        ((-1, -1),   (0, -1),    (0, 0),     (0, 1)),
        ((1, -1),    (0, -1),    (0, 0),     (0, 1))
    )

    def __init__(self):
        
        self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
        self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape

        self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
        

    def shape(self):
        '''returns shape'''
        
        return self.pieceShape
        

    def setShape(self, shape):
        '''sets a shape'''
        
        table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
        
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(2):
                self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]

        self.pieceShape = shape
        

    def setRandomShape(self):
        '''chooses a random shape'''
        
        self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))

        
    def x(self, index):
        '''returns x coordinate'''
        
        return self.coords[index][0]

        
    def y(self, index):
        '''returns y coordinate'''
        
        return self.coords[index][1]

        
    def setX(self, index, x):
        '''sets x coordinate'''
        
        self.coords[index][0] = x

        
    def setY(self, index, y):
        '''sets y coordinate'''
        
        self.coords[index][1] = y

        
    def minX(self):
        '''returns min x value'''
        
        m = self.coords[0][0]
        for i in range(4):
            m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])

        return m

        
    def maxX(self):
        '''returns max x value'''
        
        m = self.coords[0][0]
        for i in range(4):
            m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])

        return m

        
    def minY(self):
        '''returns min y value'''
        
        m = self.coords[0][1]
        for i in range(4):
            m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])

        return m

        
    def maxY(self):
        '''returns max y value'''
        
        m = self.coords[0][1]
        for i in range(4):
            m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])

        return m

        
    def rotateLeft(self):
        '''rotates shape to the left'''
        
        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
            return self

        result = Shape()
        result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
        
        for i in range(4):
            
            result.setX(i, self.y(i))
            result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

        return result

        
    def rotateRight(self):
        '''rotates shape to the right'''
        
        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
            return self

        result = Shape()
        result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
        
        for i in range(4):
            
            result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
            result.setY(i, self.x(i))

        return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    app = QApplication([])
    tetris = Tetris()    
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

遊戲很簡單，因此也就很好理解。程序加載以後遊戲也就直接開始了，能夠用P鍵暫停遊戲，空格鍵讓方塊直接落到最下面。遊戲的速度是固定的，並無實現加速的功能。分數就是遊戲中消除的行數。blog

self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

建立了一個Board類的實例，並設置爲應用的中心組件。

self.statusbar = self.statusBar()        
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)

建立一個statusbar來顯示三種信息：消除的行數，遊戲暫停狀態或者遊戲結束狀態。msg2Statusbar是一個自定義的信號，用在（和）Board類（交互），showMessage()方法是一個內建的，用來在statusbar上顯示信息的方法。

self.tboard.start()

初始化遊戲：

class Board(QFrame):
    
    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...

建立了一個自定義信號msg2Statusbar，當咱們想往statusbar裏顯示信息的時候，發出這個信號就好了。

BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300

這些是Board類的變量。BoardWidth和BoardHeight分別是board的寬度和高度。Speed是遊戲的速度，每300ms出現一個新的方塊。

...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...

在initBoard()裏初始化了一些重要的變量。self.board定義了方塊的形狀和位置，取值範圍是0-7。

def shapeAt(self, x, y):
    return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

shapeAt()決定了board裏方塊的的種類。

def squareWidth(self):
    return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

board的大小能夠動態的改變。因此方格的大小也應該隨之變化。squareWidth()計算並返回每一個塊應該佔用多少像素--也即Board.BoardWidth。

def pause(self):
    '''pauses game'''

    if not self.isStarted:
        return

    self.isPaused = not self.isPaused

    if self.isPaused:
        self.timer.stop()
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")

    else:
        self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

    self.update()

pause()方法用來暫停遊戲，中止計時並在statusbar上顯示一條信息。

def paintEvent(self, event):
    '''paints all shapes of the game'''

    painter = QPainter(self)
    rect = self.contentsRect()
...

渲染是在paintEvent()方法裏發生的QPainter負責PyQt5裏全部低級繪畫操做。

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
    for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
        shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
        
        if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            self.drawSquare(painter,
                rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
                boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

渲染遊戲分爲兩步。第一步是先畫出全部已經落在最下面的的圖，這些保存在self.board裏。可使用shapeAt()查看這個這個變量。

if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
        y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
        self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
            boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
            self.curPiece.shape())

第二步是畫出更在下落的方塊。

elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
    self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

在keyPressEvent()方法得到用戶按下的按鍵。若是按下的是右方向鍵，就嘗試把方塊向右移動，說嘗試是由於有可能到邊界不能移動了。

elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
    self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)

上方向鍵是把方塊向左旋轉一下

elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
    self.dropDown()

空格鍵會直接把方塊放到底部

elif key == Qt.Key_D:
    self.oneLineDown()

D鍵是加速一次下落速度。

def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
        y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
        
        if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
            return False
            
        if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            return False

    self.curPiece = newPiece
    self.curX = newX
    self.curY = newY
    self.update()
    return True

tryMove()是嘗試移動方塊的方法。若是方塊已經到達board的邊緣或者遇到了其餘方塊，就返回False。不然就把方塊下落到想要

def timerEvent(self, event):
    
    if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
        
        if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
            self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
            self.newPiece()
        else:
            self.oneLineDown()
            
    else:
        super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

在計時器事件裏，要麼是等一個方塊下落完以後建立一個新的方塊，要麼是讓一個方塊直接落到底（move a falling piece one line down）。

def clearBoard(self):
    
    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
        self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

clearBoard()方法經過Tetrominoe.NoShape清空broad。

def removeFullLines(self):
    
    numFullLines = 0
    rowsToRemove = []

    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
        
        n = 0
        for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
            if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                n = n + 1

        if n == 10:
            rowsToRemove.append(i)

    rowsToRemove.reverse()
    

    for m in rowsToRemove:
        
        for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
            for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                    self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

    numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
 ...

若是方塊碰到了底部，就調用removeFullLines()方法，找到全部能消除的行消除它們。消除的具體動做就是把符合條件的行消除掉以後，再把它上面的行降低一行。注意移除滿行的動做是倒着來的，由於咱們是按照重力來表現遊戲的，若是不這樣就有可能出現有些方塊浮在空中的現象。

def newPiece(self):
    
    self.curPiece = Shape()
    self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
    self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
    self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
    
    if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
        
        self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
        self.timer.stop()
        self.isStarted = False
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

newPiece()方法是用來建立形狀隨機的方塊。若是隨機的方塊不能正確的出如今預設的位置，遊戲結束。

class Tetrominoe(object):
    
    NoShape = 0
    ZShape = 1
    SShape = 2
    LineShape = 3
    TShape = 4
    SquareShape = 5
    LShape = 6
    MirroredLShape = 7

Tetrominoe類保存了全部方塊的形狀。咱們還定義了一個NoShape的空形狀。

Shape類保存類方塊內部的信息。

class Shape(object):
    
    coordsTable = (
        ((0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0)),
        ((0, -1),    (0, 0),     (-1, 0),    (-1, 1)),
        ...
    )
...

coordsTable元組保存了全部的方塊形狀的組成。是一個構成方塊的座標模版。

self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]

上面建立了一個新的空座標數組，這個數組將用來保存方塊的座標。

座標系示意圖：

上面的圖片能夠幫助咱們更好的理解座標值的意義。好比元組(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)表明了一個Z形狀的方塊。這個圖表就描繪了這個形狀。

def rotateLeft(self):
    
    if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
        return self

    result = Shape()
    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        result.setX(i, self.y(i))
        result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

    return result

rotateLeft()方法向右旋轉一個方塊。正方形的方塊就不必旋轉，就直接返回了。其餘的是返回一個新的，能表示這個形狀旋轉了的座標。

程序展現：

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