Web框架們

時間  2019-12-01
標籤 web 框架 欄目 HTML 简体版
原文   原文鏈接

Python之路【第十八篇】：Web框架們

 

Python的WEB框架css

Bottle

Bottle是一個快速、簡潔、輕量級的基於WSIG的微型Web框架，此框架只由一個 .py 文件，除了Python的標準庫外，其不依賴任何其餘模塊。html

?
1
2
3
4
pip install bottle
easy_install bottle
apt - get install python - bottle
wget http: / / bottlepy.org / bottle.py

Bottle框架大體能夠分爲如下部分：node

  • 路由系統，將不一樣請求交由指定函數處理
  • 模板系統，將模板中的特殊語法渲染成字符串，值得一說的是Bottle的模板引擎能夠任意指定：Bottle內置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
  • 公共組件，用於提供處理請求相關的信息，如：表單數據、cookies、請求頭等
  • 服務，Bottle默認支持多種基於WSGI的服務，如：

框架的基本使用python

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()
  
@root .route( '/hello/' )
def index():
     return "Hello World"
     # return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")
  
root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 )

1、路由系統jquery

路由系統是的url對應指定函數，當用戶請求某個url時，就由指定函數處理當前請求，對於Bottle的路由系統能夠分爲一下幾類：git

  • 靜態路由
  • 動態路由
  • 請求方法路由
  • 二級路由

一、靜態路由程序員

?
1
2
3
@root .route( '/hello/' )
def index():
     return template( '<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!' , name = "Alex" )

二、動態路由github

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
@root .route( '/wiki/<pagename>' )
def callback(pagename):
     ...
  
@root .route( '/object/<id:int>' )
def callback( id ):
     ...
  
@root .route( '/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>' )
def callback(name):
     ...
  
@root .route( '/static/<path:path>' )
def callback(path):
     return static_file(path, root = 'static' )

三、請求方法路由web

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
@root .route( '/hello/' , method = 'POST' )
def index():
     ...
  
@root .get( '/hello/' )
def index():
     ...
  
@root .post( '/hello/' )
def index():
     ...
  
@root .put( '/hello/' )
def index():
     ...
  
@root .delete( '/hello/' )
def index():
     ...

四、二級路由ajax

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app01 = Bottle() @app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App01</b>!')
app01.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app02 = Bottle() @app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App02</b>!')
app02.py
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
from bottle import static_file
root = Bottle()
  
@root .route( '/hello/' )
def index():
     return template( '<b>Root {{name}}</b>!' , name = "Alex" )
  
from framwork_bottle import app01
from framwork_bottle import app02
  
root.mount( 'app01' , app01.app01)
root.mount( 'app02' , app02.app02)
  
root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 )

2、模板系統

模板系統用於將Html和自定的值二者進行渲染，從而獲得字符串，而後將該字符串返回給客戶端。咱們知道在Bottle中可使用 內置模板系統、mako、jinja2、cheetah等，之內置模板系統爲例：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>{{name}}</h1> </body> </html>
hello_template.tpl
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()
  
@root .route( '/hello/' )
def index():
     # 默認狀況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html
     # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
     return template( 'hello_template.tpl' , name = 'alex' )
  
root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 )

一、語法

  • 單值
  • 單行Python代碼
  • Python代碼快
  • Python、Html混合

二、函數 

include(sub_template, **variables)

?
1
2
3
4
5
# 導入其餘模板文件
  
% include( 'header.tpl' , title = 'Page Title' )
Page Content
% include( 'footer.tpl' )

rebase(name, **variables)

<html>
<head>
  <title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> </head> <body> {{!base}} </body> </html>
base.tpl
?
1
2
3
4
# 導入母版
  
% rebase( 'base.tpl' , title = 'Page Title' )
<p>Page Content ...< / p>

defined(name)

?
1
# 檢查當前變量是否已經被定義，已定義True，未定義False

get(name, default=None)

?
1
# 獲取某個變量的值，不存在時可設置默認值

setdefault(name, default)

?
1
# 若是變量不存在時，爲變量設置默認值

擴展：自定義函數

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定義函數</h1> {{ wupeiqi() }} </body> </html>
hello_template.tpl 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate root = Bottle() def custom(): return '123123' @root.route('/hello/') def index(): # 默認狀況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中 return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom) root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)
main.py

注：變量或函數前添加 【 ! 】，則會關閉轉義的功能

3、公共組件

因爲Web框架就是用來【接收用戶請求】-> 【處理用戶請求】-> 【響應相關內容】，對於具體如何處理用戶請求，開發人員根據用戶請求來進行處理，而對於接收用戶請求和相應相關的內容均交給框架自己來處理，其處理完成以後將產出交給開發人員和用戶。

【接收用戶請求】

當框架接收到用戶請求以後，將請求信息封裝在Bottle的request中，以供開發人員使用

【響應相關內容】

當開發人員的代碼處理完用戶請求以後，會將其執行內容相應給用戶，相應的內容會封裝在Bottle的response中，而後再由框架將內容返回給用戶

因此，公共組件本質其實就是爲開發人員提供接口，使其可以獲取用戶信息並配置響應內容。

一、request

Bottle中的request實際上是一個LocalReqeust對象，其中封裝了用戶請求的相關信息：

二、response

Bottle中的request實際上是一個LocalResponse對象，其中框架即將返回給用戶的相關信息：

實例：

from bottle import route, request @route('/login') def login(): return ''' <form action="/login" method="post"> Username: <input name="username" type="text" /> Password: <input name="password" type="password" /> <input value="Login" type="submit" /> </form> ''' @route('/login', method='POST') def do_login(): username = request.forms.get('username') password = request.forms.get('password') if check_login(username, password): return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>" else: return "<p>Login failed.</p>"
基本Form請求 
<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> Category: <input type="text" name="category" /> Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /> <input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> </form> @route('/upload', method='POST') def do_upload(): category = request.forms.get('category') upload = request.files.get('upload') name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename) if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'): return 'File extension not allowed.' save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category) upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically return 'OK'
上傳文件 

4、服務

對於Bottle框架其自己未實現相似於Tornado本身基於socket實現Web服務，因此必須依賴WSGI，默認Bottle已經實現而且支持的WSGI有：

server_names = {
    'cgi': CGIServer, 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, 'waitress': WaitressServer, 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, 'paste': PasteServer, 'fapws3': FapwsServer, 'tornado': TornadoServer, 'gae': AppEngineServer, 'twisted': TwistedServer, 'diesel': DieselServer, 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, 'eventlet': EventletServer, 'gevent': GeventServer, 'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer, 'rocket': RocketServer, 'bjoern' : BjoernServer, 'auto': AutoServer, }
WSGI

使用時，只需在主app執行run方法時指定參數便可：

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import Bottle
root = Bottle()
  
@root .route( '/hello/' )
def index():
     return "Hello World"
# 默認server ＝'wsgiref'
root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 , server = 'wsgiref' )

默認server＝"wsgiref"，即：使用Python內置模塊wsgiref，若是想要使用其餘時，則須要首先安裝相關類庫，而後才能使用。如：

# 若是使用Tornado的服務，則須要首先安裝tornado才能使用 class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter): """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """ def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover # 導入Tornado相關模塊 import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler) server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container) server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
bottle.py源碼

PS：以上WSGI中提供了19種，若是想要使期支持其餘服務，則須要擴展Bottle源碼來自定義一個ServerAdapter

更多參見：http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html

Flask 

Flask是一個基於Python開發而且依賴jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服務的一個微型框架，對於Werkzeug本質是Socket服務端，其用於接收http請求並對請求進行預處理，而後觸發Flask框架，開發人員基於Flask框架提供的功能對請求進行相應的處理，並返回給用戶，若是要返回給用戶複雜的內容時，須要藉助jinja2模板來實現對模板的處理，即：將模板和數據進行渲染，將渲染後的字符串返回給用戶瀏覽器。

「微」(micro) 並不表示你須要把整個 Web 應用塞進單個 Python 文件（雖然確實能夠 ），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的「微」意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心簡單而易於擴展。Flask 不會替你作出太多決策——好比使用何種數據庫。而那些 Flask 所選擇的——好比使用何種模板引擎——則很容易替換。除此以外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 能夠與您珠聯璧合。

默認狀況下，Flask 不包含數據庫抽象層、表單驗證，或是其它任何已有多種庫能夠勝任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用擴展來給應用添加這些功能，如同是 Flask 自己實現的同樣。衆多的擴展提供了數據庫集成、表單驗證、上傳處理、各類各樣的開放認證技術等功能。Flask 也許是「微小」的，但它已準備好在需求繁雜的生產環境中投入使用。

安裝

?
1
pip install Flask 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): return Response('Hello World!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
werkzeug

1、第一次

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( "/" )
def hello():
     return "Hello World!"
  
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
     app.run()

2、路由系統

  • @app.route('/user/<username>')
  • @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
  • @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
  • @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
  • @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

經常使用路由系統有以上五種，全部的路由系統都是基於一下對應關係來處理：

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
     'default' :          UnicodeConverter,
     'string' :           UnicodeConverter,
     'any' :              AnyConverter,
     'path' :             PathConverter,
     'int' :              IntegerConverter,
     'float' :            FloatConverter,
     'uuid' :             UUIDConverter,
}

注：對於Flask默認不支持直接寫正則表達式的路由，不過能夠經過自定義來實現，見：https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259

3、模板

一、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，因此其語法和Django無差異

二、自定義模板方法

Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle類似，建立一個函數並經過參數的形式傳入render_template，如：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定義函數</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html>
index.html
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
  
  
def wupeiqi():
     return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
  
@app .route( '/login' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def login():
     return render_template( 'login.html' , ww = wupeiqi)
  
app.run()

4、公共組件

一、請求

對於Http請求，Flask會講請求信息封裝在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest)，提供的以下經常使用方法和字段以供使用：

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
request.method
request.args
request.form
request.values
request.files
request.cookies
request.headers
request.path
request.full_path
request.script_root
request.url
request.base_url
request.url_root
request.host_url
request.host 
@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login(): error = None if request.method == 'POST': if valid_login(request.form['username'], request.form['password']): return log_the_user_in(request.form['username']) else: error = 'Invalid username/password' # the code below is executed if the request method # was GET or the credentials were invalid return render_template('login.html', error=error)
表單處理Demo 
from flask import request from werkzeug import secure_filename @app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def upload_file(): if request.method == 'POST': f = request.files['the_file'] f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) ...
上傳文件Demo 
from flask import request @app.route('/setcookie/') def index(): username = request.cookies.get('username') # use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a # KeyError if the cookie is missing. from flask import make_response @app.route('/getcookie') def index(): resp = make_response(render_template(...)) resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username') return resp
Cookie操做

二、響應

當用戶請求被開發人員的邏輯處理完成以後，會將結果發送給用戶瀏覽器，那麼就須要對請求作出相應的響應。

a.字符串

?
1
2
3
@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def index():
     return "index"

b.模板引擎

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
from flask import Flask,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def index():
     return render_template( "index.html" )
  
app.run()

c.重定向

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def index():
     # return redirect('/login/')
     return redirect(url_for( 'login' ))
  
@app .route( '/login/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def login():
     return "LOGIN"
  
app.run()

d.錯誤頁面

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index(): abort(404, 'Nothing') app.run()
指定URL，簡單錯誤
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def index():
     return "OK"
  
@app .errorhandler( 404 )
def page_not_found(error):
     return render_template( 'page_not_found.html' ), 404
  
app.run()

e.設置相應信息

使用make_response能夠對相應的內容進行操做

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def index():
     response = make_response(render_template( 'index.html' ))
     # response是flask.wrappers.Response類型
     # response.delete_cookie
     # response.set_cookie
     # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
     return response
  
app.run()

三、Session

除請求對象以外，還有一個 session 對象。它容許你在不一樣請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎上實現的，而且對 Cookies 進行密鑰簽名要使用會話，你須要設置一個密鑰。

  • 設置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'

  • 刪除：session.pop('username', None)
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
  
app = Flask(__name__)
  
@app .route( '/' )
def index():
     if 'username' in session:
         return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session[ 'username' ])
     return 'You are not logged in'
  
@app .route( '/login' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def login():
     if request.method = = 'POST' :
         session[ 'username' ] = request.form[ 'username' ]
         return redirect(url_for( 'index' ))
     return '''
         <form action="" method="post">
             <p><input type=text name=username>
             <p><input type=submit value=Login>
         </form>
     '''
  
@app .route( '/logout' )
def logout():
     # remove the username from the session if it's there
     session.pop( 'username' , None )
     return redirect(url_for( 'index' ))
  
# set the secret key.  keep this really secret:
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'

Flask還有衆多其餘功能，更多參見：
    http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
    http://flask.pocoo.org/

Tornado

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可擴展的非阻塞式 web 服務器及其相關工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不過爲了能有效利用非阻塞式服務器環境，這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關的有用工具 和優化。

Tornado 和如今的主流 Web 服務器框架（包括大多數 Python 的框架）有着明顯的區別：它是非阻塞式服務器，並且速度至關快。得利於其 非阻塞的方式和對 epoll 的運用，Tornado 每秒能夠處理數以千計的鏈接，這意味着對於實時 Web 服務來講，Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。咱們開發這個 Web 服務器的主要目的就是爲了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應用裏每個活動用戶都會保持着一個服務器鏈接。（關於如何擴容 服務器，以處理數以千計的客戶端的鏈接的問題，請參閱 C10K problem。）

?
1
2
3
pip install tornado
源碼安裝
     https: / / pypi.python.org / packages / source / t / tornado / tornado - 4.3 .tar.gz

1、快速上手

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self ):
         self .write( "Hello, world" )
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
     (r "/index" , MainHandler),
])
   
   
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
     application.listen( 8888 )
     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

第一步：執行腳本，監聽 8888 端口

第二步：瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index  -->  http://127.0.0.1:8888/index

第三步：服務器接受請求，並交由對應的類處理該請求

第四步：類接受到請求以後，根據請求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不一樣調用並執行相應的方法

第五步：方法返回值的字符串內容發送瀏覽器

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import gen import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @asynchronous @gen.coroutine def get(self): print 'start get ' http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) self.write('end') def callback(self, response): print response.body settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
異步非阻塞實例

2、路由系統

路由系統其實就是 url 和 類 的對應關係，這裏不一樣於其餘框架，其餘不少框架均是 url 對應 函數，Tornado中每一個url對應的是一個類。

?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self ):
         self .write( "Hello, world" )
   
class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self , story_id):
         self .write( "You requested the story " + story_id)
   
class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self ):
         self .write( "buy.wupeiqi.com/index" )
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
     (r "/index" , MainHandler),
     (r "/story/([0-9]+)" , StoryHandler),
])
   
application.add_handlers( 'buy.wupeiqi.com$' , [
     (r '/index' ,BuyHandler),
])
   
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
     application.listen( 80 )
     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

3、模板

Tornao中的模板語言和django中相似，模板引擎將模板文件載入內存，而後將數據嵌入其中，最終獲取到一個完整的字符串，再將字符串返回給請求者。

Tornado 的模板支持「控制語句」和「表達語句」，控制語句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起來的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表達語句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起來的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。

控制語句和對應的 Python 語句的格式基本徹底相同。咱們支持 if、for、while 和 try，這些語句邏輯結束的位置須要用 {% end %} 作標記。還經過 extends 和 block 語句實現了模板繼承。這些在 template 模塊 的代碼文檔中有着詳細的描述。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> </div> {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html>
layout.html 
{% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %} <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %} {% block RenderBody %} <h1>Index</h1> <ul> {% for item in li %} <li>{{item}}</li> {% end %} </ul> {% end %} {% block JavaScript %} {% end %}
index.html
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self ):
         self .render( 'home/index.html' )
   
settings = {
     'template_path' : 'template' ,
}
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
     (r "/index" , MainHandler),
], * * settings)
   
   
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
     application.listen( 80 )
     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

在模板中默認提供了一些函數、字段、類以供模板使用：

  • escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
  • xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
  • url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
  • json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
  • squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
  • linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
  • datetime: Python 的 datetime 模組
  • handler: 當前的 RequestHandler 對象
  • request: handler.request 的別名
  • current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
  • locale: handler.locale 的別名
  • _: handler.locale.translate 的別名
  • static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
  • xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名

Tornado默認提供的這些功能其實本質上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，咱們也能夠自定義從而實現相似於Django的simple_tag的功能：
一、定義

# uimethods.py def tab(self): return 'UIMethod'
uimethods.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from tornado.web import UIModule from tornado import escape class custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
uimodules.py

二、註冊

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
main.py

三、使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> {% module custom(123) %} {{ tab() }} </body>
index.html

4、實用功能

一、靜態文件

對於靜態文件，能夠配置靜態文件的目錄和前段使用時的前綴，而且Tornaodo還支持靜態文件緩存。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('home/index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(80) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
main.py 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> </body> </html>
index.html

備註：靜態文件緩存的實現

    def get_content_version(cls, abspath): """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. .. versionadded:: 3.1 """ data = cls.get_content(abspath) hasher = hashlib.md5() if isinstance(data, bytes): hasher.update(data) else: for chunk in data: hasher.update(chunk) return hasher.hexdigest()
靜態文件緩存源碼

二、csrf

Tornado中的誇張請求僞造和Django中的類似，跨站僞造請求(Cross-site request forgery)

settings = {
    "xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)
配置 
<form action="/new_message" method="post"> {{ xsrf_form_html() }} <input type="text" name="message"/> <input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form>
普通表單使用 
function getCookie(name) {
    var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b"); return r ? r[1] : undefined; } jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", success: function(response) { callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); }}); };
Ajax使用

注：Ajax使用時，本質上就是去獲取本地的cookie，攜帶cookie再來發送請求

三、cookie

Tornado中能夠對cookie進行操做，而且還能夠對cookie進行簽名以放置僞造。

a、基本操做

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!")
Code

b、簽名

Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端僞造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存當前登錄用戶的 id 之類的信息，你須要對 cookie 做簽名以防止僞造。Tornado 經過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了這種功能。 要使用這些方法，你須要在建立應用時提供一個密鑰，名字爲 cookie_secret。 你能夠把它做爲一個關鍵詞參數傳入應用的設置中：

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!") application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
Code 
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) for part in parts: hash.update(utf8(part)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) hash.update(utf8(s)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
內部算法 
def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, key_version=None): if version is None: version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION if clock is None: clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) if version == 1: signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) return value elif version == 2: # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including # the final pipe. # # The fields are: # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) # - key version (integer, default is 0) # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) # - value (base64-encoded) # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) def format_field(s): return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) to_sign = b"|".join([ b"2", format_field(str(key_version or 0)), format_field(timestamp), format_field(name), format_field(value), b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict): assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) return to_sign + signature else: raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
內部算法-加密 
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") if len(parts) != 3: return None signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) return None timestamp = int(parts[1]) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) return None if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", value) return None if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) return None try: return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) except Exception: return None def _decode_fields_v2(value): def _consume_field(s): length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') n = int(length) field_value = rest[:n] # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") rest = rest[n + 1:] return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): try: key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict): try: secret = secret[key_version] except KeyError: return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): return None if name_field != utf8(name): return None timestamp = int(timestamp) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: # The signature has expired. return None try: return base64.b64decode(value_field) except Exception: return None def get_signature_key_version(value): value = utf8(value) version = _get_version(value) if version < 2: return None try: key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None return key_version
內部算法-解密

簽名Cookie的本質是：

寫cookie過程：

  • 將值進行base64加密
  • 對除值之外的內容進行簽名，哈希算法（沒法逆向解析）
  • 拼接 簽名 + 加密值

讀cookie過程：

  • 讀取 簽名 + 加密值
  • 對簽名進行驗證
  • base64解密，獲取值內容

注：許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現機制相同。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) if login_user: self.write(login_user) else: self.redirect('/login') class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Demo-基於cookie進行用戶驗證 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get_current_user(self): return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") class MainHandler(BaseHandler): @tornado.web.authenticated def get(self): login_user = self.current_user self.write(login_user) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Demo-Toando內部提供基於cookie進行用戶驗證

四、Ajax上傳文件

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <input type="file" id="img" /> <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /> <script> function UploadFile(){ var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("post", '/index', true); xhr.send(form); } </script> </body> </html>
Html 
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web


class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):

        self.render('index.html')

    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
        # print(file_metas)
        for meta in file_metas:
            file_name = meta['filename']
            with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
                up.write(meta['body'])

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8000)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Python 
var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);

$.ajax({
    type:'POST',
    url: '/index',
    data: form,
    processData: false,  // tell jQuery not to process the data
    contentType: false,  // tell jQuery not to set contentType
    success: function(arg){
        console.log(arg);
    }
})
jQuery Ajax Upload

5、擴展功能

一、自定義Session

a.知識儲備

b.session實現機制

c. Session框架

#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import sys import math from bisect import bisect if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): import hashlib md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else: import md5 md5_constructor = md5.new class HashRing(object): """一致性哈希""" def __init__(self,nodes): '''初始化 nodes : 初始化的節點，其中包含節點已經節點對應的權重 默認每個節點有32個虛擬節點 對於權重，經過多建立虛擬節點來實現 如：nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ''' self.ring = dict() self._sorted_keys = [] self.total_weight = 0 self.__generate_circle(nodes) def __generate_circle(self,nodes): for node_info in nodes: self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1) for node_info in nodes: weight = node_info.get('weight',1) node = node_info.get('host',None) virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('該節點已經存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def add_node(self,node): ''' 新建節點 node : 要添加的節點，格式爲：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一個元素表示節點，第二個元素表示該節點的權重。 ''' node = node.get('host',None) if not node: raise Exception('節點的地址不能爲空.') weight = node.get('weight',1) self.total_weight += weight nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('該節點已經存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def remove_node(self,node): ''' 移除節點 node : 要移除的節點 '127.0.0.1:8000' ''' for key,value in self.ring.items(): if value == node: del self.ring[key] self._sorted_keys.remove(key) def get_node(self,string_key): '''獲取 string_key 所在的節點''' pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) if pos is None: return None return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':') def get_node_pos(self,string_key): '''獲取 string_key 所在的節點的索引''' if not self.ring: return None key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key) nodes = self._sorted_keys pos = bisect(nodes, key) return pos def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return long(m.hexdigest(), 16) def gen_key_sixteen(self,key): b_key = self.__hash_digest(key) return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) def __hash_digest(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return map(ord, m.digest()) """ nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result """
一致性哈希 
from hashlib import sha1 import os, time create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() class Session(object): session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__(self, request): session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) if not session_value: self._id = create_session_id() else: self._id = session_value request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) def __getitem__(self, key): # 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP # 找到相對應的redis服務器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0) # 使用python redis api 連接 # 獲取數據，即： # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP # 使用python redis api 連接 # 設置session # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value) def __delitem__(self, key): # 根據 self._id 找到相對應的redis服務器 # 使用python redis api 連接 # 刪除，即： return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
Session

二、自定義模型版定

模型綁定有兩個主要功能：

  • 自動生成html表單
  • 用戶輸入驗證

在以前學習的Django中爲程序員提供了很是便捷的模型綁定功能，可是在Tornado中，一切須要本身動手！！！

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> <form action="/index" method="post"> <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p> <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p> <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p> <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
html
?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import re
   
   
class MainForm( object ):
     def __init__( self ):
         self .host = "(.*)"
         self .ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
         self .port = '(\d+)'
         self .phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'
   
     def check_valid( self , request):
         form_dict = self .__dict__
         for key, regular in form_dict.items():
             post_value = request.get_argument(key)
             # 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配
             ret = re.match(regular, post_value)
             print key,ret,post_value
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
     def get( self ):
         self .render( 'index.html' )
     def post( self , * args, * * kwargs):
         obj = MainForm()
         result = obj.check_valid( self )
         self .write( 'ok' )
   
   
   
settings = {
     'template_path' : 'template' ,
     'static_path' : 'static' ,
     'static_url_prefix' : '/static/' ,
     'cookie_secret' : 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' ,
     'login_url' : '/login'
}
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
     (r "/index" , MainHandler),
], * * settings)
   
   
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
     application.listen( 8888 )
     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

因爲請求的驗證時，須要考慮是否能夠爲空以及正則表達式的複用，因此：

複製代碼 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import re class Field(object): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required): self.id_valid = False self.value = None self.error = None self.name = None self.error_msg = error_msg_dict self.required = required def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) if ret: self.id_valid = True self.value = ret.group() else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class IPField(Field): REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能爲空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class IntegerField(Field): REGULAR = "^\d+$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {'required': '數字不能爲空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class CheckBoxField(Field): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能爲空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: if isinstance(name, list): self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class FileField(Field): REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': '數字不能爲空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name self.value = [] if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: m = re.compile(self.REGULAR) if isinstance(value, list): for file_name in value: r = m.match(file_name) if r: self.value.append(r.group()) self.id_valid = True else: self.id_valid = False if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name break else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name def save(self, request, upload_path=""): file_metas = request.files[self.name] for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) class Form(object): def __init__(self): self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} self.valid_status = True def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""): self.initialize() self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key) def initialize(self): pass def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key): """ 驗證用戶表單請求的數據 :param form_obj: Form對象（Form派生類的對象） :param request: Http請求上下文（用於從請求中獲取用戶提交的值） :param depth: 對Form內容的深度的支持 :param pre_key: Html中name屬性值的前綴（多層Form時，內部遞歸時設置，無需理會） :return: 是否驗證經過，True：驗證成功；False：驗證失敗 """ depth -= 1 if depth < 0: return None form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__ for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items(): print key,field_obj if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field): if isinstance(field_obj, Form): # 獲取以key開頭的全部的值，以參數的形式傳至 self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key) continue if pre_key: key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key) if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField): post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None) elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField): post_value = [] file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None) for file_item in file_list: post_value.append(file_item['filename']) else: post_value = request.get_argument(key, None) print post_value # 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配  field_obj.match(key, post_value) if field_obj.id_valid: self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value else: self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error self.valid_status = False class ListForm(object): def __init__(self, form_type): self.form_type = form_type self.valid_status = True self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} def validate(self, request): name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys() index = 0 flag = False while True: pre_key = "[%d]" % index for name in name_list: if name.startswith(pre_key): flag = True break if flag: form_obj = self.form_type() form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index) if form_obj.valid_status: self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict else: self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict self.valid_status = False else: break index += 1 flag = False class MainForm(Form): def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.port = IntegerField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # self.second = SecondForm() self.fff = FileField(required=True) super(MainForm, self).__init__() # # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__() class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): # for i in dir(self.request): # print i # print self.request.arguments # print self.request.files # print self.request.query # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # list_form = ListForm(MainForm) # list_form.validate(self) # # print list_form.valid_status # print list_form.value_dict # print list_form.error_dict # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # # print "驗證結果：", obj.valid_status # print "符合驗證結果：", obj.value_dict # print "錯誤信息:" # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items(): # print key,item # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor')) # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor')) # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff') # print self.request.files # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # print self.request,type(self.request) # obj.fff.save(self.request) # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files) # print len(self.request.files.get('fff')) # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # obj.fff.save(self.request) self.write('ok') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
複製代碼
相關文章
相關標籤/搜索
每日一句
    每一个你不满意的现在，都有一个你没有努力的曾经。
本站公眾號
   歡迎關注本站公眾號,獲取更多信息
聯繫我們 最近搜索 最新文章 沪ICP备13005482号-10 MyBatis教程 SQL 教程 MySQL教程 Java 教程 Thymeleaf 教程 Hibernate教程 Spring教程 Redis教程