mysql的數據備份及恢復
1、mysql數據庫備份的來龍去脈node
一、備份的概念：mysql
將數據收集並保存至另外的多個副本，其目的是將數據還原恢復至備份數據時那個狀態。
sql
二、備份數據的緣由
數據庫
1）作災難恢復使用，要將數據副本作到異地多份備份；
vim
2）數據庫數據改動時使用備份；
bash
3）須要對當前服務器作相關測試時使用備份，備份與測試都是最好在服務器訪問量最少時進行。
服務器
三、備份的事先注意事項
多線程
1）能夠容忍丟失多長時間的數據；
app
2）恢復數據能在多長時間內完成；
less
3）是否須要持續提供服務；
4）須要恢復哪些內容，整個服務器的數據庫，單個數據庫，一個或多個表。
2、數據的備份類型
一、根據是否須要數據庫離線可分爲
1）冷備：cold backup
備份須要關閉mysql服務或讀寫請求均不容許；
2）溫備：warm backup
備份的同時，mysql服務在線，只容許讀不容許寫，在線交易要終止：
3）熱備：hot backup
備份的同時，mysql服務在線，支持讀寫請求，業務不受影響，但服務器的性能會有所降低。
二、根據要備份的數據範圍可分爲
1）徹底備份：full backup
備份當前狀態的整個數據庫的數據；
2）增量備份：increment backup
備份基於上次的徹底備份或增量備份以來所改變的數據；
3）差別備份：different backup
備份基於上次的徹底備份改變了的數據。
三、根據備份數據是否爲文件可分爲
1）物理備份：直接備份數據庫文件
2）邏輯備份：備份表中的數據和庫代碼
3、備份的對象及備份工具
一、備份對象
1）數據
2）配置文件
3）代碼、存儲過程、存儲函數、觸發器等
4）OS相關的配置文件
5）複製相關的配置
6）二進制日誌
二、引擎所支持的備份
MyISAM引擎只支持溫備，而InnoDB還支持熱備。
三、備份工具
1）mysqldump，mysql客戶端的經典備份工具
爲邏輯備份工具，備份和恢復比較慢；
2）mylvmdumper，mysqldump升級版
多線程的邏輯備份工具，備份和恢復速度稍快於mysqldump；
3）lvm-snapshot,基於快照卷的備份工具
接近於熱備的物理備份工具，備份和恢復的速度較快；
4）select ，mysql內置的備份工具
邏輯備份工具，速度快於mysqldump；
select into outfile；
load data infile；
5）xtrabackup，由percana提供的免費開源備份工具
爲物理備份工具，速度快。
6）mysql hotcopy：幾乎冷備的工具，通常不採用，速度慢。
4、數據從備份到恢復的完整流程
1）中止mysql服務；
2）記錄服務和配置文件權限；
3）複製備份文件與數據目錄；
4）按需調整配置；
5）按需改變文件權限；
6）嘗試啓動服務；
7）裝載邏輯備份；
8）檢查和重放二進制日誌；
9）肯定數據還原正常完成；
10）以徹底權限重啓服務器。
5、使用mysqldump進行數據備份及恢復
1：爲測試的數據庫及二進制建立備份目錄；
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir -pv {/mydata/data,/backup,/var/binlog}
mkdir: created directory `/mydata/data'
mkdir: created directory `/backup'
mkdir: created directory `/var/binlog'
2：啓動mysqld服務，建立測試數據庫，並建立測試數據
[root@node1 ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.... [ OK ]
Starting MySQL.. [ OK ]
[root@node1 ~]#mysql
mysql> create database students;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use students
Database changed
mysql> create table TLtb (Id tinyint unsigned not null primary key auto_increment,Name char(20) not null unique key,Age tinyint unsigned,Gender char(1) default 'M',Courses char(30) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
mysql> insert into TLtb (Name,Age,Gender,Courses) values ('Xu zu',20,'M','Xiao Wuxianggong'),('Qiao Feng',28,'M','Xianglong Shibazhang'),('Duan Fu',23,'M','Liumai Shenjian');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from TLtb;
+----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+
| Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses |
+----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+
| 1 | Xu zu | 20 | M | Xiao Wuxianggong |
| 2 | Qiao Feng | 28 | M | Xianglong Shibazhang |
| 3 | Duan Fu | 23 | M | Liumai Shenjian |
+----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3：使用mysqldump對測試數據庫進行備份，而且滾動二進制日誌，記錄日誌位置；
[root@node1 ~]# mysqldump --lock-all-tables --flush-logs --master-data=2 --databases students > /backup/students_`date +%F`.sq [root@node1 ~]# cp /var/binlog/mysql-bin. mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000002 mysql-bin.000003 mysql-bin.000004 mysql-bin.000005 mysql-bin.000006 mysql-bin.index
4：備份二進制日誌文件；
[root@node1 ~]# cp /var/binlog/mysql-bin.00000* /backup/ [root@node1 ~]# ls /backup/ mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000003 mysql-bin.000005 students_2013-09-30.sql mysql-bin.000002 mysql-bin.000004 mysql-bin.000006 students_.sql
5：新增數據庫數據進行增量備份，查看當前日誌位置；
mysql> create table CDtb (Id tinyint unsigned not null primary key auto_increment,Name char(20) not null unique key,Age tinyint unsigned,Gender char(1) default 'M',Courses char(30) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
mysql> insert into CDtb (Name,Age,Gender,Courses) values ('Yideng Dashi',80,'M','Yiyangzhi'),('Hong Qigong',66,'M','Dagou Bangfa'),('Huang Yaoshi',60,'M','Tanzhi Shengong');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from CDtb;
+----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+
| Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses |
+----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+
| 1 | Yideng Dashi | 80 | M | Yiyangzhi |
| 2 | Hong Qigong | 66 | M | Dagou Bangfa |
| 3 | Huang Yaoshi | 60 | M | Tanzhi Shengong |
+----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000006 | 716 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@node1 ~]# less /backup/students_2013-09-30.sql -- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000006', MASTER_LOG_POS=107; [root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=107 /var/binlog/mysql-bin.000006 > /backup/students_incremental.sql
6：模擬數據庫數據損壞；
mysql> insert into CDtb (Name,Age,Gender,Courses) values ('Ou Yangfeng',75,'M','Hamagong');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> drop database students;
Query OK, 2 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.13 sec)
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000006 | 1082 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7：恢復備份數據：徹底備份+增量備份+二進制日誌文件；
bac
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog /var/binlog/mysql-bin.000006 ...... # at 993 #130930 22:51:40 server id 1 end_log_pos 1082 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=1146 SET TIMESTAMP=1380552700/*!*/; drop database students [root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=716 --stop-position=993 /var/binlog/mysql-bin.000006 > /backup/students_993.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog /var/binlog/mysql-bin.000006 ...... # at 993 #130930 22:51:40 server id 1 end_log_pos 1082 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=1146 SET TIMESTAMP=1380552700/*!*/; drop database students [root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=716 --stop-position=993 /var/binlog/mysql-bin.000006 > /backup/students_993.sql mysql> set global sql_log_bin=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> source /backup/students_2013-09-30.sql mysql> source /backup/students_incremental.sql mysql> source /backup/students_993.sql
8：檢測備份的數據是否已經正常恢復。
mysql> set global sql_log_bin=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use students; Database changed mysql> show tables; +--------------------+ | Tables_in_students | +--------------------+ | CDtb | | TLtb | +--------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from TLtb; +----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+ | Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses | +----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+ | 1 | Xu zu | 20 | M | Xiao Wuxianggong | | 2 | Qiao Feng | 28 | M | Xianglong Shibazhang | | 3 | Duan Fu | 23 | M | Liumai Shenjian | +----+-----------+------+--------+----------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from CDtb; +----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+ | Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses | +----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+ | 1 | Yideng Dashi | 80 | M | Yiyangzhi | | 2 | Hong Qigong | 66 | M | Dagou Bangfa | | 3 | Huang Yaoshi | 60 | M | Tanzhi Shengong | | 4 | Ou Yangfeng | 75 | M | Hamagong | +----+--------------+------+--------+-----------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6、使用lvm-snapshot進行數據備份及恢復
一、建立LVM邏輯卷並開機自動掛載，並建立mysql數據與二進制日誌存放目錄；
y
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb{1,2}
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdb{1,2}
Volume group "vg1" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L +10G -n lv1 vg1
Logical volume "lv1" created
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/vg1/lv1
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vg1/lv1 /Mydata ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /Mydata/{data,,binlog} /backup1
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql /Mydata/*
二、新建mysql數據庫並新增數據；
mysql> create database schooldb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> use schooldb
Database changed
mysql> create table studentstb (Id tinyint unsigned not null primary key auto_increment,Name char(20) not null unique key,Age tinyint unsigned,Gender char(1) default 'M',Courses char(30) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)
mysql> insert into studentstb (Name,Age,Gender,Courses) values ('Zhang San',19,'M','Shujujiegou'),('Li Ling',18,'F','Daxueyingyu'),('Wang Wu',20,'M','Dianluyuanli');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from studentstb;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | Zhang San | 19 | M | Shujujiegou |
| 2 | Li Ling | 18 | F | Daxueyingyu |
| 3 | Wang Wu | 20 | M | Dianluyuanli |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
三、登陸mysql，對全部表加鎖，並滾動日誌，查看當前日誌所在位置；
mysql> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> flush logs; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | mysql-bin.000015 | 107 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
四、另外啓動一個終端，爲邏輯卷建立快照卷，作完快照釋放施加的鎖請求；
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 1G -s -p r -n lv1-snap /dev/vg1/lv1 Logical volume "lv1-snap" created
mysql> unlock tables; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
五、掛載快照卷，並備份數據，備份完成卸載快照卷並刪除；
[root@localhost ~]# cp -rp /mnt/* /backup1 [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/ [root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1-snap Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv1-snap? [y/n]: y Logical volume "lv1-snap" successfully removed
六、中止mysql服務，模擬數據庫數據損壞，進行數據恢復；
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld stop Shutting down MySQL... [ OK ] [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /Mydata/* [root@localhost ~]# cp -rp /backup1/* /Mydata/ [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. [ OK ]
七、檢測數據恢復是否正常恢復完成。
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | schooldb | | test | | xiaozheng | +--------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> use schooldb Database changed mysql> show tables; +--------------------+ | Tables_in_schooldb | +--------------------+ | studentstb | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from studentstb; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | Zhang San | 19 | M | Shujujiegou | | 2 | Li Ling | 18 | F | Daxueyingyu | | 3 | Wang Wu | 20 | M | Dianluyuanli | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7、使用xtrabackup進行數據備份恢復
一、下載並安裝xtrabackup；
[root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg install.log percona-xtrabackup-2.1.4-656.rhel6.x86_64.rpm hellodb.sql install.log.syslog [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-2.1.4-656.rhel6.x86_64.rpm
二、建立有備份權限的數據庫用戶；
mysql> create user 'xtrabackup'@'localhost' identified by 'mypass'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec) mysql> revoke all privileges,grant option from 'xtrabackup'@'localhost'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> grant reload,lock tables,replication client,event on *.* to 'xtrabackup'@'localhost'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
三、對數據庫進行徹底備份；
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --user=xtrabackup --password=mypass /backup2 InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy and Percona Ireland Ltd 2009-2012. All Rights Reserved. ........ innobackupex: Backup created in directory '/backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19' innobackupex: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000017', position 598 130908 21:06:24 innobackupex: Connection to database server closed 130908 21:06:24 innobackupex: completed OK!
四、關閉mysql服務並模擬數據損壞,並準備一個徹底備份（prepare）；
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld stop Shutting down MySQL... [ OK ] [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /mydata/data/* [root@localhost backup2]# innobackupex --apply-log /backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19/ InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy and Percona Ireland Ltd 2009-2012. All Rights Reserved. ........ xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1 130908 21:13:44 InnoDB: Starting shutdown... 130908 21:13:48 InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1626636 130908 21:13:48 innobackupex: completed OK!
五、從一個徹底備份中恢復數據,並檢測數據庫數據是否正常恢復完成。
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --copy-back /backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19/ InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy and Percona Ireland Ltd 2009-2012. All Rights Reserved. ............ innobackupex: Copying '/backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19/ib_logfile1' to '/mydata/data' innobackupex: Finished copying back files. 130908 21:21:23 innobackupex: completed OK! [root@localhost ~]#service mysqld start
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --copy-back /backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19/ InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy and Percona Ireland Ltd 2009-2012. All Rights Reserved. ............ innobackupex: Copying '/backup2/2013-09-08_21-06-19/ib_logfile1' to '/mydata/data' innobackupex: Finished copying back files. 130908 21:21:23 innobackupex: completed OK! [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. [ OK ] mysql> use schooldb Database changed mysql> show tables; +--------------------+ | Tables_in_schooldb | +--------------------+ | studentstb | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from studentstb; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | Id | Name | Age | Gender | Courses | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | Zhang San | 19 | M | Shujujiegou | | 2 | Li Ling | 18 | F | Daxueyingyu | | 3 | Wang Wu | 20 | M | Dianluyuanli | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
六、在測試數據庫中新增數據，實現數據的增量備份；
七、進行第一次增量備份；
八、繼續於測試數據庫中新增數據，進行第二次增量備份；
九、關閉mysql服務並模擬數據庫數據損壞，進行兩次增量備份的恢復；
十、檢測增量備份的數據恢復是否正常完成。
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