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玉剛說
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Android Architecture Components 是谷歌在Google I/O 2017發佈一套幫助開發者解決Android 架構設計的方案。裏面包含了兩大塊內容:git
官方給予 Google 組件的功能:A collection of libraries that help you design robust, testable, and maintainable apps. Start with classes for managing your UI component lifecycle and handling data persistence。github
使用Google 提供的處理數據持久化和管理組件生命週期的類,有助於應用開發者們構建更加魯棒性,可測的,穩定可靠的應用。sql
提供主要的組件有:數據庫
在項目根目錄 build.gradle 文件添加倉庫依賴:緩存
allprojects {
repositories {
jcenter()
google()
}
}
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若是遇到以下因 gradle 版本致使的編譯失敗問題:bash
Error:(6, 1) A problem occurred evaluating root project 'TestArc'.>
Could not find method google() for arguments [] on repository container;
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可修改成:微信
maven {
url 'https://maven.google.com'
}
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而後在主 module 的 build.gradle 文件添加須要依賴的組件:
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
})
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.+'
def lifecycle_version = "1.1.1"
// ViewModel and LiveData
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:$lifecycle_version"
// alternatively - just ViewModel
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // use -ktx for Kotlin
// alternatively - just LiveData
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:livedata:$lifecycle_version"
// alternatively - Lifecycles only (no ViewModel or LiveData).
// Support library depends on this lightweight import
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:$lifecycle_version"
annotationProcessor "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:$lifecycle_version"
// alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of compiler
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:$lifecycle_version"
// optional - ReactiveStreams support for LiveData
compile "android.arch.lifecycle:reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version"
// optional - Test helpers for LiveData
// compile "android.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version"
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.1.0'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.1.0'
compile 'com.facebook.stetho:stetho:1.3.1'
// room
compile 'android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.1.0'
annotationProcessor 'android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.1.0'
compile "android.arch.persistence.room:rxjava2:1.1.0"
}
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Lifecycle 組件指的是 android.arch.lifecycle 包下提供的各類類與接口,可讓開發者構建能感知其餘組件(主要指Activity 、Fragment)生命週期(lifecycle-aware)的類。
好比咱們須要監聽某個 Activity 生命週期的變化,在生命週期改變的時候打印日誌,通常作法構造回調的方式,先定義基礎 BaseActivityPresenter 接口:
public interface BaseActivityPresenter extends BasePresenter{
void onCreate();
void onStart();
void onResume();
void onPause();
void onStop();
void onDestroy();
}
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在實現類中增長自定義操做(打印日誌):
public class ActivityPresenter implements BaseActivityPresenter {
private static String TAG = ActivityPresenter.class.getSimpleName();
@Override
public void onCreate() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
}
@Override
public void onStart() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
}
@Override
public void onResume() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
}
@Override
public void onPause() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
}
@Override
public void onStop() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
}
}
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而後在須要監聽的 Activity 中依次回調方法:
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mBasePresenter = new ActivityPresenter();
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
mBasePresenter.onStart();
}
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
mBasePresenter.onResume();
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
super.onPause();
mBasePresenter.onPause();
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
mBasePresenter.onStop();
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
mBasePresenter.onDestroy();
}
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在 Activity 的 onCreate() 方法中建立 BasePresenter,監聽 Activity 的生命週期方法。
上述寫能夠實現基礎的功能,可是不夠靈活,假如除了 ActivityPresenter 類,還有別的類要監聽 Activity 生命週期變化,那也須要添加許多生命週期的回調方法,比較繁瑣。那咱們是否能夠當 Activity 生命週期發生變化的時候主動通知需求方呢?答案就是使用 Lifecycle 提供的 LifecycleObserver:
public class ActivityLifeObserver implements BaseActivityPresenter,
LifecycleObserver {
private String TAG = ActivityLifeObserver.class.getSimpleName();
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
@Override
public void onCreate() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
}
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
@Override
public void onStart() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
}
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
@Override
public void onResume() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
}
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
@Override
public void onPause() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
}
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
@Override
public void onStop() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
}
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
}
}
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讓咱們的業務類實現 ActivityLifeObserver 接口,同時在每個方法實現上增長 @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.XXXX)註解,OnLifecycleEvent 對應了 Activity 的生命週期方法。被監聽的 Actiivty 實現 LifecycleOwner 接口,而後在須要監聽的 Activity 中註冊:
public class DetailActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements LifecycleOwner{
private static String TAG = DetailActivity.class.getSimpleName();
private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_detail);
mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
// 註冊須要監聽的 Observer
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new ActivityLifeObserver());
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
}
@Override
public Lifecycle getLifecycle() {
return mLifecycleRegistry;
}
}
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運行以下:
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onCreate()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStart()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onResume()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onPause()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStop()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onDestroy()
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其中 Lifecycle 使用兩個主要的枚舉類來表示其所關聯組件的生命週期:
LifecycleRegistry 類用於註冊和反註冊須要觀察當前組件生命週期的 Observer,用法以下:
// 初始化
mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
mActivityLifeObserver = new ActivityLifeObserver();
// 註冊觀察者
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
// 移除觀察者
mLifecycleRegistry.removeObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
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LiveData 是一種持有可被觀察數據的類(an observable data holder class)。和其餘可被觀察的類不一樣的是,LiveData是有生命週期感知能力的(lifecycle-aware,),這意味着它能夠在 activities, fragments, 或者 services 生命週期是活躍狀態時更新這些組件。
ViewModel 與 LiveData 之間的關係圖以下:
在 Activity 頁面有一 TextView,須要展現用戶 User 的信息,User 類定義:
public class User {
public String userId;
public String name;
public String phone;
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"userId='" + userId + '\'' + ", name='" + name + '\'' + ", phone='" + phone + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
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常規的作法:
// 獲取 User 的數據後
mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
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這樣作的一個問題,若是獲取或者修改 User 的來源不止一處,那麼須要在多個地方更新 TextView,而且若是在多處 UI 用到了 User,那麼也須要在多處更新。
使用 LiveData 與 ViewModel 的組合,將LiveData 持有 User 實體,做爲一個被觀察者,當 User 改變時,全部使用 User 的地方自動 change。構建一個 UserViewModel 以下:
public class UserViewModel extends ViewModel
implements BaseViewModel<User> {
private String TAG = UserViewModel.class.getSimpleName();
private MutableLiveData<User> liveUser;
public MutableLiveData<User> getData(){
if(liveUser == null){
liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>();
}
liveUser.setValue(loadData());
return this.liveUser;
}
public void changeData(){
if(liveUser != null){
liveUser.setValue(loadData());
}
}
@Override
public User loadData() {
User user = new User();
user.userId = RandomUtil.getRandomNumber();
user.name = RandomUtil.getChineseName();
user.phone = RandomUtil.getRandomPhone();
LogUtil.i(TAG, "loadData(): " + user.toString());
return user;
}
@Override
public void clearData() {
}
}
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自定義的UserViewModel 繼承系統的 ViewModel,將 User 封裝成 MutableLiveData: if(liveUser == null){ liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>(); }
在使用User 的地方增長觀察:
// view model.observe
mUserViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(UserViewModel.class);
mUserViewModel.getData().observe(this, new Observer<User>() {
@Override
public void onChanged(@Nullable User user) {
if(user != null){
mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
}
}
});
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數據源發送改變的時候:
// 改變 User 內容
mButtonUser.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if(mUserViewModel != null && mUserViewModel.getData() != null){
mUserViewModel.changeData();
}
}
});
// setValue
public void changeData(){
if(liveUser != null){
liveUser.setValue(loadData());
}
}
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這樣使用到 User 的地方,UI 會自動更新,日誌以下:
com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
User{userId='9372622', name='鄧楠', phone='15607043749'}
com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
User{userId='6099877', name='文瑾慧', phone='13005794027'}
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Room 持久層庫提供了一個方便咱們訪問 SQLite 數據庫的抽象層(an abstraction layer ),幫助咱們更好的在 APP 上建立咱們的數據緩存,可以讓 APP 即便在沒有網絡的狀況也能正常使用。
Room 的架構以下:
建立包含訂單表的數據庫以下步驟:
一、建立 Order.java:
@Entity(tableName = "orders")
public class Order {
@PrimaryKey
@ColumnInfo(name = "order_id")
public long orderId;
@ColumnInfo(name = "address")
public String address;
@ColumnInfo(name = "owner_name")
public String ownerName;
@ColumnInfo(name = "owner_phone")
public String ownerPhone;
// 指示 Room 須要忽略的字段或方法
@Ignore
public String ignoreText;
@Embedded
public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
}
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二、建立 OrderDao:
@Dao
public interface OrderDao {
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
List<Order> loadAllOrders();
@Insert
void insertAll(Order... orders);
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id IN (:orderIds)")
List<Order> queryOrderById(long[] orderIds);
@Delete
void deleteOrder(Order... orders);
@Update
void updateOrder(Order... orders);
}
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三、建立數據庫
@Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2)
public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{
public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao();
}
// 實現類
public static void buildDb(){
DB_INSTANCE = Room.
databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db") // 指定數據庫名稱
.addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() {
@Override
public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
super.onCreate(db); // 數據庫建立回調;
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate");
}
@Override
public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
super.onOpen(db); // 數據庫使用回調;
LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen");
}
})
.allowMainThreadQueries() // 數據庫操做可運行在主線程
.build();
}
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使用到的主要註解:
增:
// 一、插入接口聲明
@Insert
void insertAll(Order... orders);
// 二、插入接口實現
@Override
public void insertAll(Order... orders) {
__db.beginTransaction();
try {
__insertionAdapterOfOrder.insert(orders);
__db.setTransactionSuccessful();
} finally {
__db.endTransaction();
}
}
// 三、插入接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
Order order = Order.createNewOrder();
orderDao.insertAll(order);
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刪:
// 一、刪除接口聲明
@Delete
void deleteOrder(Order... orders);
// 二、刪除接口實現
@Override
public void deleteOrder(Order... orders) {
__db.beginTransaction();
try {
__deletionAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
__db.setTransactionSuccessful();
} finally {
__db.endTransaction();
}
}
// 三、刪除接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
orderDao.deleteOrder(orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1));
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改:
// 一、修改接口聲明
@Update
void updateOrder(Order... orders);
// 二、修改接口實現
@Override
public void updateOrder(Order... orders) {
__db.beginTransaction();
try {
__updateAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
__db.setTransactionSuccessful();
} finally {
__db.endTransaction();
}
}
// 三、修改接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
Order order = orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1);
order.ownerName = "update - " + RandomUtil.getChineseName();
orderDao.updateOrder(order);
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查:
// 一、查詢接口聲明
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
List<Order> loadAllOrders();
// 二、查詢接口實現
@Override
public List<Order> loadAllOrders() {
final String _sql = "SELECT * FROM orders";
final RoomSQLiteQuery _statement = RoomSQLiteQuery.acquire(_sql, 0);
final Cursor _cursor = __db.query(_statement);
try {
final int _cursorIndexOfOrderId = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("order_id");
final int _cursorIndexOfAddress = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("address");
final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerName = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_name");
final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_phone");
final int _cursorIndexOfStreet = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("street");
final int _cursorIndexOfState = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("state");
final int _cursorIndexOfCity = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("city");
final int _cursorIndexOfPostCode = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("post_code");
final List<Order> _result = new ArrayList<Order>(_cursor.getCount());
while(_cursor.moveToNext()) {
final Order _item;
final Order.OwnerAddress _tmpOwnerAddress;
if (! (_cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfStreet) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfState) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfCity) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfPostCode))) {
_tmpOwnerAddress = new Order.OwnerAddress();
_tmpOwnerAddress.street = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfStreet);
_tmpOwnerAddress.state = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfState);
_tmpOwnerAddress.city = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfCity);
_tmpOwnerAddress.postCode = _cursor.getInt(_cursorIndexOfPostCode);
} else {
_tmpOwnerAddress = null;
}
_item = new Order();
_item.orderId = _cursor.getLong(_cursorIndexOfOrderId);
_item.address = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfAddress);
_item.ownerName = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerName);
_item.ownerPhone = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone);
_item.ownerAddress = _tmpOwnerAddress;
_result.add(_item);
}
return _result;
} finally {
_cursor.close();
_statement.release();
}
}
// 三、查詢接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
return orderDao.loadAllOrders();
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若是實體 Order 內部包含地址信息,地址信息分別包含 城市,郵政等信息,能夠這樣寫,使用@Embedded 註解:
static class OwnerAddress {
public String street;
public String state;
public String city;
@ColumnInfo(name = "post_code")
public int postCode;
}
@Embedded
public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
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數據查詢能夠返回 LiveData 數據:
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
LiveData<List<Order>> loadAllOrderData();
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經過 query 查詢返回的實體,能夠封裝成 對應RxJava 的操做符封裝對象,例如 Flowable,Maybe 等:
// 接口聲明
@Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
Flowable<Order> queryOrderByIdV2(long id);
@Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
Maybe<Order> queryOrderByIdV3(long id);
// 接口調用
private Maybe<Order> queryOrderV3(){
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
return orderDao.queryOrderByIdV3(10001);
}
Maybe<Order> orderMaybe = queryOrderV3();
orderMaybe.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
.subscribe(new Consumer<Order>() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Order order) throws Exception {
}
});
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以上代碼Demo 實現:
學會使用 Android Architecture Components 提供的組件簡化咱們的開發,可以使咱們開發的應用模塊更解耦更穩定,視圖與數據持久層分離,以及更好的擴展性與靈活性,
參考致謝: