史上最強總結Android Architecture Components 只看這一篇就夠了!

1、前言


1.一、Android Architecture Components 介紹

Android Architecture Components 是谷歌在Google I/O 2017發佈一套幫助開發者解決Android 架構設計的方案。裏面包含了兩大塊內容:java

  • 生命週期相關的 Lifecycle-aware Componentsreact

  • 數據庫解決方案 Room

1.二、組件功能

官方給予 Google 組件的功能:A collection of libraries that help you design robust, testable, and maintainable apps. Start with classes for managing your UI component lifecycle and handling data persistence。android

使用Google 提供的處理數據持久化和管理組件生命週期的類,有助於應用開發者們構建更加魯棒性,可測的,穩定可靠的應用。sql

提供主要的組件有:數據庫

  • Lifecycle:管理組件生命週期緩存

  • Room: 持久化數據結構

1.三、主要架構

image

<figcaption style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: inherit; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption>網絡

1.四、使用組件

在項目根目錄 build.gradle 文件添加倉庫依賴:數據結構

allprojects {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
        google()
    }
}

若是遇到以下因 gradle 版本致使的編譯失敗問題:架構

Error:(6, 1) A problem occurred evaluating root project 'TestArc'.>
Could not find method google() for arguments [] on repository container;

可修改成:app

maven {
   url 'https://maven.google.com'
}

而後在主 module 的 build.gradle 文件添加須要依賴的組件:

dependencies {
    compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
        exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
    })
    compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.+'

    def lifecycle_version = "1.1.1"

    // ViewModel and LiveData
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:$lifecycle_version"
    // alternatively - just ViewModel
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // use -ktx for Kotlin
    // alternatively - just LiveData
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:livedata:$lifecycle_version"
    // alternatively - Lifecycles only (no ViewModel or LiveData).
    // Support library depends on this lightweight import
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:$lifecycle_version"

    annotationProcessor "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:$lifecycle_version"
    // alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of compiler
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:$lifecycle_version"

    // optional - ReactiveStreams support for LiveData
    compile "android.arch.lifecycle:reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version"

    // optional - Test helpers for LiveData
    // compile "android.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version"
    compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.1.0'

    compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.1.0'
    compile 'com.facebook.stetho:stetho:1.3.1'

    //  room
    compile 'android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.1.0'
    annotationProcessor 'android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.1.0'
    compile "android.arch.persistence.room:rxjava2:1.1.0"
}

2、Lifecycle 管理生命週期


2.一、Lifecycle 介紹

Lifecycle 組件指的是 android.arch.lifecycle 包下提供的各類類與接口,可讓開發者構建能感知其餘組件(主要指Activity 、Fragment)生命週期(lifecycle-aware)的類。

2.二、常規 MVP Presenter 使用

好比咱們須要監聽某個 Activity 生命週期的變化,在生命週期改變的時候打印日誌,通常作法構造回調的方式,先定義基礎 BaseActivityPresenter 接口:

public interface BaseActivityPresenter extends BasePresenter{

    void onCreate();

    void onStart();

    void onResume();

    void onPause();

    void onStop();

    void onDestroy();

}

在實現類中增長自定義操做(打印日誌):

public class ActivityPresenter implements BaseActivityPresenter {

    private static String TAG = ActivityPresenter.class.getSimpleName();

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
    }

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
    }

    @Override
    public void onPause() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
    }

    @Override
    public void onStop() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
    }

}

而後在須要監聽的 Activity 中依次回調方法:

@Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        mBasePresenter = new ActivityPresenter();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        mBasePresenter.onStart();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        mBasePresenter.onResume();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPause() {
        super.onPause();
        mBasePresenter.onPause();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        mBasePresenter.onStop();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        mBasePresenter.onDestroy();
    }

在 Activity 的 onCreate() 方法中建立 BasePresenter,監聽 Activity 的生命週期方法。

2.三、使用 Lifecycle

上述寫能夠實現基礎的功能,可是不夠靈活,假如除了 ActivityPresenter 類,還有別的類要監聽 Activity 生命週期變化,那也須要添加許多生命週期的回調方法,比較繁瑣。那咱們是否能夠當 Activity 生命週期發生變化的時候主動通知需求方呢?答案就是使用 Lifecycle 提供的 LifecycleObserver:

public class ActivityLifeObserver implements BaseActivityPresenter,
 LifecycleObserver {

    private String TAG = ActivityLifeObserver.class.getSimpleName();

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
    @Override
    public void onPause() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    @Override
    public void onStop() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
    }

}

讓咱們的業務類實現 ActivityLifeObserver 接口,同時在每個方法實現上增長 @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.XXXX)註解,OnLifecycleEvent 對應了 Activity 的生命週期方法。被監聽的 Actiivty 實現 LifecycleOwner 接口,而後在須要監聽的 Activity 中註冊:

public class DetailActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements LifecycleOwner{

    private static String TAG = DetailActivity.class.getSimpleName();
    private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_detail);
        mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
        // 註冊須要監聽的 Observer 
        mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new ActivityLifeObserver());
        mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
    }

    @Override
    public Lifecycle getLifecycle() {
        return mLifecycleRegistry;
    }
}

運行以下:

com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onCreate()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStart()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onResume()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onPause()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStop()
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onDestroy()

其中 Lifecycle 使用兩個主要的枚舉類來表示其所關聯組件的生命週期:

  • Event 事件 從組件或者Lifecycle類分發出來的生命週期,它們和Activity/Fragment生命週期的事件一一對應。(ON_CREATE, ON_START, ON_RESUME, ON_PAUSE, ON_STOP, ON_DESTROY);

  • State 狀態 當前組件的生命週期狀態(INITIALIZED, DESTROYED, CREATED, STARTED, RESUMED)。

史上最強總結Android Architecture Components 只看這一篇就夠了!

<figcaption style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: inherit; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption>

LifecycleRegistry 類用於註冊和反註冊須要觀察當前組件生命週期的 Observer,用法以下:

//  初始化
mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
mActivityLifeObserver = new ActivityLifeObserver();
//  註冊觀察者
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
//  移除觀察者
mLifecycleRegistry.removeObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);

3、LiveData && ViewModel


3.一、LiveData && ViewModel 介紹

LiveData 是一種持有可被觀察數據的類(an observable data holder class)。和其餘可被觀察的類不一樣的是,LiveData是有生命週期感知能力的(lifecycle-aware,),這意味着它能夠在 activities,  fragments, 或者 services 生命週期是活躍狀態時更新這些組件。

ViewModel 與 LiveData 之間的關係圖以下:

史上最強總結Android Architecture Components 只看這一篇就夠了!

3.二、LiveData && ViewModel 使用

在 Activity 頁面有一 TextView,須要展現用戶 User 的信息,User 類定義:

public class User {

    public String userId;

    public String name;

    public String phone;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "userId='" + userId + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", phone='" + phone + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

常規的作法:

// 獲取 User 的數據後
mTvUser.setText(user.toString());

這樣作的一個問題,若是獲取或者修改 User 的來源不止一處,那麼須要在多個地方更新 TextView,而且若是在多處 UI 用到了 User,那麼也須要在多處更新。

使用 LiveData 與 ViewModel 的組合,將LiveData 持有 User 實體,做爲一個被觀察者,當 User 改變時,全部使用 User 的地方自動 change。構建一個 UserViewModel 以下:

public class UserViewModel extends ViewModel
 implements BaseViewModel<User> {

    private String TAG = UserViewModel.class.getSimpleName();

    private MutableLiveData<User> liveUser;

    public MutableLiveData<User> getData(){
        if(liveUser == null){
            liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>();
        }

        liveUser.setValue(loadData());
        return this.liveUser;
    }

    public void changeData(){
        if(liveUser != null){
            liveUser.setValue(loadData());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public User loadData() {
        User user = new User();
        user.userId = RandomUtil.getRandomNumber();
        user.name = RandomUtil.getChineseName();
        user.phone = RandomUtil.getRandomPhone();
        LogUtil.i(TAG, "loadData(): " + user.toString());
        return user;
    }

    @Override
    public void clearData() {

    }
}

自定義的UserViewModel 繼承系統的 ViewModel,將 User 封裝成 MutableLiveData:
if(liveUser == null){ liveUser = new MutableLiveData&lt;User&gt;(); }

在使用User 的地方增長觀察:

//  view model.observe
mUserViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(UserViewModel.class);
mUserViewModel.getData().observe(this, new Observer<User>() {
   @Override
   public void onChanged(@Nullable User user) {
       if(user != null){
           mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
       }
   }
});

數據源發送改變的時候:

//    改變 User 內容
mButtonUser.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
     @Override
     public void onClick(View v) {
         if(mUserViewModel != null && mUserViewModel.getData() != null){
             mUserViewModel.changeData();
         }
     }
});

//    setValue
public void changeData(){
   if(liveUser != null){
        liveUser.setValue(loadData());
    }
}

這樣使用到 User 的地方,UI 會自動更新,日誌以下:

com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
 User{userId='9372622', name='鄧楠', phone='15607043749'}

com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
 User{userId='6099877', name='文瑾慧', phone='13005794027'}

4、Room


4.一、Room 介紹

Room 持久層庫提供了一個方便咱們訪問 SQLite 數據庫的抽象層(an abstraction layer ),幫助咱們更好的在 APP 上建立咱們的數據緩存,可以讓 APP 即便在沒有網絡的狀況也能正常使用。

Room 的架構以下:

史上最強總結Android Architecture Components 只看這一篇就夠了!

4.二、Room 使用與主要註解

建立包含訂單表的數據庫以下步驟:

一、建立 Order.java:

@Entity(tableName = "orders")
public class Order {

    @PrimaryKey
    @ColumnInfo(name = "order_id")
    public long orderId;

    @ColumnInfo(name = "address")
    public String address;

    @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_name")
    public String ownerName;

    @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_phone")
    public String ownerPhone;

    //  指示 Room 須要忽略的字段或方法
    @Ignore
    public String ignoreText;

    @Embedded
    public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
}

二、建立 OrderDao:

@Dao
public interface OrderDao {

    @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
    List<Order> loadAllOrders();

    @Insert
    void insertAll(Order... orders);

    @Query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id IN (:orderIds)")
    List<Order> queryOrderById(long[] orderIds);

    @Delete
    void deleteOrder(Order... orders);

    @Update
    void updateOrder(Order... orders);
}

三、建立數據庫

@Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2)
public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{

   public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao();

}

// 實現類
public static void buildDb(){
DB_INSTANCE = Room.
    databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db")   //  指定數據庫名稱
    .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() {
        @Override
        public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
            super.onCreate(db);  //  數據庫建立回調;
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate");
        }

        @Override
        public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
            super.onOpen(db);   //  數據庫使用回調;
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen");
        }
    })
    .allowMainThreadQueries()   // 數據庫操做可運行在主線程
    .build();

}

使用到的主要註解:

  • @Entity(tableName = "orders")   //   定義表名;

  • @PrimaryKey                           //   定義主鍵;

  • @ColumnInfo(name = "order_id")   //   定義數據表中的字段名;

  • @Ignore                                 //    指示 Room 須要忽略的字段或方法;

  • @Embedded   //  指定嵌入實體

  • @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")  //    定義查詢數據接口;

  • @Insert   //   定義增長數據接口;

  • @Delete  //  定義刪除數據接口;

  • @Update  //  定義更新數據接口;

  • @Database  //  定義數據庫信息,表信息,數據庫版本

3.三、增刪改查實現

增:

@Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2)
public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{

   public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao();

}

// 實現類
public static void buildDb(){
DB_INSTANCE = Room.
    databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db")   //  指定數據庫名稱
    .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() {
        @Override
        public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
            super.onCreate(db);  //  數據庫建立回調;
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate");
        }

        @Override
        public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
            super.onOpen(db);   //  數據庫使用回調;
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen");
        }
    })
    .allowMainThreadQueries()   // 數據庫操做可運行在主線程
    .build();

}

刪:

//    一、刪除接口聲明
@Delete
void deleteOrder(Order... orders);

//    二、刪除接口實現
@Override
  public void deleteOrder(Order... orders) {
    __db.beginTransaction();
    try {
      __deletionAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
      __db.setTransactionSuccessful();
    } finally {
      __db.endTransaction();
    }
}

//    三、刪除接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
orderDao.deleteOrder(orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1));

改:

//    一、修改接口聲明
 @Update
 void updateOrder(Order... orders);

//    二、修改接口實現
@Override
  public void updateOrder(Order... orders) {
    __db.beginTransaction();
    try {
      __updateAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
      __db.setTransactionSuccessful();
    } finally {
      __db.endTransaction();
    }
}

//    三、修改接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
Order order = orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1);
order.ownerName = "update - " + RandomUtil.getChineseName();
orderDao.updateOrder(order);

查:

//    一、查詢接口聲明
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
List<Order> loadAllOrders();

//    二、查詢接口實現
@Override
  public List<Order> loadAllOrders() {
    final String _sql = "SELECT * FROM orders";
    final RoomSQLiteQuery _statement = RoomSQLiteQuery.acquire(_sql, 0);
    final Cursor _cursor = __db.query(_statement);
    try {
      final int _cursorIndexOfOrderId = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("order_id");
      final int _cursorIndexOfAddress = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("address");
      final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerName = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_name");
      final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_phone");
      final int _cursorIndexOfStreet = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("street");
      final int _cursorIndexOfState = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("state");
      final int _cursorIndexOfCity = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("city");
      final int _cursorIndexOfPostCode = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("post_code");
      final List<Order> _result = new ArrayList<Order>(_cursor.getCount());
      while(_cursor.moveToNext()) {
        final Order _item;
        final Order.OwnerAddress _tmpOwnerAddress;
        if (! (_cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfStreet) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfState) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfCity) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfPostCode))) {
          _tmpOwnerAddress = new Order.OwnerAddress();
          _tmpOwnerAddress.street = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfStreet);
          _tmpOwnerAddress.state = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfState);
          _tmpOwnerAddress.city = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfCity);
          _tmpOwnerAddress.postCode = _cursor.getInt(_cursorIndexOfPostCode);
        }  else  {
          _tmpOwnerAddress = null;
        }
        _item = new Order();
        _item.orderId = _cursor.getLong(_cursorIndexOfOrderId);
        _item.address = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfAddress);
        _item.ownerName = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerName);
        _item.ownerPhone = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone);
        _item.ownerAddress = _tmpOwnerAddress;
        _result.add(_item);
      }
      return _result;
    } finally {
      _cursor.close();
      _statement.release();
    }
  }

//    三、查詢接口調用
AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
return orderDao.loadAllOrders();

3.四、內嵌實體

若是實體 Order 內部包含地址信息,地址信息分別包含 城市,郵政等信息,能夠這樣寫,使用@Embedded 註解:

static class OwnerAddress {

        public String street;
        public String state;
        public String city;

        @ColumnInfo(name = "post_code")
        public int postCode;
}

@Embedded
public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;

3.五、配合 LiveData

數據查詢能夠返回 LiveData 數據:

 @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
 LiveData<List<Order>> loadAllOrderData();

3.六、配合 RxJava

經過 query 查詢返回的實體,能夠封裝成 對應RxJava 的操做符封裝對象,例如 Flowable,Maybe 等:

//    接口聲明
@Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
Flowable<Order> queryOrderByIdV2(long id);

@Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
Maybe<Order> queryOrderByIdV3(long id);

// 接口調用
private Maybe<Order> queryOrderV3(){
      AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
      OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
      return orderDao.queryOrderByIdV3(10001);
}

Maybe<Order> orderMaybe = queryOrderV3();
        orderMaybe.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
             .observeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
             .subscribe(new Consumer<Order>() {
                 @Override
                 public void accept(@NonNull Order order) throws Exception {

                 }
});

以上代碼Demo 實現:

史上最強總結Android Architecture Components 只看這一篇就夠了!

5、總結

學會使用 Android Architecture Components 提供的組件簡化咱們的開發,可以使咱們開發的應用模塊更解耦更穩定,視圖與數據持久層分離,以及更好的擴展性與靈活性。

原做者:Boy·哈利波特

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