理論跟實踐的關係,說遠不遠,說近不近。能不能把理論用到實踐上,還真很差說。html
一般講到設計模式,一個最通用的原則是SOLID:web
嗯,這就是五大原則。c#
後來又加入了一個:Law of Demeter,迪米特法則。因而,就變成了六大原則。設計模式
原則好理解。怎麼用在實踐中?微信
爲了防止不提供原網址的轉載,特在這裏加上原文連接:http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-zpsnnski-nc.htmlapp
單一責任原則,簡單來講就是一個類或一個模塊,只負責一種或一類職責。ide
看代碼:函數
public interface IUser
{
void AddUser();
void RemoveUser();
void UpdateUser();
void Logger();
void Message();
}
根據原則,咱們會發現,對於IUser
來講,前三個方法:AddUser
、RemoveUser
、UpdateUser
是有意義的,然後兩個Logger
和Message
做爲IUser
的一部分功能,是沒有意義的並不符合單一責任原則的。ui
因此,咱們能夠把它分解成不一樣的接口:this
public interface IUser
{
void AddUser();
void RemoveUser();
void UpdateUser();
}
public interface ILog
{
void Logger();
}
public interface IMessage
{
void Message();
}
拆分後,咱們看到,三個接口各自完成本身的責任,可讀性和可維護性都很好。
下面是使用的例子,採用依賴注入來作:
public class Log : ILog
{
public void Logger()
{
Console.WriteLine("Logged Error");
}
}
public class Msg : IMessage
{
public void Message()
{
Console.WriteLine("Messaged Sent");
}
}
class Class_DI
{
private readonly IUser _user;
private readonly ILog _log;
private readonly IMessage _msg;
public Class_DI(IUser user, ILog log, IMessage msg)
{
this._user = user;
this._log = log;
this._msg = msg;
}
public void User()
{
this._user.AddUser();
this._user.RemoveUser();
this._user.UpdateUser();
}
public void Log()
{
this._log.Logger();
}
public void Msg()
{
this._msg.Message();
}
}
public static void Main()
{
Class_DI di = new Class_DI(new User(), new Log(), new Msg());
di.User();
di.Log();
di.Msg();
}
這樣的代碼,看着就漂亮多了。
開閉原則要求類、模塊、函數等實體應該對擴展開放,對修改關閉。
咱們先來看一段代碼,計算員工的獎金:
public class Employee
{
public int Employee_ID;
public string Name;
public Employee(int id, string name)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
}
public decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .2M;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Employee emp = new Employee(101, "WangPlus");
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp.Employee_ID, emp.Name, emp.Bonus(10000));
}
}
如今假設,計算獎金的公式作了改動。
要實現這個,咱們可能須要對代碼進行修改:
public class Employee
{
public int Employee_ID;
public string Name;
public string Employee_Type;
public Employee(int id, string name, string type)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
this.Employee_Type = type;
}
public decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
if (Employee_Type == "manager")
return salary * .2M;
else
return
salary * .1M;
}
}
顯然,爲了實現改動,咱們修改了類和方法。
這違背了開閉原則。
那咱們該怎麼作?
咱們能夠用抽象類來實現 - 固然,實際有不少實現方式,選擇最習慣或天然的方式就成:
public abstract class Employee
{
public int Employee_ID;
public string Name;
public Employee(int id, string name)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
}
public abstract decimal Bonus(decimal salary);
}
而後,咱們再實現最初的功能:
public class GeneralEmployee : Employee
{
public GeneralEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .2M;
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Employee emp = new GeneralEmployee(101, "WangPlus");
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp.Employee_ID, emp.Name, emp.Bonus(10000));
}
}
在這兒使用抽象類的好處是:若是將來須要修改獎金規則,則不須要像前邊例子同樣,修改整個類和方法,由於如今的擴展是開放的。
代碼寫完整了是這樣:
public abstract class Employee
{
public int Employee_ID;
public string Name;
public Employee(int id, string name)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
}
public abstract decimal Bonus(decimal salary);
}
public class GeneralEmployee : Employee
{
public GeneralEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .1M;
}
}
public class ManagerEmployee : Employee
{
public ManagerEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .2M;
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Employee emp = new GeneralEmployee(101, "WangPlus");
Employee emp1 = new ManagerEmployee(102, "WangPlus1");
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp.Employee_ID, emp.Name, emp.Bonus(10000));
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp1.Employee_ID, emp1.Name, emp1.Bonus(10000));
}
}
里氏替換原則,講的是:子類能夠擴展父類的功能,但不能改變基類原有的功能。它有四層含義:
在前邊開閉原則中,咱們的例子裏,實際上也遵循了部分里氏替換原則,咱們用GeneralEmployee
和ManagerEmployee
替換了父類Employee
。
仍是拿代碼來講。
假設需求又改了,這回加了一個臨時工,是沒有獎金的。
public class TempEmployee : Employee
{
public TempEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Employee emp = new GeneralEmployee(101, "WangPlus");
Employee emp1 = new ManagerEmployee(101, "WangPlus1");
Employee emp2 = new TempEmployee(102, "WangPlus2");
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp.Employee_ID, emp.Name, emp.Bonus(10000));
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp1.Employee_ID, emp1.Name, emp1.Bonus(10000));
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Bonus: {2}", emp2.Employee_ID, emp2.Name, emp2.Bonus(10000));
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
顯然,這個方式不符合里氏替原則的第四條,它拋出了一個錯誤。
因此,咱們須要繼續修改代碼,並增長兩個接口:
interface IBonus
{
decimal Bonus(decimal salary);
}
interface IEmployee
{
int Employee_ID { get; set; }
string Name { get; set; }
decimal GetSalary();
}
public abstract class Employee : IEmployee, IBonus
{
public int Employee_ID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public Employee(int id, string name)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
}
public abstract decimal GetSalary();
public abstract decimal Bonus(decimal salary);
}
public class GeneralEmployee : Employee
{
public GeneralEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal GetSalary()
{
return 10000;
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .1M;
}
}
public class ManagerEmployee : Employee
{
public ManagerEmployee(int id, string name) : base(id, name)
{
}
public override decimal GetSalary()
{
return 10000;
}
public override decimal Bonus(decimal salary)
{
return salary * .1M;
}
}
public class TempEmployee : IEmployee
{
public int Employee_ID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public TempEmployee(int id, string name)
{
this.Employee_ID = id;
this.Name = name;
}
public decimal GetSalary()
{
return 5000;
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Employee emp = new GeneralEmployee(101, "WangPlus");
Employee emp1 = new ManagerEmployee(102, "WangPlus1");
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Salary: {2} Bonus:{3}", emp.Employee_ID, emp.Name, emp.GetSalary(), emp.Bonus(emp.GetSalary()));
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Salary: {2} Bonus:{3}", emp1.Employee_ID, emp1.Name, emp1.GetSalary(), emp1.Bonus(emp1.GetSalary()));
List<IEmployee> emp_list = new List<IEmployee>();
emp_list.Add(new GeneralEmployee(101, "WangPlus"));
emp_list.Add(new ManagerEmployee(102, "WangPlus1"));
emp_list.Add(new TempEmployee(103, "WangPlus2"));
foreach (var obj in emp_list)
{
Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0} Name: {1} Salary: {2} ", obj.EmpId, obj.Name, obj.GetSalary());
}
}
}
接口隔離原則要求客戶不依賴於它不使用的接口和方法;一個類對另外一個類的依賴應該創建在最小的接口上。
一般的作法,是把一個臃腫的接口拆分紅多個更小的接口,以保證客戶只須要知道與它相關的方法。
這個部分不作代碼演示了,能夠去看看上邊單一責任原則裏的代碼,也遵循了這個原則。
依賴倒置原則要求高層模塊不能依賴於低層模塊,而是二者都依賴於抽象。另外,抽象不該該依賴於細節,而細節應該依賴於抽象。
看代碼:
public class Message
{
public void SendMessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("Message Sent");
}
}
public class Notification
{
private Message _msg;
public Notification()
{
_msg = new Message();
}
public void PromotionalNotification()
{
_msg.SendMessage();
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Notification notify = new Notification();
notify.PromotionalNotification();
}
}
這個代碼中,通知徹底依賴Message
類,而Message
類只能發送一種通知。若是咱們須要引入別的類型,例如郵件和SMS,則須要修改Message
類。
下面,咱們使用依賴倒置原則來完成這段代碼:
public interface IMessage
{
void SendMessage();
}
public class Email : IMessage
{
public void SendMessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("Send Email");
}
}
public class SMS : IMessage
{
public void SendMessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("Send Sms");
}
}
public class Notification
{
private IMessage _msg;
public Notification(IMessage msg)
{
this._msg = msg;
}
public void Notify()
{
_msg.SendMessage();
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Email email = new Email();
Notification notify = new Notification(email);
notify.Notify();
SMS sms = new SMS();
notify = new Notification(sms);
notify.Notify();
}
}
經過這種方式,咱們把代碼之間的耦合降到了最小。
迪米特法則也叫最少知道法則。從稱呼就能夠知道,意思是:一個對象應該對其它對象有最少的瞭解。
在寫代碼的時候,儘量少暴露本身的接口或方法。寫類的時候,能不public
就不public
,全部暴露的屬性、接口、方法,都是不得不暴露的,這樣能確保其它類對這個類有最小的瞭解。
這個原則沒什麼須要多講的,調用者只須要知道被調用者公開的方法就行了,至於它內部是怎麼實現的或是有其餘別的方法,調用者並不關心,調用者只關心它須要用的。反而,若是被調用者暴露太多不須要暴露的屬性或方法,那麼就可能致使調用者濫用其中的方法,或是引發一些其餘沒必要要的麻煩。
最後說兩句:所謂原則,不是規則,不是硬性的規定。在代碼中,能靈活應用就好,不須要非拘泥於形式,可是,用好了,會讓代碼寫得很順手,很漂亮。
(全文完)
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