git 使用和安裝

http://www.git-scm.com/download/
http://www.git-scm.com/download/win
http://www.git-scm.com/download/mac
https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.xz

Git via Git
If you already have Git installed, you can get the latest development version via Git itself:
git clone https://github.com/git/git

克隆遠程倉庫
git clone [--recursive] 遠程倉庫地址 [本地路徑]
克隆遠程單分支
git clone --single-branch -b develop 遠程倉庫地址
拉取遠程分支
git checkout -b develop origin/develop
拉取遠程分支2
git fetch origin develop:develop
git checkout develop
git branch -u origin/develop
建立分支
git checkout -b newbranch
git push -u origin newbranch
git branch -a
查看分支關聯
git branch -vv
合併newbranch到master分支
git checkout master
git branch
git merge newbranch
git push
刪除分支
git branch -a
git branch -d delbranch
git branch -r -d origin/delbranch
git push origin :delbarnch
建立tag
git tag newtag
git push origin newtag
git tag -l
刪除tag
git tag -d deltag
git push origin :refs/tags/deltag
修改遠程倉庫地址
$ git remote -v
origin  git@172.24.10.155:Bob/WorkflowDesigner2.git (fetch)
origin  git@172.24.10.155:Bob/WorkflowDesigner2.git (push)
$ git remote set-url origin git@192.168.0.101:Bob/WorkflowDesigner2.git
$ git remote -v
origin  git@192.168.0.101:Bob/WorkflowDesigner2.git (fetch)
origin  git@192.168.0.101:Bob/WorkflowDesigner2.git (push)
保存臨時修改
$ git stash
取出臨時修改
$ git stash pop
顯示全部stash
$ git stash list
清空stash
$ git stash clear
修復最近一次commit
$ git commit --amend
$ git commit --amend -m "Fixes bug #42"
回退
$ git reset --hard <commit_id>
$ git clean -df    移除未被跟蹤的文件，-xf會忽略.gitignore進行移除文件
$ git push origin HEAD --force
參數說明
--mixed  缺省，只保留源碼，回退commit和index信息。
--soft   只回退commit信息
--hard   完全回退到某個版本
HEAD     最近一次提交
HEAD^    上一次提交。
忽略已經被提交的文件
$ git rm --cached -r logs/
$ vim .gitignore    將 logs/ 加入忽略文件列表
$ git commit -m "We really don't want Git to track this anymore!"
顯示某個變動
git show
git show HEAD~
顯示分支歷史節點
git show-branch
按貢獻值顯示提交
git shortlog
git shortlog -s    // 按名字統計
git shortlog -s -e // 按郵箱統計
顯示衝突文件
git diff --name-only --diff-filter=U
git config --global alias.conflicts "diff --name-only --diff-filter=U"
git conflicts

獲取提交ID信息
$ git rev-parse HEAD
356b6cf8ad7f2a3235b0bbeae5f4991816ac8087
$ git rev-parse --short HEAD
356b6cf
$ git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD
develop

配置全局信息（詳細：https://git-scm.com/docs/git-config）
$ git config --global user.name "Bob"
$ git config --global user.email "bob@email.com"
$ git config --global push.default simple
// git config --global push.default matching
// 區別是，simple是僅推送當前分支，matching會推送所有分支
$ cat ~/.gitconfig
[user]
        name = Bob
        email = bob@email.com
[push]
        default = simple
$ git config --global core.excludesfile "$HOME/.gitignore_global"
$ cat ~/.gitignore_global
*~
.DS_Store
.idea
# some comment.
設置git默認編輯器：
$ git config --global core.pager 'less'    # 相似vim（建議）
$ git config --global core.pager 'more'    # 輸出到shell並分頁
$ git config --global core.pager 'vim -'   # vim（不支持着色標記）
$ git config --global core.pager 'nano -'  # nano（不支持着色標記）
注：Windows的Git Console的less跟linux的more效果相同，並且沒有more命令。


HTTP代理配置
格式：git config --global http.https://domain.com.proxy http://proxyUsername:proxyPassword@proxy.server.com:port
好比：git config --global http.https://gitlab.com.proxy http://10.124.124.124:80
SSH代理配置
$ vim ~/.ssh/config
# 添加內容：
Host *.gitlab.com
    ProxyCommand connect -H 10.124.124.124:80 %h %p
    ServerAliveInterval 30

配置SSH
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "bob@email.com"
$ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
Agent pid 28728
$ ssh-add -k ~/.ssh/id_rsa   // ssh-add -K ~/.ssh/id_rsa
$ clip < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub   // pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
若是粘貼github上失敗，去掉最後的一個換行。

查看公鑰的MD5指紋
ssh-keygen -E md5 -lf ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

自動啓動ssh-agent和ssh-add
# vim ~/.bash_profile    // vim ~/.zshrc
------------------------
SSH_ENV="$HOME/.ssh/environment"

function start_agent {
    echo "Initialising new SSH agent..."
    /usr/bin/ssh-agent | sed 's/^echo/#echo/' > "${SSH_ENV}"
    echo succeeded
    chmod 600 "${SSH_ENV}"
    . "${SSH_ENV}" > /dev/null
    # /usr/bin/ssh-add -k ~/.ssh/your_id_rsa
    /usr/bin/ssh-add;
}

# Source SSH settings, if applicable

if [ -f "${SSH_ENV}" ]; then
    . "${SSH_ENV}" > /dev/null
    #ps ${SSH_AGENT_PID} doesn't work under cywgin
    ps -ef | grep ${SSH_AGENT_PID} | grep ssh-agent$ > /dev/null || {
        start_agent;
    }
else
    start_agent;
fi
------------------------


更改git鏈接方式https爲ssh
複製好ssh地址，而後打開.git/config文件修改[remote "origin"]下的url


Git push/pull fatal: protocol error: bad line length character: This
緣由是服務器端沒爲git用戶配置bash，解決方法是：
# sudo usermod -s /bin/bash git


GPG配置
備註：Windows安裝：https://gpg4win.org/download.html
其餘系統安裝在此文件後面，能夠搜索GnuPG
1. 查看已有的GPG keys
$ gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG

2. 建立一個GPG key
$ gpg --full-generate-key

3. 導出GPG public key爲文本格式
$ gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG
sec   rsa2048/F461FA2D923C3798 2018-09-18 [SC]
      BA4CF1650621335540E42DB5F461FA2D923C3798
uid                 [ultimate] yourname (demo) <yourname@email.com>
ssb   rsa2048/96E3D9B0C023B825 2018-09-18 [E]
記住sec中算法後面的值，輸入在下面
（說明：也能夠用郵箱地址替換這個KEY值）
$ gpg --armor --export F461FA2D923C3798

4. 添加一個user id到GPG key
$ gpg --edit-key F461FA2D923C3798
> adduid
> quit
Save changes? (y/N) y
可使用help瞭解更多命令。

5. 給Git配置提交和tag簽名
$ git config --global user.signingkey F461FA2D923C3798
$ git config --global commit.gpgsign true
提交會自動簽名。
tag簽名須要加入-s，如：
$ git tag -s mytag
驗證
$ git tag -v mytag

6. 使用gpg-agent幫助減小密碼輸入，可將下面命令寫入~/.xsession、 ~/.profile或者.bash_profile等啓動文件
eval $(gpg-agent --daemon)

7. 導出導入key
導出
gpg --export-secret-key F461FA2D923C3798 > ~/private.key
gpg --export F461FA2D923C3798 > ~/public.key
導入
gpg --import ~/private.key

8. 刪除key
gpg --delete-secret-key F461FA2D923C3798
gpg --delete-key F461FA2D923C3798



別名配置：
# vim ~/.bash_profile
alias -- -='cd -'
alias ~='cd ~'
alias ..='cd ..'
alias ...='cd ../..'
alias ....='cd ../../..'
alias .....='cd ../../../..'
alias ......='cd ../../../../..'
alias d='dirs -v | head -10'
alias g=git
alias ga='git add'
alias gaa='git add --all'
alias gap='git apply'
alias gapa='git add --patch'
alias gau='git add --update'
alias gb='git branch'
alias gba='git branch -a'
alias gbd='git branch -d'
alias gbda='git branch --no-color --merged | command grep -vE "^(\*|\s*(master|develop|dev)\s*$)" | command xargs -n 1 git branch -d'
alias gbl='git blame -b -w'
alias gbnm='git branch --no-merged'
alias gbr='git branch --remote'
alias gbs='git bisect'
alias gbsb='git bisect bad'
alias gbsg='git bisect good'
alias gbsr='git bisect reset'
alias gbss='git bisect start'
alias gc='git commit -v'
alias 'gc!'='git commit -v --amend'
alias gca='git commit -v -a'
alias 'gca!'='git commit -v -a --amend'
alias gcam='git commit -a -m'
alias 'gcan!'='git commit -v -a --no-edit --amend'
alias 'gcans!'='git commit -v -a -s --no-edit --amend'
alias gcb='git checkout -b'
alias gcd='git checkout develop'
alias gcf='git config --list'
alias gcl='git clone --recursive'
alias gclean='git clean -fd'
alias gcm='git checkout master'
alias gcmsg='git commit -m'
alias 'gcn!'='git commit -v --no-edit --amend'
alias gco='git checkout'
alias gcount='git shortlog -sn'
alias gcp='git cherry-pick'
alias gcpa='git cherry-pick --abort'
alias gcpc='git cherry-pick --continue'
alias gcs='git commit -S'
alias gcsm='git commit -s -m'
alias gd='git diff'
alias gdca='git diff --cached'
alias gdct='git describe --tags `git rev-list --tags --max-count=1`'
alias gdcw='git diff --cached --word-diff'
alias gdt='git diff-tree --no-commit-id --name-only -r'
alias gdw='git diff --word-diff'
alias gf='git fetch'
alias gfa='git fetch --all --prune'
alias gfo='git fetch origin'
alias gg='git gui citool'
alias gga='git gui citool --amend'
alias ggpur=ggu
alias ghh='git help'
alias gignore='git update-index --assume-unchanged'
alias gignored='git ls-files -v | grep "^[[:lower:]]"'
alias git-svn-dcommit-push='git svn dcommit && git push github master:svntrunk'
alias gk='\gitk --all --branches'
alias gke='\gitk --all $(git log -g --pretty=%h)'
alias gl='git pull'
alias glg='git log --stat'
alias glgg='git log --graph'
alias glgga='git log --graph --decorate --all'
alias glgm='git log --graph --max-count=10'
alias glgp='git log --stat -p'
alias glo='git log --oneline --decorate'
alias glog='git log --oneline --decorate --graph'
alias gloga='git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all'
alias glol='git log --graph --pretty='\''%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset'\'' --abbrev-commit'
alias glola='git log --graph --pretty='\''%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset'\'' --abbrev-commit --all'
alias glp=_git_log_prettily
alias glum='git pull upstream master'
alias gm='git merge'
alias gma='git merge --abort'
alias gmom='git merge origin/master'
alias gmt='git mergetool --no-prompt'
alias gmtvim='git mergetool --no-prompt --tool=vimdiff'
alias gmum='git merge upstream/master'
alias gp='git push'
alias gpd='git push --dry-run'
alias gpoat='git push origin --all && git push origin --tags'
alias gpristine='git reset --hard && git clean -dfx'
alias gpu='git push upstream'
alias gpv='git push -v'
alias gr='git remote'
alias gra='git remote add'
alias grb='git rebase'
alias grba='git rebase --abort'
alias grbc='git rebase --continue'
alias grbi='git rebase -i'
alias grbm='git rebase master'
alias grbs='git rebase --skip'
alias grep='grep  --color=auto --exclude-dir={.bzr,CVS,.git,.hg,.svn}'
alias grh='git reset HEAD'
alias grhh='git reset HEAD --hard'
alias grmv='git remote rename'
alias grrm='git remote remove'
alias grset='git remote set-url'
alias grt='cd $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel || echo ".")'
alias gru='git reset --'
alias grup='git remote update'
alias grv='git remote -v'
alias gsb='git status -sb'
alias gsd='git svn dcommit'
alias gsi='git submodule init'
alias gsps='git show --pretty=short --show-signature'
alias gsr='git svn rebase'
alias gss='git status -s'
alias gst='git status'
alias gsta='git stash save'
alias gstaa='git stash apply'
alias gstc='git stash clear'
alias gstd='git stash drop'
alias gstl='git stash list'
alias gstp='git stash pop'
alias gsts='git stash show --text'
alias gsu='git submodule update'
alias gts='git tag -s'
alias gtv='git tag | sort -V'
alias gunignore='git update-index --no-assume-unchanged'
alias gunwip='git log -n 1 | grep -q -c "\-\-wip\-\-" && git reset HEAD~1'
alias gup='git pull --rebase'
alias gupv='git pull --rebase -v'
alias gwch='git whatchanged -p --abbrev-commit --pretty=medium'
alias gwip='git add -A; git rm $(git ls-files --deleted) 2> /dev/null; git commit --no-verify -m "--wip-- [skip ci]"'
alias h=history
alias history='fc -l'
alias l='ls -lah'
alias la='ls -lAh'
alias ll='ls -lh'
alias ls='ls --color=tty'
alias lsa='ls -lah'
alias md='mkdir -p'
alias po=popd
alias pu=pushd
alias rd=rmdir
alias gitk='start gitk'
function open {
    start "" "`cygpath -w \"$WINDIR/explorer.exe\"`" `cygpath -w $*`
}
function notepad {
    fn=${1%:}
    ln=${fn##*:}
    fn=${fn%:*}
    if [[ $var =~ ^-?[0-9]+$ ]]; then
        start "" notepad $*
    else
        start "" notepad -g $ln $fn
    fi
}

$ source ~/.bash_profile





tarball編譯
https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/
**********centos命令以下：
$ sudo su
# yum install gcc gcc-c++ perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker -y
# yum install curl-devel expat-devel gettext-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel -y
下載git源碼（curl和wget選一個便可）
# wget -P /usr/src/git-2.19.1 https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.xz
// # wget -P /usr/src/git-2.19.1 https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
// # curl --create-dirs -o /usr/src/git-2.19.1/git-2.19.1.tar.gz https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
# chmod -R 755 /usr/src/git-2.19.1/
解壓安裝
# cd /usr/src/git-2.19.1/
# tar Jxf git-2.19.1.tar.xz
// # tar zxf git-2.19.1.tar.gz
# cd git-2.19.1
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/
# make install
查看結果，刪除yum的git和git-2.19.1.tar.gz
# whereis git
git: /usr/bin/git /usr/local/bin/git /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
# /usr/local/bin/git --version
git version 2.19.1
# rm -f /usr/src/git-2.19.1/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
# yum remove git
# yum autoremove -y
# exit
$ git version
git version 2.19.1


**********debian命令以下：
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install -y build-essential
$ sudo apt install -y libcurl4-gnutls-dev libexpat1-dev gettext libz-dev libssl-dev
$ sudo curl --create-dirs -o /usr/src/git-2.19.1/git-2.19.1.tar.gz https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
（或）
$ sudo wget -P /usr/src/git-2.19.1 https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
$ cd /usr/src/git-2.19.1/
$ sudo tar Jxf git-2.19.1.tar.xz
// $ sudo tar zxf git-2.19.1.tar.gz
$ cd git-2.19.1
$ sudo ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/
$ sudo make install
$ whereis git
git: /usr/bin/git /usr/local/bin/git /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
$ /usr/local/bin/git version
git version 2.15.1
$ sudo rm -f /usr/src/git-2.19.1/git-2.19.1.tar.gz
$ sudo apt remove git
$ sudo apt autoremove



--------------------------
git lfs
--------------------------
MacOS
$ brew install git-lfs

Linux
$ mkdir git-lfs
$ cd git-lfs
$ wget https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/releases/download/v2.5.1/git-lfs-linux-amd64-v2.5.1.tar.gz
$ tar xvzf git-lfs-linux-amd64-v2.5.1.tar.gz
$ sudo ./install.sh
$ git lfs version
$ cd ..
$ rm -rf git-lfs


--------------------------
git flow
--------------------------
https://github.com/nvie/gitflow
https://github.com/nvie/gitflow/wiki/Linux
安裝方式一：
MacOS
$ brew install git-flow
或者
$ wget --no-check-certificate -q -O - https://github.com/nvie/gitflow/raw/develop/contrib/gitflow-installer.sh | sudo bash
Debian
$ apt-get install git-flow
Fedora
$ yum install gitflow

安裝方式二：手動安裝
手動安裝方法1（推薦）
$ git clone --recursive git://github.com/nvie/gitflow.git
$ cd gitflow
$ sudo make install
若是安裝到其餘目錄，能夠 $ sudo make prefix=/opt/local install
$ git flow version
$ cd ..
$ rm -rf gitflow

手動安裝方法2
$ wget -q -O - https://github.com/nvie/gitflow/raw/develop/contrib/gitflow-installer.sh | sh
刪除
$ sudo ./gitflow-installer.sh uninstall

版本：git flow version
zsh插件：git-flow、bobthecow/git-flow-completion
若是提示zsh compinit: insecure directories, run compaudit for list.
能夠用下面命令更改權限
compaudit | xargs chmod -R 755

使用：分支feature/demo1，修改後合併到develop分支
$ git clone ...
$ cd ...
$ git flow init -d
$ git flow feature start demo1
// 修改代碼
$ git flow feature finish demo1

分支模式學習文檔：
http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/


git-extras
https://github.com/tj/git-extras
$ brew install git-extras
$ sudo yum install git-extras
$ sudo apt-get install git-extras
windows
git clone https://github.com/tj/git-extras.git
git checkout $(git describe --tags $(git rev-list --tags --max-count=1))
install.cmd
使用方法
https://www.oschina.net/p/git-extras

查看某個貢獻者
git contrib m2nlight
查看repo的概況
git summary
顯示每一個文件的提交數量和活躍時間
git effort --above 15 {src,lib}/*
從某個日期開始的提交
git commits-since yesterday
git commits-since last week
顯示提交總數,加上參數--all顯示每位做者的提交數量
git count
git count --all
移除最近提交
git undo
git undo 3
等等


**Windows**
豐富git-bash工具（須要在PowerShell 3+.NET Framework 4.5+下安裝scoop）
1. 打開PowerShell，安裝scoop（https://scoop.sh/）
iex (new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://get.scoop.sh')
set-executionpolicy unrestricted -s cu
2. 安裝curl, wget, bat...
scoop install curl wget bat
3. 其餘scoop命令
scoop help  顯示幫助
scoop list  顯示已安裝的命令
scoop search <keyword> 查找命令
scoop info <name> 信息
scoop uninstall <name> 卸載
scoop update */<name>  更新所有，去掉*只更新scoop
4. 配置git-bash別名
回到git-bash
用cat代替bat
echo "alias cat='bat'" >> ~/.bash_profile
添加conflicts顯示衝突文件
git config --global alias.conflicts "diff --name-only --diff-filter=U"
git conflicts
5. 安裝diff-so-fancy
mkdir -p ~/bin
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/so-fancy/diff-so-fancy/master/third_party/build_fatpack/diff-so-fancy -L > ~/bin/diff-so-fancy
chmod +x ~/bin/diff-so-fancy
diff-so-fancy
配置git
git config --global core.pager "diff-so-fancy | less --tabs=1,5 -RFX"



----
Install GnuPG
----
https://www.gnupg.org/download/
mac
方式一：推薦
mac
$ brew install gpg pinentry pinentry-mac
$ echo "pinentry-program /usr/local/bin/pinentry-mac" >> ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
$ killall gpg-agent
若是使用期間發生錯誤，參考後面的 Inappropriate ioctl for device 配置環境變量。
SourceTree支持：
$ ls -la /usr/local/bin/gpg
lrwxr-xr-x /usr/local/bin/gpg -> ../Cellar/gnupg/2.2.10/bin/gpg
$ ln -s /usr/local/bin/gpg /usr/local/bin/gpg2
在SourceTree的配置界面，點「高級」，更改「GPG程序」路徑爲 /usr/local/bin。
方式二：
https://gpgtools.org/
下載dmg安裝

linux (tarball)
$ mkdir ~/gnupg
$ cd ~/gnupg
$ wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/gnupg/gnupg-2.2.10.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/libgpg-error/libgpg-error-1.32.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/libgcrypt/libgcrypt-1.8.3.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/libksba/libksba-1.3.5.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/libassuan/libassuan-2.5.1.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/ntbtls/ntbtls-0.1.2.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/npth/npth-1.6.tar.bz2
wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/pinentry/pinentry-1.1.0.tar.bz2
// wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/gpgme/gpgme-1.11.1.tar.bz2
// wget https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt/gpa/gpa-0.9.10.tar.bz2

$ tar xvjf gnupg-2.2.10.tar.bz2
tar xvjf libgpg-error-1.32.tar.bz2
tar xvjf libgcrypt-1.8.3.tar.bz2
tar xvjf libksba-1.3.5.tar.bz2
tar xvjf libassuan-2.5.1.tar.bz2
tar xvjf ntbtls-0.1.2.tar.bz2
tar xvjf npth-1.6.tar.bz2
tar xvjf pinentry-1.1.0.tar.bz2
// tar xvjf gpgme-1.11.1.tar.bz2
// tar xvjf gpa-0.9.10.tar.bz2

// 編譯安裝GnuPG組件
$ cd libgpg-error-1.32
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

$ cd ../libgcrypt-1.8.3
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

$ cd ../libksba-1.3.5
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

$ cd ../libassuan-2.5.1
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

$ cd ../ntbtls-0.1.2
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

$ cd ../npth-1.6
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

// 編譯安裝GnuPG
$ cd ../gnupg-2.2.10
$ ./configure
$ sudo make -j8 && sudo make install

$ whereis gpg
gpg: /usr/bin/gpg /usr/local/bin/gpg /usr/share/man/man1/gpg.1.gz

$ /usr/local/bin/gpg --version
/usr/local/bin/gpg: error while loading shared libraries: libgcrypt.so.20: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
正常會顯示版本信息，若是出現這個錯誤，先得到libgcrypt.so.20文件的位置，而後加入變量LD_LIBRARY_PATH中：
$ whereis libgcrypt.so.20
libgcrypt.so: /usr/lib/libgcrypt.so.11 /usr/lib64/libgcrypt.so.11 /usr/local/lib/libgcrypt.so.20 /usr/local/lib/libgcrypt.so
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
$ /usr/local/bin/gpg --version
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.10
libgcrypt 1.8.3
Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
...
將環境變量添加到啓動配置，如.bashrc中
$ echo export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH >> ~/.bashrc

同理檢查PATH環境變量，使/usr/local/bin在/usr/bin前，然gpg命令直接運行咱們編譯的版本。
從新進入會話，輸入 gpg --version 應該是剛纔安裝的版本。

必要組件安裝：
---
// 用於輸入密碼保護（必須）
$ cd ../pinentry-1.1.0
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install
---
下面兩個可選，可能須要修改庫的路徑，configure才能正確經過。
// GPGME is the standard library to access GnuPG functions from programming languages. 
$ cd ../gpgme-1.11.1
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install

// GPA is a graphical frontend to GnuPG. 
$ cd ../gpa-0.9.10
$ ./configure
$ sudo make && sudo make install
---
最後可刪除無用的源文件
$ cd ~
$ sudo rm -rf gnupg