SQL易錯錦集

一、LIMIT 語句

分頁查詢是最經常使用的場景之一,但也一般也是最容易出問題的地方。好比對於下面簡單的語句,通常 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提高。前端

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'mysql

AND name = 'SlowLog'

ORDER BY create_time
LIMIT 1000, 10;程序員

好吧,可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問題就到此爲止。但當 LIMIT 子句變成 「LIMIT 1000000,10」 時,程序員仍然會抱怨:我只取10條記錄爲何仍是慢?sql

要知道數據庫也並不知道第1000000條記錄從什麼地方開始,即便有索引也須要從頭計算一次。出現這種性能問題,多數情形下是程序員偷懶了。數據庫

在前端數據瀏覽翻頁,或者大數據分批導出等場景下,是能夠將上一頁的最大值當成參數做爲查詢條件的。SQL 從新設計以下:app

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;框架

在新設計下查詢時間基本固定,不會隨着數據量的增加而發生變化。函數

二、隱式轉換

SQL語句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另外一個常見的錯誤。好比下面的語句:oop

mysql> explain extended SELECT *性能

> FROM   my_balance b 
 > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123 
 >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;

mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定義爲 varchar(20),MySQL 的策略是將字符串轉換爲數字以後再比較。函數做用於表字段,索引失效。

上述狀況多是應用程序框架自動填入的參數,而不是程序員的原意。如今應用框架不少很繁雜,使用方便的同時也當心它可能給本身挖坑。

三、關聯更新、刪除

雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性,但須要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優化。對於更新或刪除須要手工重寫成 JOIN。

好比下面 UPDATE 語句,MySQL 實際執行的是循環/嵌套子查詢(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其執行時間可想而知。

UPDATE operation o
SET status = 'applying'
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id

FROM   (SELECT o.id, 
                           o.status 
                    FROM   operation o 
                    WHERE  o.group = 123 
                           AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                    ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                              o.id 
                    LIMIT  1) t);

執行計劃:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY o index PRIMARY 8 24 Using where; Using temporary
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
3 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

重寫爲 JOIN 以後,子查詢的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED,執行速度大大加快,從7秒下降到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o

JOIN  (SELECT o.id, 
                        o.status 
                 FROM   operation o 
                 WHERE  o.group = 123 
                        AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                 ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                           o.id 
                 LIMIT  1) t
     ON o.id = t.id

SET status = 'applying'

執行計劃簡化爲:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
2 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

四、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景,仍是有機會使用特殊方法提高性能的。

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id

ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC,

a.appraise_time DESC

LIMIT 0, 20

執行計劃顯示爲全表掃描:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE a ALL idx_orderid NULL NULL NULL 1967647 Using filesort
1 SIMPLE o eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 122 a.orderid 1 NULL

因爲 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態,咱們按照下面的方法重寫後,執行時間從1.58秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM ((SELECT *

FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 0 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20) 
    UNION ALL 
    (SELECT *
     FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 1 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20)) t

ORDER BY is_reply ASC,

appraisetime DESC

LIMIT 20;

五、EXISTS語句

MySQL 對待 EXISTS 子句時,仍然採用嵌套子查詢的執行方式。以下面的 SQL 語句:

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
              FROM   message_info m 
              WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                     AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
   AND n.topic_type <> 5

執行計劃爲:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY n ALL NULL NULL NULL 1086041 Using where
1 PRIMARY sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition; Using where

去掉 exists 更改成 join,可以避免嵌套子查詢,將執行時間從1.93秒下降爲1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

INNER JOIN message_info m 
           ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
              AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
   LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的執行計劃:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition
1 SIMPLE n eq_ref PRIMARY 122 ighbor_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where

六、條件下推

外部查詢條件不可以下推到複雜的視圖或子查詢的狀況有:

聚合子查詢;

含有 LIMIT 的子查詢;

UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查詢;

輸出字段中的子查詢;

以下面的語句,從執行計劃能夠看出其條件做用於聚合子查詢以後:

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT target,

Count(*) 
    FROM   operation 
    GROUP  BY target) t

WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'

執行計劃以下:
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY <derived2> ref <auto_key0> <auto_key0> 514 const 2 Using where
2 DERIVED operation index idx_4 idx_4 519 NULL 20 Using index

肯定從語義上查詢條件能夠直接下推後,重寫以下:

SELECT target,

Count(*)

FROM operation
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP BY target

執行計劃變爲:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE operation ref idx_4 idx_4 514 const 1 Using where; Using index

關於 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考文章:

http://mysql.taobao.org/month...

七、提早縮小範圍

先上初始 SQL 語句:

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid
   LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid

WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15

該SQL語句原意是:先作一系列的左鏈接,而後排序取前15條記錄。從執行計劃也能夠看出,最後一步估算排序記錄數爲90萬,時間消耗爲12秒。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE o ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 909119 Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort
1 SIMPLE u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 SIMPLE p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)

因爲最後 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對最左主表,所以能夠先對 my_order 排序提早縮小數據量再作左鏈接。SQL 重寫後以下,執行時間縮小爲1毫秒左右。

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
) o

LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid 
 LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再檢查執行計劃:子查詢物化後(select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然爲90萬,可是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句後,實際執行時間變得很小。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY <derived2> ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 15 Using temporary; Using filesort
1 PRIMARY u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 PRIMARY p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)
2 DERIVED o index NULL idx_1 5 NULL 909112 Using where

八、中間結果集下推

再來看下面這個已經初步優化過的例子(左鏈接中的主表優先做用查詢條件):

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM (

SELECT   resourceid 
          FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a

LEFT JOIN

( 
          SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
          FROM     my_resources 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那麼該語句還存在其它問題嗎?不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢,在表數量特別大的狀況下會致使整個語句的性能降低。

其實對於子查詢 c,左鏈接最後結果集只關心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的數據。所以咱們能夠重寫語句以下,執行時間從原來的2秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM (

SELECT   resourceid 
               FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a

LEFT JOIN

( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        ( 
                                 SELECT   resourceid 
                                 FROM     my_distribute d 
                                 WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                                 AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                                 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

可是子查詢 a 在咱們的SQL語句中出現了屢次。這種寫法不只存在額外的開銷,還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語句再次重寫:

WITH a AS
(

SELECT   resourceid 
     FROM     my_distribute d 
     WHERE    isdelete = 0 
     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
     ORDER BY salecode limit 20)

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM a
LEFT JOIN

( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

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