SQL*Loader是Oracle提供的一個很是有用的工具,能夠實現批量數據的高速加載,它將數據從外部文件加載到Oracle數據庫的表中,本篇將對Oracle 12c的SQL*Loader進行簡單的介紹和演示。sql
1 SQL*Loader介紹SQL*Loader的使用,是經過Oracle的命令行指令sqlldr實現,該指令是客戶端工具,可經過KEY-VALUE的形式指定對應的選項,或者使用參數文件和控制文件來實現,下面展現的是SQL*Loader的工做原理:數據庫
控制文件主要用於控制數據加載的行爲,包括在哪裏找到數據,如何解析和解釋數據,以將數據插入到哪裏等等,一般來講,控制文件包括三部份內容:express
對於數據的加載,SQL*Loader提供了三種方法分別是:session
SQL*Loader經過指令sqlldr實現,輸入該命令回車,便可看到該指令對應的選項信息:oracle
[oracle@odd ~]$ sqlldr SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Fri May 8 20:08:37 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Usage: SQLLDR keyword=value [,keyword=value,...] Valid Keywords: userid -- ORACLE username/password control -- control file name log -- log file name bad -- bad file name data -- data file name discard -- discard file name discardmax -- number of discards to allow (Default all) skip -- number of logical records to skip (Default 0) load -- number of logical records to load (Default all) errors -- number of errors to allow (Default 50) rows -- number of rows in conventional path bind array or between direct path data saves (Default: Conventional path 64, Direct path all) bindsize -- size of conventional path bind array in bytes (Default 256000) silent -- suppress messages during run (header,feedback,errors,discards,partitions) direct -- use direct path (Default FALSE) parfile -- parameter file: name of file that contains parameter specifications parallel -- do parallel load (Default FALSE) file -- file to allocate extents from skip_unusable_indexes -- disallow/allow unusable indexes or index partitions (Default FALSE) skip_index_maintenance -- do not maintain indexes, mark affected indexes as unusable (Default FALSE) commit_discontinued -- commit loaded rows when load is discontinued (Default FALSE) readsize -- size of read buffer (Default 1048576) external_table -- use external table for load; NOT_USED, GENERATE_ONLY, EXECUTE columnarrayrows -- number of rows for direct path column array (Default 5000) streamsize -- size of direct path stream buffer in bytes (Default 256000) multithreading -- use multithreading in direct path resumable -- enable or disable resumable for current session (Default FALSE) resumable_name -- text string to help identify resumable statement resumable_timeout -- wait time (in seconds) for RESUMABLE (Default 7200) date_cache -- size (in entries) of date conversion cache (Default 1000) no_index_errors -- abort load on any index errors (Default FALSE) partition_memory -- direct path partition memory limit to start spilling (kb) (Default 0) table -- Table for express mode load date_format -- Date format for express mode load timestamp_format -- Timestamp format for express mode load terminated_by -- terminated by character for express mode load enclosed_by -- enclosed by character for express mode load optionally_enclosed_by -- optionally enclosed by character for express mode load characterset -- characterset for express mode load degree_of_parallelism -- degree of parallelism for express mode load and external table load trim -- trim type for express mode load and external table load csv -- csv format data files for express mode load nullif -- table level nullif clause for express mode load field_names -- field names setting for first record of data files for express mode load dnfs_enable -- option for enabling or disabling Direct NFS (dNFS) for input data files (Default FALSE) dnfs_readbuffers -- the number of Direct NFS (dNFS) read buffers (Default 4) PLEASE NOTE: Command-line parameters may be specified either by position or by keywords. An example of the former case is 'sqlldr scott/tiger foo'; an example of the latter is 'sqlldr control=foo userid=scott/tiger'. One may specify parameters by position before but not after parameters specified by keywords. For example, 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo logfile=log' is allowed, but 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo log' is not, even though the position of the parameter 'log' is correct.3 SQL*Loader示例
加載數據文件,數據文件存放於控制文件中。app
1)建立測試表ide
SQL> create table dept(deptno number(2),dname varchar2(14),loc varchar2(13)); Table created.
2)建立控制文件函數
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test01.ctl load data --告訴SQL*Loader將執行數據加載操做 infile * --指定要加載的數據文件,若文件在控制文件中,需指定爲* into table dept --指定要將數據加載到的表 fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' --指定字段分割字符 (deptno,dname,loc) --指定要加載到表裏的字段名稱 begindata --表示下面是要加載的數據,即數據在控制文件裏時,須要使用begindata 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
說明:工具
into向表裏加載數據有四種選項,分別爲:insert、append、replace和truncate。測試
file能夠指定infile、badfile、discardfile。
若是使用直接路徑加載,需指定選項DIRECT=TRUE。
3)加載數據
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test01.ctl log=test01.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:12:57 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test01.log for more information about the load.
4)查看數據
SQL> select * from dept; DEPTNO DNAME LOC ---------- -------------- ------------- 12 RESEARCH SARATOGA 10 ACCOUNTING CLEVELAND 11 ART SALEM 13 FINANCE BOSTON 21 SALES PHILA. 22 SALES ROCHESTER 42 INT'L SAN FRAN 7 rows selected.
若是數據在數據文件裏,則在控制文件不須要指定數據。
1)建立數據文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test02.dat 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
2)建立控制文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test02.ctl load data infile 'test02.dat' --指定數據文件,能夠時單獨的文件名,也能夠帶有目錄的文件名 into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno,dname,loc)
3)加載數據
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test02.ctl log=test02.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:23:28 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test02.log for more information about the load.
若是數據文件中,有列頭,那麼進行數據加載時,可能會出錯,生成一個bad文件,若是跳過,能夠指定SKIP。
1)建立數據文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.dat deptno,dname,loc 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
2)建立控制文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore --指定該配置,可忽略字段頭信息 infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno,dname,loc)
3)數據加載
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test03.ctl log=test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:33:07 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test03.log for more information about the load.
對於數據列,能夠指定字段的數據類型。
1)建立控制文件,指定字段類型
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, --指定字段類型 dname char, --指定字段類型 loc char) --指定字段類型
2)建立控制文件,指定常量值
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 constant 'alen') --指定常量值
3)建立控制文件,指定當前時間
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 sysdate) --指定當前時間
4)建立控制文件,指定使用序列
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' date format 'yyyy-mm-dd' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 sequence (1,1)) --指定序列
序列參數:
5)建立控制文件,使用函數加載數據
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' date format 'yyyy-mm-dd' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char "lower(:loc)", --將該字段轉爲小寫 ext1 sequence (1,1))
指定選項EXTERNAL_TABLE=GENERATE_ONLY,能夠生成外部表。
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test03.ctl external_table=generate_only log=test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: External Table [oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Control File: test03.ctl Data File: test03.dat Bad File: test03.bad Discard File: none specified (Allow all discards) Number to load: ALL Number to skip: 0 Errors allowed: 50 Continuation: none specified Path used: External Table Table DEPT, loaded from every logical record. Insert option in effect for this table: INSERT Column Name Position Len Term Encl Datatype ------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- --------------------- DEPTNO FIRST * , O(") CHARACTER DNAME NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER LOC NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER SQL string for column : "lower(:loc)" EXT1 SEQUENCE (1, 1) CREATE DIRECTORY statements needed for files ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 AS '/home/oracle/loader' sequences created to simulate SEQ in control file: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE SEQUENCE SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000 MINVALUE 1 START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 CREATE TABLE statement for external table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE TABLE "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" ( "DEPTNO" NUMBER(2), "DNAME" VARCHAR2(14), "LOC" VARCHAR2(255) ) ORGANIZATION external ( TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 ACCESS PARAMETERS ( RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE CHARACTERSET US7ASCII BADFILE 'SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000':'test03.bad' LOGFILE 'test03.log_xt' READSIZE 1048576 FIELD NAMES ALL FILES IGNORE FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' LDRTRIM DATE_FORMAT DATE MASK 'yyyy-mm-dd' REJECT ROWS WITH ALL NULL FIELDS ( "DEPTNO" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"', "DNAME" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"', "LOC" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' ) ) location ( 'test03.dat' ) )REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED INSERT statements used to load internal tables: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ INSERT /*+ append */ INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC, EXT1 ) SELECT "DEPTNO", "DNAME", lower("LOC"), SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000.nextval FROM "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" statements to cleanup objects created by previous statements: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DROP TABLE "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" DROP SEQUENCE SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000 DROP DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 Run began on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Run ended on Mon May 11 22:16:44 2020 Elapsed time was: 00:00:00.22 CPU time was: 00:00:00.01