linux磁盤管理系列一：磁盤配額管理 http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaojiedi1992/p/zhaojiedi_linux_040_quota.htmlhtml
linux磁盤管理系列二：軟RAID的實現 http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaojiedi1992/p/zhaojiedi_linux_041_raid.htmlnode
linux磁盤管理系列三：LVM的使用 http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaojiedi1992/p/zhaojiedi_linux_042_lvm.htmllinux
1 前言
在linux系統中，因爲是多用戶、多任務的環境，若是有少數幾個用戶大量使用磁盤空間，致使其餘用戶的正常使用，所以須要對各個用戶的磁盤空間進行管理和限定。vim
2 quota的用途
限制某一個用戶的最大磁盤配額bash
3 quota的使用限制
- 僅能針對整個文件系統
- 內核必須支持
- 只對通常用戶生效
- 這裏提供一個樣例，針對樣例對quota的配置管理作個描述
4 案例講解
4.1案例描述
- 建立5個用戶user1,user2,user3,user4,user5，密碼和用戶名相同，初始組爲usergrp組。
- 5個用戶均可以取得300M的磁盤使用空間，文件數量不限。超過250M,給於提示。
- usergrp這個組內成員最大使用空間1GB。
- 若是有用戶超過soft限制，給14天的寬限時間。
4.2 準備磁盤
[root@mail ~]# fdisk -l #查看磁盤狀況
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000bd275
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 83886079 40893440 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-root: 39.7 GB, 39720058880 bytes, 77578240 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@mail ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb #對sdb這個盤進行分區，這裏就分一個區
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xbcd17d69.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbcd17d69
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20971519 10484736 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@mail ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621184 blocks
131059 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@mail ~]# mkdir /mnt/home #建立一個目錄
[root@mail ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/home #測試掛載下
4.4.建立用戶
[root@mail ~]# vim adduserbat.sh #建立一個添加用戶的腳本
[root@mail ~]# cat adduserbat.sh #確認下腳本
#!/bin/bash
groupadd usergrp
for user in user1 user2 user3 user4 user5
do
useradd -g usergrp -b /mnt/home $user
echo $user |passwd --stdin $user
done
[root@mail ~]# sh adduserbat.sh #運行腳本去建立用戶
useradd: warning: the home directory already exists.
Not copying any file from skel directory into it.
Creating mailbox file: File exists
Changing password for user user1.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
useradd: warning: the home directory already exists.
Not copying any file from skel directory into it.
Creating mailbox file: File exists
Changing password for user user2.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
useradd: warning: the home directory already exists.
Not copying any file from skel directory into it.
Creating mailbox file: File exists
Changing password for user user3.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
useradd: warning: the home directory already exists.
Not copying any file from skel directory into it.
Creating mailbox file: File exists
Changing password for user user4.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
useradd: warning: the home directory already exists.
Not copying any file from skel directory into it.
Creating mailbox file: File exists
Changing password for user user5.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@mail ~]# finger user1 #查看用戶信息，確保家目錄在/dev/sdb1的掛載目錄上。
Login: user1 Name:
Directory: /mnt/home/user1 Shell: /bin/bash
Never logged in.
No mail.
No Plan.
[root@mail ~]# id user1 #查看用戶信息
uid=2531(user1) gid=2532(usergrp) groups=2532(usergrp)
4.5.檢查操做系統支持
前面提到了quota僅僅針對整個文件系統來進行規劃的。須要確認咱們爲各個用戶提供存儲的位置是獨立的文件系統。app
[root@mail ~]# df -h /mnt/home #查看咱們的掛載點是不是獨立文件系統 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb1 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mnt/home [root@mail ~]# mount |grep /mnt/home #查看咱們的文件系統 /dev/sdb1 on /mnt/home type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)
4.6.讓文件系統支持quota設置
[root@mail ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /mnt/home #從新掛載/mnt/home 支持usrquota,grpquota [root@mail ~]# mount |grep /mnt/home #確認下 /dev/sdb1 on /mnt/home type ext4 (rw,relatime,quota,usrquota,grpquota,data=ordered) [root@mail ~]# tail -n 1 /etc/mtab >> /etc/fstab #追加到/etc/fstab中去，確保開機啓用quota [root@mail ~]# cat /etc/fstab #確保fstab文件正確性 # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Feb 10 03:56:55 2017 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=dd4c6743-bdf5-4899-a43b-814cbe75c618 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom iso9660 ro,relatime,uid=0,gid=0,iocharset=utf8,mode=0400,dmode=0500 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/home ext4 rw,relatime,quota,usrquota,grpquota,data=ordered 0 0
4.7.掃描文件系統並新建quota的配置文件
[root@mail ~]# quotacheck -avug quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown. quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/home] done quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /mnt/home/aquota.user: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /mnt/home/aquota.group: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /mnt/home/aquota.user: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /mnt/home/aquota.group: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. quotacheck: Checked 30 directories and 20 files quotacheck: Old file not found. quotacheck: Old file not found.
主要參數編輯器
- -a: 掃描全部在/etc/mtab內含有quota參數的文件系統
- -u: 針對用戶掃描文件與目錄的使用狀況，會新建一個aquota.user文件
- -g: 針對用戶組掃描文件與目錄的使用狀況，會新增一個aquota.group文件
- -v: 顯示掃描過程的信息
4.8 啓用quota
[root@mail ~]# quotaon -avug #啓用quota /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/home]: group quotas turned on /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/home]: user quotas turned on
這個命令（quotaon） 幾乎只須要在第一次啓動quota時才須要進行，由於下次等你從新啓動時，系統的/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit這個初始化腳本就會自動執行這個命令。ide
若是想關閉能夠使用quotaoff -avugpost
4.9.編輯帳戶的的限值
[root@mail ~]# edquota -u user1
會打開一個vi編輯器，修改咱們的設置以下圖。測試
- 軟限制： 這個值超過了基本上沒事，仍是能夠建立文件繼續使用文件，可是在指定grace天事後就不能在建立文件了。
- 硬限值： 這個值不能超過。
執行以下命令將user1的設置應用到其餘用戶上
[root@mail ~]# edquota -p user1 -u user2 #-p 指定參考用戶，這句話的意思就是將user1的quota信息賦值給user2 [root@mail ~]# edquota -p user1 -u user3 [root@mail ~]# edquota -p user1 -u user4 [root@mail ~]# edquota -p user1 -u user5
4.10.編輯組的設置
[root@mail ~]# edquota -g usergrp
4.11.修改寬限時間
[root@mail ~]# edquota -t
4.12.對用戶和組合quota限制查看
[root@mail ~]# quota -uvs user1 #查看user1的限制信息
Disk quotas for user user1 (uid 2531):
Filesystem space quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
[root@mail ~]# quota -gvs usergrp
Disk quotas for group usergrp (gid 2532): #查看usergrp的限制信息
Filesystem space quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 0K 879M 977M 0 0 0
參數說明
- -u: 指定用戶
- -g: 指定用戶組
- -s: 以1024爲倍數來指定單位，顯示M之類的單位
- -v: 顯示用戶在文件系統的quota值
4.13對文件系統quota限制查看
[root@mail ~]# repquota -as
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sdb1 #這裏看到是針對/dev/sdb1的文件系統的
Block grace time: 14days; Inode grace time: 7days
Space limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
root -- 20K 0K 0K 2 0 0
zhao -- 52K 0K 0K 13 0 0
user1 -- 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
user2 -- 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
user3 -- 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
user4 -- 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
user5 -- 28K 245M 293M 7 0 0
4.14.quota測試
[user1@mail ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=270 #先建立一個270M的文件看看 sdb1: warning, user block quota exceeded. #這裏提示警告了。 也就是咱們超過了軟限制的值250了。 270+0 records in 270+0 records out 283115520 bytes (283 MB) copied, 0.715086 s, 396 MB/s [user1@mail ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile2 bs=1M count=40 #這裏咱們建立一個40M的文件 sdb1: write failed, user block limit reached. #提示錯誤了。超出限制了。 dd: error writing ‘bigfile2’: Disk quota exceeded 23+0 records in 22+0 records out 24035328 bytes (24 MB) copied, 0.1165 s, 206 MB/s [user1@mail ~]$ du -sk #查看兩個文件佔用狀況 300000 .
4.12腳本設置quota信息
上面咱們對用戶和組的設置，它會啓動一個vi編輯器，修改保存才生效。須要交互。若是咱們想使用script方式快速設置，那就須要使用setquota命令了。
命令使用 setquota [ -u | -g ] 用戶名或者組名 塊大小軟限制 塊大小硬限制 文件數量軟限制 文件數量大小硬限制 文件系統
[root@mail ~]# quota -usv user1 #查看user1的quota信息
Disk quotas for user user1 (uid 2531):
Filesystem space quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 293M* 245M 293M 13days 14 0 0
[root@mail ~]# setquota -u user1 400000 500000 100 200 /dev/sdb1 #使用setquota修改
[root@mail ~]# quota -usv user1 #再次查看quota信息
Disk quotas for user user1 (uid 2531):
Filesystem space quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 293M 391M 489M 14 100 200