NIO Channel和Buffer

Java NIO 由如下幾個核心部分組成:數組

  1. Buffer
  2. Channel
  3. Selector

傳統的IO操做面向數據流,意味着每次從流中讀一個或多個字節,直至完成,數據沒有被緩存在任何地方。NIO操做面向緩衝區,數據從Channel讀取到Buffer緩衝區,隨後在Buffer中處理數據。本文着重介紹Channel和Buffer的概念以及在文件讀寫方面的應用和內部實現原理。緩存

Buffer

A buffer is a linear, finite sequence of elements of a specific primitive type.app

一塊緩存區,內部使用字節數組存儲數據,並維護幾個特殊變量,實現數據的反覆利用。dom

  • mark:初始值爲-1,用於備份當前的position
  • position:初始值爲0。position表示當前能夠寫入或讀取數據的位置。當寫入或讀取一個數據後, position向前移動到下一個位置。
  • limit:
    寫模式下,limit表示最多能往Buffer裏寫多少數據,等於capacity值。
    讀模式下,limit表示最多能夠讀取多少數據。
  • capacity:緩存數組大小

Buffer.png

mark():把當前的position賦值給mark異步

public final Buffer mark() { mark = position; return this; }

reset():把mark值還原給positionjvm

public final Buffer reset() { int m = mark; if (m < 0) throw new InvalidMarkException(); position = m; return this; }

clear():一旦讀完Buffer中的數據,須要讓Buffer準備好再次被寫入,clear會恢復狀態值,但不會擦除數據。socket

public final Buffer clear() { position = 0; limit = capacity; mark = -1; return this; }

flip():Buffer有兩種模式,寫模式和讀模式,flip後Buffer從寫模式變成讀模式。ui

public final Buffer flip() { limit = position; position = 0; mark = -1; return this; }

rewind():重置position爲0,從頭讀寫數據。this

public final Buffer rewind() { position = 0; mark = -1; return this; }

目前Buffer的實現類有如下幾種:spa

  • ByteBuffer
  • CharBuffer
  • DoubleBuffer
  • FloatBuffer
  • IntBuffer
  • LongBuffer
  • ShortBuffer
  • MappedByteBuffer

其中MappedByteBuffer實現比較特殊,感興趣的能夠看看 深刻淺出MappedByteBuffer


Paste_Image.png

ByteBuffer

A byte buffer,extend from Buffer

ByteBuffer的實現類包括HeapByteBuffer和DirectByteBuffer兩種。

  • HeapByteBuffer

    public static ByteBuffer allocate(int capacity) { if (capacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); return new HeapByteBuffer(capacity, capacity); } HeapByteBuffer(int cap, int lim) { super(-1, 0, lim, cap, new byte[cap], 0); }

    HeapByteBuffer經過初始化字節數組hd,在虛擬機堆上申請內存空間。

  • DirectByteBuffer

    public static ByteBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity) { return new DirectByteBuffer(capacity); } DirectByteBuffer(int cap) { super(-1, 0, cap, cap); boolean pa = VM.isDirectMemoryPageAligned(); int ps = Bits.pageSize(); long size = Math.max(1L, (long)cap + (pa ? ps : 0)); Bits.reserveMemory(size, cap); long base = 0; try { base = unsafe.allocateMemory(size); } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) { Bits.unreserveMemory(size, cap); throw x; } unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0); if (pa && (base % ps != 0)) { // Round up to page boundary address = base + ps - (base & (ps - 1)); } else { address = base; } cleaner = Cleaner.create(this, new Deallocator(base, size, cap)); att = null; }

    DirectByteBuffer經過unsafe.allocateMemory在物理內存中申請地址空間(非jvm堆內存),並在ByteBuffer的address變量中維護指向該內存的地址。
    unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0)方法把新申請的內存數據清零。

Channel

A channel represents an open connection to an entity such as a hardware device, a file, a network socket, or a program component that is capable of performing one or more distinct I/O operations, for example reading or writing.

又稱「通道」,NIO把它支持的I/O對象抽象爲Channel,相似於原I/O中的流(Stream),但有所區別:

  • 流是單向的,通道是雙向的,可讀可寫。
  • 流讀寫是阻塞的,通道能夠異步讀寫。
  • 流中的數據能夠選擇性的先讀到緩存中,通道的數據老是要先讀到一個緩存中,或從緩存中寫入,以下所示:

Channel.png

目前已知Channel的實現類有:

  • FileChannel
  • DatagramChannel
  • SocketChannel
  • ServerSocketChannel

FileChannel

A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.
一個用來寫、讀、映射和操做文件的通道。

FileChannel的read、write和map經過其實現類FileChannelImpl實現。

  • read實現

    public int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException { ensureOpen(); if (!readable) throw new NonReadableChannelException(); synchronized (positionLock) { int n = 0; int ti = -1; try { begin(); ti = threads.add(); if (!isOpen()) return 0; do { n = IOUtil.read(fd, dst, -1, nd); } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen()); return IOStatus.normalize(n); } finally { threads.remove(ti); end(n > 0); assert IOStatus.check(n); } } }

    FileChannelImpl的read方法經過IOUtil的read實現:

    static int read(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer dst, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) IOException { if (dst.isReadOnly()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Read-only buffer"); if (dst instanceof DirectBuffer) return readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, dst, position, nd); // Substitute a native buffer ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(dst.remaining()); try { int n = readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd); bb.flip(); if (n > 0) dst.put(bb); return n; } finally { Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb); } }

    經過上述實現能夠看出,基於channel的文件數據讀取步驟以下:
    一、申請一塊和緩存同大小的DirectByteBuffer bb。
    二、讀取數據到緩存bb,底層由NativeDispatcher的read實現。
    三、把bb的數據讀取到dst(用戶定義的緩存,在jvm中分配內存)。
    read方法致使數據複製了兩次。

  • write實現

    public int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException { ensureOpen(); if (!writable) throw new NonWritableChannelException(); synchronized (positionLock) { int n = 0; int ti = -1; try { begin(); ti = threads.add(); if (!isOpen()) return 0; do { n = IOUtil.write(fd, src, -1, nd); } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen()); return IOStatus.normalize(n); } finally { threads.remove(ti); end(n > 0); assert IOStatus.check(n); } } }

    和read實現同樣,FileChannelImpl的write方法經過IOUtil的write實現:

    static int write(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer src, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) throws IOException { if (src instanceof DirectBuffer) return writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, src, position, nd); // Substitute a native buffer int pos = src.position(); int lim = src.limit(); assert (pos <= lim); int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0); ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(rem); try { bb.put(src); bb.flip(); // Do not update src until we see how many bytes were written src.position(pos); int n = writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd); if (n > 0) { // now update src src.position(pos + n); } return n; } finally { Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb); } }

    經過上述實現能夠看出,基於channel的文件數據寫入步驟以下:
    一、申請一塊DirectByteBuffer,bb大小爲byteBuffer中的limit - position。
    二、複製byteBuffer中的數據到bb中。
    三、把數據從bb中寫入到文件,底層由NativeDispatcher的write實現,具體以下:

    private static int writeFromNativeBuffer(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer bb, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) throws IOException { int pos = bb.position(); int lim = bb.limit(); assert (pos <= lim); int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0); int written = 0; if (rem == 0) return 0; if (position != -1) { written = nd.pwrite(fd, ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos, rem, position); } else { written = nd.write(fd, ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos, rem); } if (written > 0) bb.position(pos + written); return written; }

    write方法也致使了數據複製了兩次

Channel和Buffer示例

File file = new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw"); FileChannel channel = file.getChannel(); ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(48); int bytesRead = channel.read(buffer); while (bytesRead != -1) { System.out.println("Read " + bytesRead); buffer.flip(); while(buffer.hasRemaining()){ System.out.print((char) buffer.get()); } buffer.clear(); bytesRead = channel.read(buffer); } file.close();

注意buffer.flip() 的調用,首先將數據寫入到buffer,而後變成讀模式,再從buffer中讀取數據。

總結

經過本文的介紹,但願你們對Channel和Buffer在文件讀寫方面的應用和內部實現有了必定了解,努力作到不被一葉障目。

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