動詞是表示動做或狀態的詞,有時態、語態、語氣、數的語法範疇。ui
一、動詞的分類和變形
從不一樣角度劃分,動詞能夠分爲: 及物 vs. 不及物; 實意動詞 vs. 助動詞; 系動 詞;spa
限定動詞 vs. 非限定動詞;謂語動詞 vs. 非謂語動詞。blog
a 助動詞
助動詞無實際意義;不單獨作謂語;幫助構成時態、語態、語氣、否認、疑問;後 面的實意動詞爲非限定形式(再也不受主語的控制)。
事件
表示時態的助動詞:be, have, shall, will rem
表示語態的助動詞:be get
表示語氣的助動詞:should, would, it
b 情態助動詞:io
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), have to...情態助動詞只有情態含義,代表說話人對動做的觀點,sed
例如 須要、可能、意願、 懷疑等。不單獨做謂語,後接動詞原形。(情態動詞有很多特殊考點)
語法
大部分無人稱變化,只有少部分,can, will, have to, be to 有過去式;
只有 have to do 有三單和未來時;
大部分有多個含義,如 can, may 等;
把下列句子變爲否認、疑問:
I loved you.
I have finished the homework.
The theater is far away from here.
I can remember every word he said.
二. 動詞的形態
動詞有原形、第三人稱單數、過去式、過去分詞、如今分詞五種形式。其中,大部分過去式和過去分詞形式相同。
a 動詞三單:
通常加 s:works, seems, follows;
以 s, sh, ch, x, z 等結尾的詞加 es: pass, push, buzz, mix, catch; 輔音加 y 結尾,變爲 ies:carry, try
b 動詞過去式:(不規則變化詳見附錄)
通常加 ed:help, stay, want
以不發音的 e 結尾,加 d:hope, like
重讀閉音節,雙寫加 ed:shop, plan, clap, refer, admit
c 動詞的 ing:
通常加 ing:going, doing
以不發音的 e 結尾,去 e 加 ing:time, realize, make
重讀閉音節結尾,雙寫加 ing:sit, begin, run
三、動詞的語法範疇
a . 語態
漢語多主動,英文多被動。英文被動由 be (get) + done 構成。
主動變被動:o——s;v——be done;by + 原主語
The manager signed the papers. — The papers were signed by the manager.
有時 by 不表示動做發出者,而是表示緣由、方式:
A tree is known by its fruit.He is paid by the day.
b. 語氣
英文語氣有陳述、疑問、感嘆、虛擬等。可是考查的重點難點僅在於虛擬語氣。
虛擬語氣用在談及非真實事件,代表願望、命令、建議等狀況下。
原形虛:主句表示建議、命令、要求等,從句爲 sb. (should) do sth.
I insist that you (should) take the money.
My suggestion is that we (should) keep an eye on him.
過去虛: 狀語從句中,時態比真實時間向前推一格
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
倒裝虛: 部分倒裝(助動詞提早)可表示虛擬,少數狀況能夠徹底倒裝
Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.
Had I studied harder, I would have passed.
含蓄條件虛:狀語從句中,時態比真實時間向前推一格
Without you, I would not have achieved anything.