(轉)python logging模塊

原文:http://www.cnblogs.com/dahu-daqing/p/7040764.htmlcss

1 logging模塊簡介

logging模塊是Python內置的標準模塊,主要用於輸出運行日誌,能夠設置輸出日誌的等級、日誌保存路徑、日誌文件回滾等;相比print,具有以下優勢:html

  1. 能夠經過設置不一樣的日誌等級,在release版本中只輸出重要信息,而沒必要顯示大量的調試信息;
  2. print將全部信息都輸出到標準輸出中,嚴重影響開發者從標準輸出中查看其它數據;logging則能夠由開發者決定將信息輸出到什麼地方,以及怎麼輸出;

2 logging模塊使用

2.1 基本使用

配置logging基本的設置,而後在控制檯輸出日誌,python

 
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

運行時,控制檯輸出,程序員

2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging中能夠選擇不少消息級別,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。經過賦予logger或者handler不一樣的級別,開發者就能夠只輸出錯誤信息到特定的記錄文件,或者在調試時只記錄調試信息。算法

例如,咱們將logger的級別改成DEBUG,再觀察一下輸出結果,sql

logging.basicConfig(level = logging.DEBUG,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

控制檯輸出,能夠發現,輸出了debug的信息。json

2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging.basicConfig函數各參數:服務器

filename:指定日誌文件名;app

filemode:和file函數意義相同,指定日誌文件的打開模式,'w'或者'a';socket

format:指定輸出的格式和內容,format能夠輸出不少有用的信息,

參數:做用

%(levelno)s:打印日誌級別的數值 %(levelname)s:打印日誌級別的名稱 %(pathname)s:打印當前執行程序的路徑,其實就是sys.argv[0] %(filename)s:打印當前執行程序名 %(funcName)s:打印日誌的當前函數 %(lineno)d:打印日誌的當前行號 %(asctime)s:打印日誌的時間 %(thread)d:打印線程ID %(threadName)s:打印線程名稱 %(process)d:打印進程ID %(message)s:打印日誌信息

datefmt:指定時間格式,同time.strftime();

level:設置日誌級別,默認爲logging.WARNNING;

stream:指定將日誌的輸出流,能夠指定輸出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默認輸出到sys.stderr,當stream和filename同時指定時,stream被忽略;

2.2 將日誌寫入到文件

2.2.1 將日誌寫入到文件

設置logging,建立一個FileHandler,並對輸出消息的格式進行設置,將其添加到logger,而後將日誌寫入到指定的文件中,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

log.txt中日誌數據爲,

2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

2.2.2 將日誌同時輸出到屏幕和日誌文件

logger中添加StreamHandler,能夠將日誌輸出到屏幕上,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

能夠在log.txt文件和控制檯中看到,

2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

能夠發現,logging有一個日誌處理的主對象,其餘處理方式都是經過addHandler添加進去,logging中包含的handler主要有以下幾種,

handler名稱:位置;做用 StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日誌輸出到流,能夠是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件 FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日誌輸出到文件 BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日誌回滾方式 RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日誌回滾方式,支持日誌文件最大數量和日誌文件回滾 TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日誌回滾方式,在必定時間區域內回滾日誌文件 SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;遠程輸出日誌到TCP/IP sockets DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;遠程輸出日誌到UDP sockets SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;遠程輸出日誌到郵件地址 SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日誌輸出到syslog NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;遠程輸出日誌到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日誌 MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日誌輸出到內存中的指定buffer HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;經過"GET"或者"POST"遠程輸出到HTTP服務器

2.2.3 日誌回滾

使用RotatingFileHandler,能夠實現日誌回滾,

import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
#定義一個RotatingFileHandler,最多備份3個日誌文件,每一個日誌文件最大1K
rHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt",maxBytes = 1*1024,backupCount = 3)
rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)

logger.addHandler(rHandler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

能夠在工程目錄中看到,備份的日誌文件,

2016/10/09 19:36 732 log.txt 2016/10/09 19:36 967 log.txt.1 2016/10/09 19:36 985 log.txt.2 2016/10/09 19:36 976 log.txt.3

2.3 設置消息的等級

能夠設置不一樣的日誌等級,用於控制日誌的輸出,

日誌等級:使用範圍

FATAL:致命錯誤
CRITICAL:特別糟糕的事情,如內存耗盡、磁盤空間爲空,通常不多使用 ERROR:發生錯誤時,如IO操做失敗或者鏈接問題 WARNING:發生很重要的事件,可是並非錯誤時,如用戶登陸密碼錯誤 INFO:處理請求或者狀態變化等平常事務 DEBUG:調試過程當中使用DEBUG等級,如算法中每一個循環的中間狀態

2.4 捕獲traceback

Python中的traceback模塊被用於跟蹤異常返回信息,能夠在logging中記錄下traceback,

代碼,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
try:
    open("sklearn.txt","rb")
except (SystemExit,KeyboardInterrupt):
    raise
except Exception:
    logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)

logger.info("Finish")

控制檯和日誌文件log.txt中輸出,

Start print log Something maybe fail. Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in <module> open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt' Finish

也可使用logger.exception(msg,_args),它等價於logger.error(msg,exc_info = True,_args),

logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)

替換爲,

logger.exception("Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception")

控制檯和日誌文件log.txt中輸出,

Start print log Something maybe fail. Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in <module> open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt' Finish

2.5 多模塊使用logging

主模塊mainModule.py,

import logging
import subModule
logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)


logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")
a = subModule.SubModuleClass()
logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
a.doSomething()
logger.info("done with  subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")
subModule.som_function()
logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")

子模塊subModule.py,

import logging

module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")
class SubModuleClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")
        self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")
    def doSomething(self):
        self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")
        a = []
        a.append(1)
        self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a))
        self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")

def som_function():
    module_logger.info("call function some_function")

執行以後,在控制和日誌文件log.txt中輸出,

2016-10-09 20:25:42,276 - mainModule - INFO - creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - creating an instance in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - do something in SubModule 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - finish something in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub - INFO - call function some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.some_function

首先在主模塊定義了logger'mainModule',並對它進行了配置,就能夠在解釋器進程裏面的其餘地方經過getLogger('mainModule')獲得的對象都是同樣的,不須要從新配置,能夠直接使用。定義的該logger的子logger,均可以共享父logger的定義和配置,所謂的父子logger是經過命名來識別,任意以'mainModule'開頭的logger都是它的子logger,例如'mainModule.sub'。

實際開發一個application,首先能夠經過logging配置文件編寫好這個application所對應的配置,能夠生成一個根logger,如'PythonAPP',而後在主函數中經過fileConfig加載logging配置,接着在application的其餘地方、不一樣的模塊中,可使用根logger的子logger,如'PythonAPP.Core','PythonAPP.Web'來進行log,而不須要反覆的定義和配置各個模塊的logger。

3 經過JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模塊

儘管能夠在Python代碼中配置logging,可是這樣並不夠靈活,最好的方法是使用一個配置文件來配置。在Python 2.7及之後的版本中,能夠從字典中加載logging配置,也就意味着能夠經過JSON或者YAML文件加載日誌的配置。

3.1 經過JSON文件配置

JSON配置文件,

{
    "version":1, "disable_existing_loggers":false, "formatters":{ "simple":{ "format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" } }, "handlers":{ "console":{ "class":"logging.StreamHandler", "level":"DEBUG", "formatter":"simple", "stream":"ext://sys.stdout" }, "info_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"INFO", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"info.log", "maxBytes":"10485760", "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" }, "error_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"ERROR", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"errors.log", "maxBytes":10485760, "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" } }, "loggers":{ "my_module":{ "level":"ERROR", "handlers":["info_file_handler"], "propagate":"no" } }, "root":{ "level":"INFO", "handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"] } }

經過JSON加載配置文件,而後經過logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import json
import logging.config
import os

def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
    path = default_path
    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
    if value:
        path = value
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path,"r") as f:
            config = json.load(f)
            logging.config.dictConfig(config)
    else:
        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)

def func():
    logging.info("start func")

    logging.info("exec func")

    logging.info("end func")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json")
    func()

3.2 經過YAML文件配置

經過YAML文件進行配置,比JSON看起來更加簡介明瞭,

version: 1 disable_existing_loggers: False formatters:  simple:  format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" handlers:  console:  class: logging.StreamHandler  level: DEBUG  formatter: simple  stream: ext://sys.stdout  info_file_handler:  class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler  level: INFO  formatter: simple  filename: info.log  maxBytes: 10485760  backupCount: 20  encoding: utf8  error_file_handler:  class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler  level: ERROR  formatter: simple  filename: errors.log  maxBytes: 10485760  backupCount: 20  encoding: utf8 loggers:  my_module:  level: ERROR  handlers: [info_file_handler]  propagate: no root:  level: INFO  handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]

經過YAML加載配置文件,而後經過logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import yaml
import logging.config
import os

def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
    path = default_path
    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
    if value:
        path = value
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path,"r") as f:
            config = yaml.load(f)
            logging.config.dictConfig(config)
    else:
        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)

def func():
    logging.info("start func")

    logging.info("exec func")

    logging.info("end func")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml")
    func()

4 Reference

每一個 Python 程序員都要知道的日誌實踐

Python標準模塊logging

python 的日誌logging模塊學習

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