本文及後續文章,Redis版本均是v3.2.8redis
1、內存回收策略算法
maxmemory配置用於配置Redis存儲數據時指定限制的內存大小。咱們能夠通過redis.conf配置或者使用CONFIG SET命令來進行運行時配置。數據庫
例如在redis.conf文件中,配置內存限制爲100mb緩存
maxmemory 100mbdom
設置maxmemory爲0表明沒有內存限制。對於64位的系統這是個默認值,對於32位的系統默認內存限制爲3GB。ui
當目前使用的內存超過了設置的最大內存,就要進行內存釋放了, 當須要進行內存釋放的時候,須要用某種策略對保存的的對象進行刪除。this
redis中當內存超過限制時,按照配置的策略,淘汰掉相應的key-value,使得內存能夠繼續留有足夠的空間保存新的數據。redis 在肯定了要驅逐某個鍵值對後,會刪除這個數據,並將這個數據變動消息發佈到本地(AOF 持久化)和從機(主從鏈接)。lua
當maxmemory限制達到的時候,Redis採起內存回收的策略由Redis的maxmemory-policy配置來進行決定的。有六種策略:spa
volatile-lru:默認的策略,嘗試回收最少使用的鍵(LRU),但僅限於在過時集合的鍵,使得新添加的數據有空間存放。code
volatile-random:回收隨機的鍵使得新添加的數據有空間存放,但僅限於在過時集合的鍵。
volatile-ttl:回收在過時集合的鍵,而且優先回收存活時間(TTL)較短的鍵,使得新添加的數據有空間存放。
allkeys-lru:嘗試回收最少使用的鍵(LRU),使得新添加的數據有空間存放。
allkeys-random:回收隨機的鍵使得新添加的數據有空間存放。
no-enviction:禁止淘汰數據
若是沒有鍵知足回收的前提條件的話,策略volatile-lru, volatile-random,volatile-ttl就和no-eviction 差很少了。
選擇正確的回收策略是很是重要的,這取決於你的應用的訪問模式,不過你能夠在運行時進行相關的策略調整,而且監控緩存命中率和沒命中的次數,經過Redis INFO命令輸出以便調優。
通常的經驗規則:
使用allkeys-lru策略:當你但願你的請求符合一個冪定律分佈,也就是說,你但願部分的子集元素將比其它其它元素被訪問的更多。
使用allkeys-random:若是你是循環訪問,全部的鍵被連續的掃描,或者你但願請求分佈正常(全部元素被訪問的機率都差很少)。
使用volatile-ttl:若是你想要經過建立緩存對象時設置TTL值,來決定哪些對象應該被過時。
allkeys-lru 和 volatile-random策略:當你想要單一的實例實現緩存及持久化一些鍵時頗有用。不過通常運行兩個實例是解決這個問題的更好方法。
爲鍵設置過時時間也是須要消耗內存的,因此使用allkeys-lru這種策略更加高效,由於沒有必要爲鍵取設置過時時間當內存有壓力時。
除此以外還有一個配置項,就是maxmemory-samples,默認值是3,由於上面的策略代碼實現的都是近似算法,因此無論是lru算法,仍是ttl,都並非在數據庫中全部的數據爲基礎的算法,由於當數據庫的數據不少的時候,這樣效率過低,因此代碼中都是基於maxmemory-samples個數據的近似算法。
近似LRU的算法,經過對少許keys進行取樣,而後回收其中一個最被訪問時間較早的key。咱們能夠經過調整每次回收時檢查的採樣數量,以實現調整算法的精度。Redis爲何不使用真實的LRU實現是由於這須要太多的內存。不過近似的LRU算法對於應用而言應該是等價的。
最後,咱們看下命令在執行前,Redis server作了什麼事情?
/* If this function gets called we already read a whole
* command, arguments are in the client argv/argc fields.
* processCommand() execute the command or prepare the
* server for a bulk read from the client.
*
* If C_OK is returned the client is still alive and valid and
* other operations can be performed by the caller. Otherwise
* if C_ERR is returned the client was destroyed (i.e. after QUIT). */
int processCommand(client *c) {
/* The QUIT command is handled separately. Normal command procs will
* go through checking for replication and QUIT will cause trouble
* when FORCE_REPLICATION is enabled and would be implemented in
* a regular command proc. */
if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[0]->ptr,"quit")) {
addReply(c,shared.ok);
c->flags |= CLIENT_CLOSE_AFTER_REPLY;
return C_ERR;
}
/* Now lookup the command and check ASAP about trivial error conditions
* such as wrong arity, bad command name and so forth. */
c->cmd = c->lastcmd = lookupCommand(c->argv[0]->ptr);
if (!c->cmd) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReplyErrorFormat(c,"unknown command '%s'",
(char*)c->argv[0]->ptr);
return C_OK;
} else if ((c->cmd->arity > 0 && c->cmd->arity != c->argc) ||
(c->argc < -c->cmd->arity)) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReplyErrorFormat(c,"wrong number of arguments for '%s' command",
c->cmd->name);
return C_OK;
}
/* Check if the user is authenticated */
if (server.requirepass && !c->authenticated && c->cmd->proc != authCommand)
{
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c,shared.noautherr);
return C_OK;
}
/* If cluster is enabled perform the cluster redirection here.
* However we don't perform the redirection if:
* 1) The sender of this command is our master.
* 2) The command has no key arguments. */
if (server.cluster_enabled &&
!(c->flags & CLIENT_MASTER) &&
!(c->flags & CLIENT_LUA &&
server.lua_caller->flags & CLIENT_MASTER) &&
!(c->cmd->getkeys_proc == NULL && c->cmd->firstkey == 0 &&
c->cmd->proc != execCommand))
{
int hashslot;
int error_code;
clusterNode *n = getNodeByQuery(c,c->cmd,c->argv,c->argc,
&hashslot,&error_code);
if (n == NULL || n != server.cluster->myself) {
if (c->cmd->proc == execCommand) {
discardTransaction(c);
} else {
flagTransaction(c);
}
clusterRedirectClient(c,n,hashslot,error_code);
return C_OK;
}
}
/* Handle the maxmemory directive.
*
* First we try to free some memory if possible (if there are volatile
* keys in the dataset). If there are not the only thing we can do
* is returning an error. */
if (server.maxmemory) {
int retval = freeMemoryIfNeeded();
/* freeMemoryIfNeeded may flush slave output buffers. This may result
* into a slave, that may be the active client, to be freed. */
if (server.current_client == NULL) return C_ERR;
/* It was impossible to free enough memory, and the command the client
* is trying to execute is denied during OOM conditions? Error. */
if ((c->cmd->flags & CMD_DENYOOM) && retval == C_ERR) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.oomerr);
return C_OK;
}
}
/* Don't accept write commands if there are problems persisting on disk
* and if this is a master instance. */
if (((server.stop_writes_on_bgsave_err &&
server.saveparamslen > 0 &&
server.lastbgsave_status == C_ERR) ||
server.aof_last_write_status == C_ERR) &&
server.masterhost == NULL &&
(c->cmd->flags & CMD_WRITE ||
c->cmd->proc == pingCommand))
{
flagTransaction(c);
if (server.aof_last_write_status == C_OK)
addReply(c, shared.bgsaveerr);
else
addReplySds(c,
sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),
"-MISCONF Errors writing to the AOF file: %s\r\n",
strerror(server.aof_last_write_errno)));
return C_OK;
}
/* Don't accept write commands if there are not enough good slaves and
* user configured the min-slaves-to-write option. */
if (server.masterhost == NULL &&
server.repl_min_slaves_to_write &&
server.repl_min_slaves_max_lag &&
c->cmd->flags & CMD_WRITE &&
server.repl_good_slaves_count < server.repl_min_slaves_to_write)
{
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.noreplicaserr);
return C_OK;
}
/* Don't accept write commands if this is a read only slave. But
* accept write commands if this is our master. */
if (server.masterhost && server.repl_slave_ro &&
!(c->flags & CLIENT_MASTER) &&
c->cmd->flags & CMD_WRITE)
{
addReply(c, shared.roslaveerr);
return C_OK;
}
/* Only allow SUBSCRIBE and UNSUBSCRIBE in the context of Pub/Sub */
if (c->flags & CLIENT_PUBSUB &&
c->cmd->proc != pingCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != subscribeCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != unsubscribeCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != psubscribeCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != punsubscribeCommand) {
addReplyError(c,"only (P)SUBSCRIBE / (P)UNSUBSCRIBE / PING / QUIT allowed in this context");
return C_OK;
}
/* Only allow INFO and SLAVEOF when slave-serve-stale-data is no and
* we are a slave with a broken link with master. */
if (server.masterhost && server.repl_state != REPL_STATE_CONNECTED &&
server.repl_serve_stale_data == 0 &&
!(c->cmd->flags & CMD_STALE))
{
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.masterdownerr);
return C_OK;
}
/* Loading DB? Return an error if the command has not the
* CMD_LOADING flag. */
if (server.loading && !(c->cmd->flags & CMD_LOADING)) {
addReply(c, shared.loadingerr);
return C_OK;
}
/* Lua script too slow? Only allow a limited number of commands. */
if (server.lua_timedout &&
c->cmd->proc != authCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != replconfCommand &&
!(c->cmd->proc == shutdownCommand &&
c->argc == 2 &&
tolower(((char*)c->argv[1]->ptr)[0]) == 'n') &&
!(c->cmd->proc == scriptCommand &&
c->argc == 2 &&
tolower(((char*)c->argv[1]->ptr)[0]) == 'k'))
{
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.slowscripterr);
return C_OK;
}
/* Exec the command */
if (c->flags & CLIENT_MULTI &&
c->cmd->proc != execCommand && c->cmd->proc != discardCommand &&
c->cmd->proc != multiCommand && c->cmd->proc != watchCommand)
{
queueMultiCommand(c);
addReply(c,shared.queued);
} else {
call(c,CMD_CALL_FULL);
c->woff = server.master_repl_offset;
if (listLength(server.ready_keys))
handleClientsBlockedOnLists();
}
return C_OK;
}
未完待續