Python 總結

python3.7下載地址html

Python安裝pippython

一、首先檢查linux有沒有安裝python-pip包,直接執行 yum install python-pipmysql

二、沒有python-pip包就執行命令 yum -y install epel-releasejquery

(3)、執行成功以後,再次執行yum install python-piplinux

(4)、對安裝好的pip進行升級 pip install --upgrade pipnginx

 

至此,pip工具就安裝好了。git

 在python3.x以上的安裝過程當中,會自動詢問是否安裝pip等工具ajax

查看安裝了多少個模塊sql

pip list

Pycharm在建立py文件時,如何自動添加文件頭註釋數據庫

1.打開PyCharm程序,根據菜單欄中按照以下進入設置:
2.File -> settings -> Editor -> File and Code Templates -> Python Script
3.找到Python Script選項,而後將一下內容添加進文本框便可:

#!/usr/bin/env python 
  # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 
  # @Time    : ${DATE} ${TIME} 
  # @Author  : Aries 
  # @Site    : ${SITE} 
  # @File    : ${NAME}.py
# @Software: ${PRODUCT_NAME}
 
  

python中主流的模板模塊

jinja2:pip install jinja2

python -c "import jinja2"

# 沒有報錯就表示安裝成功

# 必須用雙引號"

使用方法 https://www.cnblogs.com/dachenzi/p/8242713.html
View Code 

python安裝第三方模塊報錯

cmd進入Python安裝路徑scripts文件夾
>pip install requests
報錯: Collecting requests Retrying (Retry(total
=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)': /simple/requests/ Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)': /simple/requests/ Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)': /simple/requests/ Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)': /simple/requests/ Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)': /simple/requests/ Could not fetch URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/requests/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.python.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /simple/requests/ (Caused by SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:777)'),)) - skipping Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement requests (from versions: )

  緣由:查找網上的解釋是網速太慢,或被牆了。

  解決辦法:使用國內鏡像加速。

  >pip install requests -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

pymysql操做

 
 
https://blog.csdn.net/u013166622/article/details/50789945
 

python Ajax操做

https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html

python orm操做 參考 

1.字段

AutoField(Field)
        - int自增列,必須填入參數 primary_key=True

    BigAutoField(AutoField)
        - bigint自增列,必須填入參數 primary_key=True

        注:當model中若是沒有自增列,則自動會建立一個列名爲id的列
        from django.db import models

        class UserInfo(models.Model):
            # 自動建立一個列名爲id的且爲自增的整數列
            username = models.CharField(max_length=32)

        class Group(models.Model):
            # 自定義自增列
            nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
            name = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    SmallIntegerField(IntegerField):
        - 小整數 -32768 ~ 32767

    PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
        - 正小整數 0 ~ 32767
    IntegerField(Field)
        - 整數列(有符號的) -2147483648 ~ 2147483647

    PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
        - 正整數 0 ~ 2147483647

    BigIntegerField(IntegerField):
        - 長整型(有符號的) -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807

    BooleanField(Field)
        - 布爾值類型

    NullBooleanField(Field):
        - 能夠爲空的布爾值

    CharField(Field)
        - 字符類型
        - 必須提供max_length參數, max_length表示字符長度

    TextField(Field)
        - 文本類型

    EmailField(CharField):
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供驗證機制

    IPAddressField(Field)
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供驗證 IPV4 機制

    GenericIPAddressField(Field)
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供驗證 Ipv4和Ipv6
        - 參數:
            protocol,用於指定Ipv4或Ipv6, 'both',"ipv4","ipv6"
            unpack_ipv4, 若是指定爲True,則輸入::ffff:192.0.2.1時候,可解析爲192.0.2.1,開啓刺功能,須要protocol="both"

    URLField(CharField)
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供驗證 URL

    SlugField(CharField)
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供驗證支持 字母、數字、下劃線、鏈接符(減號)

    CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField)
        - 字符串類型,格式必須爲逗號分割的數字

    UUIDField(Field)
        - 字符串類型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供對UUID格式的驗證

    FilePathField(Field)
        - 字符串,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供讀取文件夾下文件的功能
        - 參數:
                path,                      文件夾路徑
                match=None,                正則匹配
                recursive=False,           遞歸下面的文件夾
                allow_files=True,          容許文件
                allow_folders=False,       容許文件夾

    FileField(Field)
        - 字符串,路徑保存在數據庫,文件上傳到指定目錄
        - 參數:
            upload_to = ""      上傳文件的保存路徑
            storage = None      存儲組件,默認django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage

    ImageField(FileField)
        - 字符串,路徑保存在數據庫,文件上傳到指定目錄
        - 參數:
            upload_to = ""      上傳文件的保存路徑
            storage = None      存儲組件,默認django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage
            width_field=None,   上傳圖片的高度保存的數據庫字段名(字符串)
            height_field=None   上傳圖片的寬度保存的數據庫字段名(字符串)

    DateTimeField(DateField)
        - 日期+時間格式 YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]

    DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
        - 日期格式      YYYY-MM-DD

    TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
        - 時間格式      HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]

    DurationField(Field)
        - 長整數,時間間隔,數據庫中按照bigint存儲,ORM中獲取的值爲datetime.timedelta類型

    FloatField(Field)
        - 浮點型

    DecimalField(Field)
        - 10進制小數
        - 參數:
            max_digits,小數總長度
            decimal_places,小數位長度

    BinaryField(Field)
        - 二進制類型

字段列表
字段列表
class UnsignedIntegerField(models.IntegerField):
    def db_type(self, connection):
        return 'integer UNSIGNED'

PS: 返回值爲字段在數據庫中的屬性,Django字段默認的值爲:
    'AutoField': 'integer AUTO_INCREMENT',
    'BigAutoField': 'bigint AUTO_INCREMENT',
    'BinaryField': 'longblob',
    'BooleanField': 'bool',
    'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
    'CommaSeparatedIntegerField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
    'DateField': 'date',
    'DateTimeField': 'datetime',
    'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
    'DurationField': 'bigint',
    'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
    'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
    'FloatField': 'double precision',
    'IntegerField': 'integer',
    'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
    'IPAddressField': 'char(15)',
    'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)',
    'NullBooleanField': 'bool',
    'OneToOneField': 'integer',
    'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer UNSIGNED',
    'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint UNSIGNED',
    'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
    'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
    'TextField': 'longtext',
    'TimeField': 'time',
    'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
自定義無符號整數字段
1.觸發Model中的驗證和錯誤提示有兩種方式:
        a. Django Admin中的錯誤信息會優先根據Admiin內部的ModelForm錯誤信息提示,若是都成功,纔來檢查Model的字段並顯示指定錯誤信息
        b. 使用ModelForm
        c. 調用Model對象的 clean_fields 方法,如:
            # models.py
            class UserInfo(models.Model):
                nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                username = models.CharField(max_length=32)

                email = models.EmailField(error_messages={'invalid': '格式錯了.'})

            # views.py
            def index(request):
                obj = models.UserInfo(username='11234', email='uu')
                try:
                    print(obj.clean_fields())
                except Exception as e:
                    print(e)
                return HttpResponse('ok')

           # Model的clean方法是一個鉤子,可用於定製操做,如:上述的異常處理。

    2.Admin中修改錯誤提示
        # admin.py
        from django.contrib import admin
        from model_club import models
        from django import forms


        class UserInfoForm(forms.ModelForm):
            age = forms.IntegerField(initial=1, error_messages={'required': '請輸入數值.', 'invalid': '年齡必須爲數值.'})

            class Meta:
                model = models.UserInfo
                # fields = ('username',)
                fields = "__all__"
                exclude = ['title']
                labels = { 'name':'Writer', }
                help_texts = {'name':'some useful help text.',}
                error_messages={ 'name':{'max_length':"this writer name is too long"} }
                widgets={'name':Textarea(attrs={'cols':80,'rows':20})}

        class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
            form = UserInfoForm

        admin.site.register(models.UserInfo, UserInfoAdmin)
注意事項

2.參數字段

null                數據庫中字段是否能夠爲空
    db_column           數據庫中字段的列名
    default             數據庫中字段的默認值
    primary_key         數據庫中字段是否爲主鍵
    db_index            數據庫中字段是否能夠創建索引
    unique              數據庫中字段是否能夠創建惟一索引
    unique_for_date     數據庫中字段【日期】部分是否能夠創建惟一索引
    unique_for_month    數據庫中字段【月】部分是否能夠創建惟一索引
    unique_for_year     數據庫中字段【年】部分是否能夠創建惟一索引

    verbose_name        Admin中顯示的字段名稱
    blank               Admin中是否容許用戶輸入爲空
    editable            Admin中是否能夠編輯
    help_text           Admin中該字段的提示信息
    choices             Admin中顯示選擇框的內容,用不變更的數據放在內存中從而避免跨表操做
                        如:gf = models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, '何穗'),(1, '大表姐'),],default=1)

    error_messages      自定義錯誤信息(字典類型),從而定製想要顯示的錯誤信息;
                        字典健:null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date
                        如:{'null': "不能爲空.", 'invalid': '格式錯誤'}

    validators          自定義錯誤驗證(列表類型),從而定製想要的驗證規則
                        from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
                        from django.core.validators import EmailValidator,URLValidator,DecimalValidator,\
                        MaxLengthValidator,MinLengthValidator,MaxValueValidator,MinValueValidator
                        如:
                            test = models.CharField(
                                max_length=32,
                                error_messages={
                                    'c1': '優先錯信息1',
                                    'c2': '優先錯信息2',
                                    'c3': '優先錯信息3',
                                },
                                validators=[
                                    RegexValidator(regex='root_\d+', message='錯誤了', code='c1'),
                                    RegexValidator(regex='root_112233\d+', message='又錯誤了', code='c2'),
                                    EmailValidator(message='又錯誤了', code='c3'), ]
                            )
View Code

3.元信息

class UserInfo(models.Model):
        nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        class Meta:
            # 數據庫中生成的表名稱 默認 app名稱 + 下劃線 + 類名
            db_table = "table_name"

            # 聯合索引
            index_together = [
                ("pub_date", "deadline"),
            ]

            # 聯合惟一索引
            unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)

            # admin中顯示的表名稱
            verbose_name

            # verbose_name加s
            verbose_name_plural
View Code

更多:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/models/options/

4.多表以及參數

ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField)
        to,                         # 要進行關聯的表名
        to_field=None,              # 要關聯的表中的字段名稱
        on_delete=None,             # 當刪除關聯表中的數據時,當前表與其關聯的行的行爲
                                        - models.CASCADE,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯也刪除
                                        - models.DO_NOTHING,刪除關聯數據,引起錯誤IntegrityError
                                        - models.PROTECT,刪除關聯數據,引起錯誤ProtectedError
                                        - models.SET_NULL,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯的值設置爲null(前提FK字段須要設置爲可空)
                                        - models.SET_DEFAULT,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯的值設置爲默認值(前提FK字段須要設置默認值)
                                        - models.SET,刪除關聯數據,
                                                      a. 與之關聯的值設置爲指定值,設置:models.SET(值)
                                                      b. 與之關聯的值設置爲可執行對象的返回值,設置:models.SET(可執行對象)

                                                        def func():
                                                            return 10

                                                        class MyModel(models.Model):
                                                            user = models.ForeignKey(
                                                                to="User",
                                                                to_field="id"
                                                                on_delete=models.SET(func),)
        related_name=None,          # 反向操做時,使用的字段名,用於代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
        related_query_name=None,    # 反向操做時,使用的鏈接前綴,用於替換【表名】     如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
        limit_choices_to=None,      # 在Admin或ModelForm中顯示關聯數據時,提供的條件:
                                    # 如:
                                            - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}

                                            from django.db.models import Q
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
        db_constraint=True          # 是否在數據庫中建立外鍵約束
        parent_link=False           # 在Admin中是否顯示關聯數據


    OneToOneField(ForeignKey)
        to,                         # 要進行關聯的表名
        to_field=None               # 要關聯的表中的字段名稱
        on_delete=None,             # 當刪除關聯表中的數據時,當前表與其關聯的行的行爲

                                    ###### 對於一對一 ######
                                    # 1. 一對一其實就是 一對多 + 惟一索引
                                    # 2.當兩個類之間有繼承關係時,默認會建立一個一對一字段
                                    # 以下會在A表中額外增長一個c_ptr_id列且惟一:
                                            class C(models.Model):
                                                nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                                                part = models.CharField(max_length=12)

                                            class A(C):
                                                id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                                                code = models.CharField(max_length=1)

    ManyToManyField(RelatedField)
        to,                         # 要進行關聯的表名
        related_name=None,          # 反向操做時,使用的字段名,用於代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
        related_query_name=None,    # 反向操做時,使用的鏈接前綴,用於替換【表名】     如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
        limit_choices_to=None,      # 在Admin或ModelForm中顯示關聯數據時,提供的條件:
                                    # 如:
                                            - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}

                                            from django.db.models import Q
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
        symmetrical=None,           # 僅用於多對多自關聯時,symmetrical用於指定內部是否建立反向操做的字段
                                    # 作以下操做時,不一樣的symmetrical會有不一樣的可選字段
                                        models.BB.objects.filter(...)

                                        # 可選字段有:code, id, m1
                                            class BB(models.Model):

                                            code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
                                            m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True)

                                        # 可選字段有: bb, code, id, m1
                                            class BB(models.Model):

                                            code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
                                            m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False)

        through=None,               # 自定義第三張表時,使用字段用於指定關係表
        through_fields=None,        # 自定義第三張表時,使用字段用於指定關係表中那些字段作多對多關係表
                                        from django.db import models

                                        class Person(models.Model):
                                            name = models.CharField(max_length=50)

                                        class Group(models.Model):
                                            name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
                                            members = models.ManyToManyField(
                                                Person,
                                                through='Membership',
                                                through_fields=('group', 'person'),
                                            )

                                        class Membership(models.Model):
                                            group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
                                            person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
                                            inviter = models.ForeignKey(
                                                Person,
                                                on_delete=models.CASCADE,
                                                related_name="membership_invites",
                                            )
                                            invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        db_constraint=True,         # 是否在數據庫中建立外鍵約束
        db_table=None,              # 默認建立第三張表時,數據庫中表的名稱
View Code

5.orm操做

#
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo')  增長一條數據,能夠接受字典類型數據 **kwargs

        # obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo')
        # obj.save()

        #
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123)         # 獲取單條數據,不存在則報錯(不建議)
        # models.Tb1.objects.all()               # 獲取所有
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 獲取指定條件的數據
        # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name='seven') # 獲取指定條件的數據

        #
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 刪除指定條件的數據

        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0')  # 將指定條件的數據更新,均支持 **kwargs
        # obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1)
        # obj.c1 = '111'
        # obj.save()                                                 # 修改單條數據
基本操做
# 獲取個數
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count()

        # 大於,小於
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1)              # 獲取id大於1的值
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1)              # 獲取id大於等於1的值
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10)             # 獲取id小於10的值
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10)             # 獲取id小於10的值
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1)   # 獲取id大於1 且 小於10的值

        # in
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33])   # 獲取id等於十一、2二、33的數據
        # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33])  # not in

        # isnull
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True)

        # contains
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven")
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小寫不敏感
        # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven")

        # range
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2])   # 範圍bettwen and

        # 其餘相似
        #
        # startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith,

        # order by
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id')    # asc
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id')   # desc

        # group by
        #
        # from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num'))
        # SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id"

        # limit 、offset
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20]

        # regex正則匹配,iregex 不區分大小寫
        #
        # Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +')
        # Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +')

        # date
        #
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))

        # year
        #
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005)
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005)

        # month
        #
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12)
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6)

        # day
        #
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3)
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3)

        # week_day
        #
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2)
        # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2)

        # hour
        #
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23)
        # Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5)
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12)

        # minute
        #
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29)
        # Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46)
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29)

        # second
        #
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31)
        # Event.objects.filter(time__second=2)
        # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
進階操做
# extra
        #
        # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
        #    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
        #    Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
        #    Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
        #    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])

        # F
        #
        # from django.db.models import F
        # models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F('num')+1)


        # Q
        #
        # 方式一:
        # Q(nid__gt=10)
        # Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
        # Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')

        # 方式二:
        # con = Q()
        # q1 = Q()
        # q1.connector = 'OR'
        # q1.children.append(('id', 1))
        # q1.children.append(('id', 10))
        # q1.children.append(('id', 9))
        # q2 = Q()
        # q2.connector = 'OR'
        # q2.children.append(('c1', 1))
        # q2.children.append(('c1', 10))
        # q2.children.append(('c1', 9))
        # con.add(q1, 'AND')
        # con.add(q2, 'AND')
        #
        # models.Tb1.objects.filter(con)


        # 執行原生SQL
        #
        # from django.db import connection, connections
        # cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
        # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
        # row = cursor.fetchone()
高級操做
##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################

def all(self)
    # 獲取全部的數據對象

def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
    # 條件查詢
    # 條件能夠是:參數,字典,Q

def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
    # 條件查詢
    # 條件能夠是:參數,字典,Q

def select_related(self, *fields)
     性能相關:表之間進行join連表操做,一次性獲取關聯的數據。
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related()
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外鍵字段')
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外鍵字段__外鍵字段')

def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
    性能相關:多表連表操做時速度會慢,使用其執行屢次SQL查詢在Python代碼中實現連表操做。
            # 獲取全部用戶表
            # 獲取用戶類型表where id in (用戶表中的查到的全部用戶ID)
            models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外鍵字段')



            from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField
            Article.objects.annotate(
                numviews=Count(Case(
                    When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1),
                    output_field=CharField(),
                ))
            )

            students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum(
                models.Case(
                    models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1),
                default=0,
                output_field=models.IntegerField()
            )))

def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
    # 用於實現聚合group by查詢

    from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

def distinct(self, *field_names)
    # 用於distinct去重
    models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
    # select distinct nid from userinfo

    注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct進行去重

def order_by(self, *field_names)
    # 用於排序
    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')

def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
    # 構造額外的查詢條件或者映射,如:子查詢

    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
    Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
    Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])

 def reverse(self):
    # 倒序
    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
    # 注:若是存在order_by,reverse則是倒序,若是多個排序則一一倒序


 def defer(self, *fields):
    models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
    或
    models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
    #映射中排除某列數據

 def only(self, *fields):
    #僅取某個表中的數據
     models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
     或
     models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')

 def using(self, alias):
     指定使用的數據庫,參數爲別名(setting中的設置)


##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################

def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
    # 執行原生SQL
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')

    # 若是SQL是其餘表時,必須將名字設置爲當前UserInfo對象的主鍵列名
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其餘表')

    # 爲原生SQL設置參數
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])

    # 將獲取的到列名轉換爲指定列名
    name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
    Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)

    # 指定數據庫
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")

    ################### 原生SQL ###################
    from django.db import connection, connections
    cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
    cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
    row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)


def values(self, *fields):
    # 獲取每行數據爲字典格式

def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
    # 獲取每行數據爲元祖

def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
    # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容
    # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日)
    # order只能是:"ASC"  "DESC"
    # 並獲取轉換後的時間
        - year : 年-01-01
        - month: 年-月-01
        - day  : 年-月-日

    models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')

def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
    # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容,將時間轉換爲指定時區時間
    # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
    # order只能是:"ASC"  "DESC"
    # tzinfo時區對象
    models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
    models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))

    """
    pip3 install pytz
    import pytz
    pytz.all_timezones
    pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
    """

def none(self):
    # 空QuerySet對象


####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################

def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
   # 聚合函數,獲取字典類型聚合結果
   from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
   result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
   ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}

def count(self):
   # 獲取個數

def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
   # 獲取單個對象

def create(self, **kwargs):
   # 建立對象

def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
    # 批量插入
    # batch_size表示一次插入的個數
    objs = [
        models.DDD(name='r11'),
        models.DDD(name='r22')
    ]
    models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)

def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
    # 若是存在,則獲取,不然,建立
    # defaults 指定建立時,其餘字段的值
    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})

def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
    # 若是存在,則更新,不然,建立
    # defaults 指定建立時或更新時的其餘字段
    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})

def first(self):
   # 獲取第一個

def last(self):
   # 獲取最後一個

def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
   # 根據主鍵ID進行查找
   id_list = [11,21,31]
   models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)

def delete(self):
   # 刪除

def update(self, **kwargs):
    # 更新

def exists(self):
   # 是否有結果
其餘操做

6.其餘

import pymysql
    from django.db import connection, connections
 
    connection.connect()
    conn = connection.connection
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("""SELECT * from app01_userinfo""")
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    connection.close()
Django原生SQL獲取cursor字典
# 數字自增
    from django.db.models import F
    models.UserInfo.objects.update(num=F('num') + 1)

    # 字符串更新
    from django.db.models.functions import Concat
    from django.db.models import Value

    models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd'))
    models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666')))
數字自增、字符串更新
# ########### 基礎函數 ###########

    # 1. Concat,用於作類型轉換
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Cast('pwd', FloatField()))

    # 2. Coalesce,從前向後,查詢第一個不爲空的值
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce('name', 'pwd'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce(Value('666'),'name', 'pwd'))

    # 3. Concat,拼接
    # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd'))
    # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666')))
    # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666'),Value('999')))

    # 4.ConcatPair,拼接(僅兩個參數)
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', 'pwd'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', Value('666')))

    # 5.Greatest,獲取比較大的值;least 獲取比較小的值;
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Greatest('id', 'pwd',output_field=FloatField()))

    # 6.Length,獲取長度
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Length('name'))

    # 7. Lower,Upper,變大小寫
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Lower('name'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Upper('name'))

    # 8. Now,獲取當前時間
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Now())

    # 9. substr,子序列
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Substr('name',1,2))

    # ########### 時間類函數 ###########
    # 1. 時間截取,不保留其餘:Extract, ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth,ExtractSecond, ExtractWeekDay, ExtractYear,
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractYear('ctime'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractMonth('ctime'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractDay('ctime'))
    #
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'month'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year_month'))
    """
    MICROSECOND
    SECOND
    MINUTE
    HOUR
    DAY
    WEEK
    MONTH
    QUARTER
    YEAR
    SECOND_MICROSECOND
    MINUTE_MICROSECOND
    MINUTE_SECOND
    HOUR_MICROSECOND
    HOUR_SECOND
    HOUR_MINUTE
    DAY_MICROSECOND
    DAY_SECOND
    DAY_MINUTE
    DAY_HOUR
    YEAR_MONTH
    """

    # 2. 時間截圖,保留其餘:Trunc, TruncDate, TruncDay,TruncHour, TruncMinute, TruncMonth, TruncSecond, TruncYear
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncHour('ctime'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncDate('ctime'))
    # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Trunc('ctime','year'))
ORM函數相關
from django.db.models.functions.base import Func
    class CustomeFunc(Func):
        function = 'DATE_FORMAT'
        template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s,%(format)s)'

        def __init__(self, expression, **extra):
            expressions = [expression]
            super(CustomeFunc, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra)

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=CustomeFunc('ctime',format="'%%Y-%%m'"))
ORM自定義函數

 python執行命令

import subprocess
v = subprocess.getoutput('ipconfig')
print (v)
subprocess

 python Django初始化

1.建立工程
    django-admin startproject 【工程名稱】
        mysite
            - mysite        # 對整個程序進行配置
                - init
                - settings  # 配置文件
                - url       # URL和函數對應關係,路由系統(函數稱爲視圖函數)
                - wsgi      # 遵循WSIG規範,uwsgi + nginx,調用裏面的wsgiref的模塊,來實現socket,用來定義django使用什麼socket
            - manage.py     # 管理Django程序:
                                - python manage.py runserver 127.0.0.1:8080
                                - python manage.py startapp xx
                                - python manage.py makemigrations
                                - python manage.py migrate
2.建立app
    python manage.py startapp cmdb
        app:
        migrations     數據修改表結構(記錄修改表結構的)
        admin          Django爲咱們提供的後臺管理
        apps           配置當前app
        models         ORM,寫指定的類  經過命令能夠建立數據庫結構
        tests          單元測試
        views          業務代碼(視圖函數)
3.ORM利用pymysql等第三方工具去連接,默認使用MySQLDB(修改Django默認連接mysql的方式)
    1.建立數據庫
    2.settings配置數據庫連接
        DATABASES = {
            'default': {
                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
                'NAME':'site',
                'USER': 'root',
                'PASSWORD': '123456',
                'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
                'PORT': 3306,
            }
        }
    3.更換mysqldb  _init_.py(在建立的主程序的__init__.py裏面添加)
        import pymysql
        pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
    4.在models裏面已經建立了一個類,這個類就是數據庫裏面的表
        class UserInfo(models.Model):
        nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) #自增類型,而且設置主鍵(默認不寫這一行,django也會自動建立一個id的列,自增,而且爲主鍵)
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        password = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        建立外鍵
        ug = models.ForeignKey('UserGroup',null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    5.在settings裏面註冊
        INSTALLED_APPS = [
            'django.contrib.admin',
            'django.contrib.auth',
            'django.contrib.contenttypes',
            'django.contrib.sessions',
            'django.contrib.messages',
            'django.contrib.staticfiles',
            'cmdb',
        ]
    ==========================================================Django ORM操做==========================================
    6.執行命令建立表
        python manage.py makemigrations
        python manage.py migrate
        報錯:SystemCheckError: System check identified some issues:
            # 解決方案:
            因本身從新封裝user爲UserProfile故在 settings中 添加本身的 
            AUTH_USER_MODEL = "app_name.UserProfile"

    7.建立外鍵
        ug = models.ForeignKey('UserGroup',null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    8.增刪改查
        def index(request):
        #建立數據
        #models.UserGroup.objects.create(title="管理員組")
        #建立數據
        #models.UserInfo.objects.create(username="root",password="123",age="18",ug_id="1")
        #查找數據user_list是<QuerySet>類型的,也能夠看作是一個列表,QuerySet裏面是一個對象,每一個對象包含一條數據
        user_list=models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        user_list=models.UserInfo.objects.filter(nid=1,username='root')#取一行
        user_list=models.UserInfo.objects.filter(nid__gt=1)#取id大於1
        user_list=models.UserInfo.objects.filter(nid__lt=1)#取id小於1
        models.UserInfo.objects.filter(nid__lt=1).delete()#刪除
        models.UserInfo.objects.filter(nid__lt=1).update(username="admin") #更新
        for row in user_list:
            print(row.nid,row.age,row.username,row.password)
        print(user_list)
        return render(request,'index.html')    
View Code

 python Django 中間件

https://www.cnblogs.com/p0st/p/9793560.html

python Django Form和Ajax驗證

  html文件

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="f1" method="POST" action="/login/">
        {% csrf_token %}
        <p>
            username:<input type="text" name="username">{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}
        </p>
        <p>
            password:<input type="password" name="password">{{ obj.errors.password.0 }}
        </p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">{{ msg }}

        <a onclick="submitFrom();"></a>

    </form>
    <script src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.js">
        function submitFrom(){
            $.ajax({
                url:'/ajax_login/',
                type:'POST',
                data:$('#f1').serialize(),{# 會在form裏面把全部的信息打包,包括csrf_token#}
                success:function(arg){
                    console.log(arg)
                }

            })
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>
html代碼

  後臺驗證

from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import fields

# Create your views here.
# def test(request):
#     print('123')
#     return HttpResponse('test')
class loginForm(Form):
    # #不能爲空,長度6-18,郵箱格式
    username = fields.CharField(
            max_length=18,
            min_length=6,
            required=True,
            error_messages={
                'required':'用戶名不能爲空',
                'max_length':'長度不能大於18位',
                'min_length':'長度不能小於6位',
            }
    )
    # #不能爲空,長度6-18,郵箱格式
    password = fields.CharField(
            min_length=6
            ,required=True,
            error_messages={
                'required': '密碼不能爲空',
                'max_length': '長度不能大於18位',
                'min_length': '長度不能小於6位',
             }
     )
#from驗證
def login(request):
    if request.method =="GET":
        return render(request,'login.html')
    else:
        # user = request.POST.get('username')
        # #不能爲空,長度6-18,郵箱格式
        # pwd  = request.POST.get('password')
        # #不能爲空,長度爲6-18,必須包括字母數字下劃線
        # if user == "root" and pwd  == "123":
        #     return redirect('http://www.baidu.com')
        # else:
        #     msg = '帳號密碼錯誤'
        #     return render(request,'login.html',{'msg':msg})

        obj = loginForm(request.POST)#將用戶提交的數據傳給From去驗證
        if obj.is_valid():#獲取校驗的信息,返回值爲True或False
            print(obj.cleaned_data) #字典類型,校驗成功以後,返回的正確的信息
            return redirect("http://www.baidu.com")
        else:
            #若是用戶輸入格式正確,還要獲取錯誤信息的話,就會報錯
            # print('username',obj.errors['username'][0]) #打印輸出errors的錯誤信息
            # print('password',obj.errors['password'][0])
            #obj.errors是一個對象那個,裏面有一個__str__:方法,轉化成字符串格式
            return render(request,'login.html',{'obj':obj})
            #在返回到html裏面的obj的調用 {{obj.errors.username.0}}
#ajax提交驗證
def ajax_login(request):
    import json
    ret = {'status': True,'msg': None}
    obj = loginForm(request.POST)
    if obj.is_valid():
        print(obj.cleaned_data)
    else:
        # print(obj.errors) # obj.errors對象
        ret['status'] = False
        ret['msg'] = obj.errors
    v = json.dumps(ret)
    return HttpResponse(v)
後臺代碼

 python Django之Form組件

https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html
View Code

 python 文件上傳

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form action="/f1/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        {% csrf_token %}
        <input type="file" name="lalala"/>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
</body>
</html>
upload.html
import os
def f1(request):
    if request.method =="GET":
        return render(request,'upload.html')
    else:
        file_obj=request.FILES.get('lalala')
        # print(file_obj.name)
        # print(file_obj.size)
        f =open(os.path.join('static',file_obj.name),'wb')
        # print(file_obj.chunks())
        for chunk in file_obj.chunks():
            f.write(chunk)
        f.close()
        return render(request, 'upload.html')
upload.py

 更多:https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5703697.html

python經常使用模塊

https://www.cnblogs.com/p0st/p/9874059.html

python生成驗證碼 

Python生成隨機驗證碼,須要使用PIL模塊.
pip3 install pillow

  基本使用

1.建立圖片
from PIL import Image
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
 
# 在圖片查看器中打開
# img.show() 
 
# 保存在本地
with open('code.png','wb') as f:
    img.save(f,format='png')

2. 建立畫筆,用於在圖片上畫任意內容
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')

3.畫點
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
# 第一個參數:表示座標
# 第二個參數:表示顏色
draw.point([100, 100], fill="red")
draw.point([300, 300], fill=(255, 255, 255))

4.畫線
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
# 第一個參數:表示起始座標和結束座標
# 第二個參數:表示顏色
draw.line((100,100,100,300), fill='red')
draw.line((100,100,300,100), fill=(255, 255, 255))

5.畫圓
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
# 第一個參數:表示起始座標和結束座標(圓要畫在其中間)
# 第二個參數:表示開始角度
# 第三個參數:表示結束角度
# 第四個參數:表示顏色
draw.arc((100,100,300,300),0,90,fill="red")

6.寫文本
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
# 第一個參數:表示起始座標
# 第二個參數:表示寫入內容
# 第三個參數:表示顏色
draw.text([0,0],'python',"red")

7.特殊字體文字
img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
# 第一個參數:表示字體文件路徑
# 第二個參數:表示字體大小
font = ImageFont.truetype("kumo.ttf", 28)
# 第一個參數:表示起始座標
# 第二個參數:表示寫入內容
# 第三個參數:表示顏色
# 第四個參數:表示顏色
draw.text([0, 0], 'python', "red", font=font)
基本使用

  驗證碼函數

函數
from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont,ImageFilter
import random
 
def check_code(width=120, height=30, char_length=5, font_file='kumo.ttf', font_size=28):
    code = []
    img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(width, height), color=(255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
 
    def rndChar():
        """
        生成隨機字母   
        :return:
        """
        return chr(random.randint(65, 90))
 
    def rndColor():
        """
        生成隨機顏色
        :return:
        """
        return (random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(10, 255), random.randint(64, 255))
 
    # 寫文字
    font = ImageFont.truetype(font_file, font_size)
    for i in range(char_length):
        char = rndChar()
        code.append(char)
        h = random.randint(0, 4)
        draw.text([i * width / char_length, h], char, font=font, fill=rndColor())
 
    # 寫干擾點
    for i in range(40):
        draw.point([random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)], fill=rndColor())
 
    # 寫干擾圓圈
    for i in range(40):
        draw.point([random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)], fill=rndColor())
        x = random.randint(0, width)
        y = random.randint(0, height)
        draw.arc((x, y, x + 4, y + 4), 0, 90, fill=rndColor())
 
    # 畫干擾線
    for i in range(5):
        x1 = random.randint(0, width)
        y1 = random.randint(0, height)
        x2 = random.randint(0, width)
        y2 = random.randint(0, height)
 
        draw.line((x1, y1, x2, y2), fill=rndColor())
 
    img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE)
    return img,''.join(code)


調用
img,code = rd_check_code()
stream = BytesIO()
img.save(stream, 'png')
request.session['code'] = code
return HttpResponse(stream.getvalue())
View Code
函數
from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont,ImageFilter
import random

# 讀取硬盤中的文件在頁面顯示
# f= open ('static/imgs/1.png','rb')
# data =f.read()
# f.close()
# return HttpResponse(data)
def rd_check_code():
    img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(120, 30), color=(255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')
    draw.point([60, 15], fill="red")
    draw.line((15, 10, 50, 30), fill='red')
    draw.line((45, 20, 100, 100), fill=(0, 0, 0))
    draw.arc((0, 0, 30, 30), 0, 180, fill="red")
    #列表生成式
    # v = ''.join([chr(random.randint(65,117)) for i in range(5)])
    char_list= []
    for i in range(5):
        char = chr(random.randint(65,90))
        char_list.append(char)
        font = ImageFont.truetype("static/kumo.ttf", 28)
        draw.text([i*24, 0], char, (random.randint(0,255),random.randint(0,255),random.randint(0,255)), font=font)
    code = ''.join(char_list)
    return img,code

調用
img, code = rd_check_code()
stream = BytesIO()
img.save(stream, 'png')
rquest.session['code'] = code
return HttpResponse(stream.getvalue())
View Code

 字體文件下載

python的類繼承

class BasePlugin(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def execute(self):
        self.linux()

    def linux(self):
        raise Exception('...........')

# obj = BasePlugin()
# obj.execute()
class DiskPlugin(BasePlugin):

    def linux(self):
        return 'disk'

obj = DiskPlugin()
obj.execute()


"""
obj = DiskPlugin(),首先,類的實例化會先執行該類的__init__方法,若是沒有則會執行器父類的__init__
要注意的是obj的對象是DiskPlugin,也能夠說是那個類加上括號,就是那個類的對象
obj.execute(),在執行的時候在本身的類裏面找到execute(),若是有執行,沒有的話向上找父類的execute(),
self指的是DiskPlugin()的對象,self是誰,就從誰的類裏面找
"""
View Code

 

 

 

 

??

python未明白的地方

fk自關聯

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