Qt下的OpenGL 編程（10）Solar System

1、提要

 今天的內容是OpenGL的編程實踐—太陽系的模擬！

 紅寶書上有相應的教程，但這裏咱們要實現得更全面一些。iPad上有一個很棒的應用，名字叫Solar System，咱們儘可能去達到它的效果。

 先來看一下最終效果：

    、

思路：

 創建9個球體，分別賦予不一樣的材質，再經過動畫不斷變換它們的位置，就能夠實現模擬了。

2、有關太陽系的知識

 太陽系有一顆恆星：太陽，8顆行星：水，金，地，火，木，土，天王，海王。9顆星球的位置以下：

 而後去搜集了解一下各個星球的自轉和公轉週期，腦殼裏面有個概念。

 接着能夠去找一些星球貼圖的素材了，我在網上找到了一些資源，太陽的貼圖是本身用ps繪製的，而後把它們統統添加到資源文件中，就像這樣：

3、程序結構

 相比與以前的框架，這裏添加了一個星球類，文件結構以下：

 程序仍是比較清晰，直接貼代碼了：

 
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   star.h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //星球類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */ #ifndef STAR_H #define STAR_H #include <QtOpenGL> #include <GL/glut.h> class Star { public:     Star();     Star(int tex,GLfloat r,GLfloat x,GLfloat y,GLfloat revS,GLfloat rotS,GLfloat a[], GLfloat d[], GLfloat p[],GLfloat s);     ~Star();     //公轉     void revolute();     //自轉     void rotate();     //星球半徑     float radious;     //星球位置     GLfloat disX;     GLfloat disY;     //紋理id     int texId;     //環境反射光     GLfloat *ambient;     //漫反射     GLfloat *diffuse;     //鏡面反射     GLfloat *specular;     //鏡面反射強度     GLfloat shinniness;     //公轉速度     GLfloat revSpeed;     //自轉速度     GLfloat rotSpeed;     //公轉角度     float revAngle;     //自轉角度     float rotAngle;     /*  //公轉週期     float revPeriod;     //自轉週期     float rotPeriod;                    //紋理屬性     GLfloat WRAP_S;     GLfloat WRAP_T;     GLfloat MAG_FILTER;     GLfloat MIN_FILTER;     GLfloat ENV_MODE;     */ };  #endif // STAR_H 

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   star.cpp ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //星球類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */ #include "star.h"  Star::Star() { } Star::Star(int tex, GLfloat r, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat revS, GLfloat rotS, GLfloat a[], GLfloat d[], GLfloat p[], GLfloat s) {     this->texId=tex;     this->radious=r;     this->disX=x;     this->disY=y;     this->ambient=a;     this->diffuse=d;     this->specular=p;     this->shinniness=s;     this->revSpeed=revS;     this->rotSpeed=rotS;     this->revAngle=0.0;     this->rotAngle=0.0;      } Star::~Star() {} void Star::revolute() {     this->revAngle= this->revAngle + this->revSpeed< 360 ? this->revAngle + this->revSpeed: 0; } void Star::rotate() {     this->rotAngle= this->rotAngle + this->rotSpeed< 360 ? this->rotAngle + this->rotSpeed: 0; } 

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   nehewidget.h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //opengl渲染窗口類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */ #ifndef NEHEWIDGET_H #define NEHEWIDGET_H  #include <QGLWidget> #include <QtGui> #include <QtOpenGL> #include <QtCore> #include <GL/glut.h> #include<iostream> #include "star.h" #define PI 3.14159265 class NeHeWidget : public QGLWidget {     Q_OBJECT public:     explicit NeHeWidget(QWidget *parent = 0);     ~NeHeWidget();     void zoomOut();     void zoomIn();     void enableBlend();     void disableBLend();     void calFrequency();     void speedUp();     void speedDown();     void eyeXup();     void eyeXdown();     void eyeZup();     void eyeZdown(); protected:     //設置渲染環境     void initializeGL();     //繪製窗口     void paintGL();     //響應窗口的大小變化     void resizeGL( int width, int height );     //加載紋理     void loadGLTextures(QString filename,int id);     //繪製星球     void drawStar(Star *s);     //材質設置     void setMaterial(Star *s);     //正方體在三個方向上的旋轉          QFont fpsFont;     GLfloat xRot, yRot, zRot;     //紋理存儲數組     GLuint texture[13];     //場景深刻屏幕的距離     GLfloat zoom;     //立方體在X軸和Y軸上旋轉的速度     GLfloat xSpeed, ySpeed;     //計時器，實現動畫     QTimer *timer;     //幀刷新時間     int fpsSpan;     GLfloat colorSpan;     GLUquadricObj *mySphere;          Star *sky;     Star *sun;     Star *mercury;     Star *venus;     Star *earth;     Star *mars;     Star *jupiter;     Star *saturn;          GLfloat eyeX;     GLfloat eyeY;     GLfloat eyeZ;      };  #endif // NEHEWIDGET_H 

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   nehewidget.cpp ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //opengl渲染窗口類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */ #include "nehewidget.h"  NeHeWidget::NeHeWidget(QWidget *parent) :     QGLWidget(parent) {     xRot = yRot = zRot = 0.0;     zoom = -5.0;     xSpeed = ySpeed = 0.0;     fpsFont=QFont("Times", 20);     colorSpan=0;     fpsSpan=50;     timer = new QTimer(this);          timer->start(fpsSpan);     connect(timer,SIGNAL(timeout()),this,SLOT(updateGL()));     mySphere=gluNewQuadric();          eyeX=0.0;     eyeY=0.0;     eyeZ=190.0;     //夜空參數設置     GLfloat  sky_ambient[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sky_diffuse[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sky_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sky_shininess=0.0;     GLfloat  sky_radious=290.0;     // GLfloat sky_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/58/100;     sky=new Star(0,sky_radious,0,0,0,0,sky_ambient,sky_diffuse,sky_specular,sky_shininess);          //太陽參數設置     GLfloat  sun_ambient[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sun_diffuse[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sun_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  sun_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  sun_radious=10.0;     GLfloat sun_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/58/100;     sun=new Star(1,sun_radious,0,0,0,sun_rotSpeed,sun_ambient,sun_diffuse,sun_specular,sun_shininess);          //水星     GLfloat  mercury_ambient[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  mercury_diffuse[]={0.5,0.5,0.5,1.0};     GLfloat  mercury_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  mercury_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  mercury_radious=0.7;     GLfloat mecury_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/88;     GLfloat mecury_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/58/100;     mercury=new Star(2,mercury_radious,15.2,0,mecury_revSpeed,mecury_rotSpeed,mercury_ambient,mercury_diffuse,mercury_specular,mercury_shininess);          //金星     GLfloat  venus_ambient[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  venus_diffuse[]={0.8,0.8,0.8,1.0};     GLfloat  venus_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  venus_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  venus_radious=1.24;     GLfloat venus_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/224;     GLfloat venus_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/243/100;     venus=new Star(3,venus_radious,19.2,0,venus_revSpeed,venus_rotSpeed,venus_ambient,venus_diffuse,venus_specular,venus_shininess);          //地球     GLfloat  earth_ambient[]={0.1,0.1,0.1,1.0};     GLfloat  earth_diffuse[]={0.4,0.4,0.8,1.0};     GLfloat  earth_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  earth_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  earth_radious=1.24;     GLfloat earth_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/365;     GLfloat earth_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/1/100;     earth=new Star(4,earth_radious,26,0,earth_revSpeed,earth_rotSpeed,earth_ambient,earth_diffuse,earth_specular,earth_shininess);          //火星     GLfloat  mars_ambient[]={0.1,0.1,0.1,1.0};     GLfloat  mars_diffuse[]={0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0};     GLfloat  mars_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  mars_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  mars_radious=1.0;     GLfloat mars_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/687;     GLfloat mars_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/1/100;     mars=new Star(5,mars_radious,31,0,mars_revSpeed,mars_rotSpeed,mars_ambient,mars_diffuse,mars_specular,mars_shininess);          //木星     GLfloat  jupiter_ambient[]={0.0, 0.0, 0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  jupiter_diffuse[]={0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0};     GLfloat  jupiter_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  jupiter_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  jupiter_radious=4.0;     GLfloat jupiter_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/4329;     GLfloat jupiter_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/0.3/100;     jupiter=new Star(6,jupiter_radious,43,0,jupiter_revSpeed,jupiter_rotSpeed,jupiter_ambient,jupiter_diffuse,jupiter_specular,jupiter_shininess);     //土星     GLfloat  saturn_ambient[]={0.0, 0.0, 0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  saturn_diffuse[]={0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0};     GLfloat  saturn_specular[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};     GLfloat  saturn_shininess=20.0;     GLfloat  saturn_radious=3.5;     GLfloat saturn_revSpeed=(GLfloat)360/10768;     GLfloat saturn_rotSpeed= (GLfloat)360/1.4/100;     saturn=new Star(7,saturn_radious,56.5,0,saturn_revSpeed,saturn_rotSpeed,saturn_ambient,saturn_diffuse,saturn_specular,saturn_shininess);           } NeHeWidget::~NeHeWidget() {} void NeHeWidget::loadGLTextures(QString filename, int id) {     QImage tex, buf;     if ( !buf.load(filename ) )     {         //若是載入不成功，自動生成一個128*128的32位色的綠×××片。         qWarning("Could not read image file!");         QImage dummy( 128, 128,QImage::Format_RGB32 );         dummy.fill( Qt::green );         buf = dummy;     }     //轉換成紋理類型     tex = QGLWidget::convertToGLFormat( buf );     //建立紋理     glGenTextures( 1, &texture[id] );     //使用來自位圖數據生成的典型紋理,將紋理名字texture[0]綁定到紋理目標上     glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[id] );     glTexImage2D( GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, tex.width(), tex.height(), 0,                   GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, tex.bits() );     glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST );     glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST ); } void NeHeWidget::drawStar(Star *s) {     glPushMatrix();     //公轉     glRotatef(s->revAngle,0.0,0.0,1.0);     glTranslatef(s->disX, s->disY, 0.0);     //自轉     glRotatef(s->rotAngle,0.0,0.0,1.0);     gluSphere(mySphere, s->radious, 32, 16);     //設置材質屬性     glMaterialfv(GL_BACK, GL_AMBIENT, s->ambient);     glMaterialfv(GL_BACK, GL_DIFFUSE, s->diffuse);     glMaterialfv(GL_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, s->specular);     glMaterialf(GL_BACK, GL_SHININESS, s->shinniness);     //     glPopMatrix(); } void NeHeWidget::setMaterial(Star *s) {      }  void NeHeWidget::initializeGL() {     //載入紋理     loadGLTextures( ":/data/sun.jpg",sun->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/mercury.bmp",mercury->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/venus.jpg",venus->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/earth2.jpg",earth->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/mars.bmp",mars->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/saturn.jpg",saturn->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/jupiter.bmp",jupiter->texId);     loadGLTextures( ":/data/sky.jpg",sky->texId);     //loadGLTextures( ":/data/neptune.bmp",neptune->texId);          // 啓用陰影平滑     glShadeModel( GL_SMOOTH );     // 黑色背景     glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );     // 設置深度緩存     glClearDepth( 1.0 );     // 啓用深度測試     glEnable( GL_DEPTH_TEST );     //啓用紋理     glEnable( GL_TEXTURE_2D );     // 所做深度測試的類型     glDepthFunc( GL_LEQUAL );     // 告訴系統對透視進行修正     glHint( GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST );     //    開啓剔除操做效果     //glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);     // 使用平滑法線     gluQuadricNormals(mySphere, GL_SMOOTH);     // 使用紋理     gluQuadricTexture(mySphere, GL_TRUE);     // 設置球紋理映射      } void NeHeWidget::paintGL() {          // 清除屏幕和深度緩存     glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );     //glRotatef( yRot, 0.0,  0.0,  1.0 );     glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[sky->texId]);     drawStar(sky);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[sun->texId]);     drawStar(sun);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[mercury->texId]);     drawStar(mercury);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[venus->texId]);     drawStar(venus);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[earth->texId]);     drawStar(earth);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[mars->texId]);     drawStar(mars);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[jupiter->texId]);     drawStar(jupiter);          glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[saturn->texId]);     drawStar(saturn);               //旋轉速度     yRot += 0.4;     sun->rotate();     mercury->revolute();     mercury->rotate();     venus->revolute();     venus->rotate();     earth->revolute();     earth->rotate();     mars->revolute();     mars->rotate();     jupiter->revolute();     jupiter->rotate();     saturn->revolute();     saturn->rotate();     glLoadIdentity();     gluLookAt (eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);     // gluLookAt (80.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);     glFlush();     //fps的字體顏色     glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);     //計算FPS     calFrequency();      } // 重置OpenGL窗口大小 void NeHeWidget::resizeGL(int width, int height) {     // 防止窗口大小變爲0     if ( height == 0 )     {         height = 1;     }     // 重置當前的視口     glViewport( 0, 0, (GLint)width, (GLint)height );     // 選擇投影矩陣     glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION );     // 重置投影矩陣     glLoadIdentity();     // 設置視口的大小     gluPerspective( 45.0, (GLfloat)width/(GLfloat)height, 0.1, 600.0 );     // 選擇模型觀察矩陣     glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW );     glLoadIdentity(); } void NeHeWidget::speedUp() {     fpsSpan+=1;     qDebug()<<fpsSpan;     timer->setInterval(fpsSpan);     //timer->start(fpsSpan);     updateGL(); } void NeHeWidget::speedDown() {     if(fpsSpan>1) fpsSpan-=1;     else fpsSpan=1;     qDebug()<<fpsSpan;     timer->setInterval(fpsSpan);     updateGL(); } void NeHeWidget::eyeXup() {     eyeX+=1; } void NeHeWidget::eyeXdown() {     // if(eyeX>10) eyeX-=1;     //else eyeX=10;     eyeX-=1; } void NeHeWidget::eyeZup() {     eyeZ+=1; } void NeHeWidget::eyeZdown() {     // if(eyeX>10) eyeX-=1;     //else eyeX=10;     eyeZ-=1; } void NeHeWidget::zoomOut() {     zoom+= 0.2;          updateGL(); } void NeHeWidget::zoomIn() {     zoom -= 0.2;     updateGL(); } void NeHeWidget::calFrequency() {     static  QString tmp="";     static float framesPerSecond=0.0f;//fps的數值     static float frames    = 0.0f;       // 用於存儲渲染的幀數     static float lastTime   = 0.0f;       // 前一秒的時刻     float currentTime =  glutGet(GLUT_ELAPSED_TIME)* 0.001f;//程序運行的時間     ++frames;     if( currentTime - lastTime > 1.0f )//，每秒刷新一次     {         framesPerSecond=frames;         tmp.setNum(framesPerSecond);         lastTime = currentTime;         frames= 0;     }     renderText(100,100,"FPS: "+tmp,fpsFont);//最終結果在窗口中渲染 } 
 
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   mainwindow.h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //主窗口類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */  #ifndef MAINWINDOW_H #define MAINWINDOW_H  #include <QtGui/QMainWindow> #include <QKeyEvent> #include "nehewidget.h" class MainWindow : public QMainWindow {     Q_OBJECT      public:     MainWindow(QWidget *parent = 0);     ~MainWindow(); protected:     bool fullscreen;     //處理鍵盤事件     void keyPressEvent( QKeyEvent *e ); private:     NeHeWidget *neheWidget ; };  #endif // MAINWINDOW_H 


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename:   mainwindow.cpp ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //主窗口類 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------   */ #include "mainwindow.h"  MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)     : QMainWindow(parent) {     neheWidget = new NeHeWidget();     fullscreen = true;     setGeometry(100,100,1000,768);     setWindowTitle(tr("NeHe's OpenGL Framework"));     setCentralWidget(neheWidget); }  MainWindow::~MainWindow() {      } void MainWindow::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *e) {     switch ( e->key() )     {     case Qt::Key_F2:         fullscreen = !fullscreen;         if ( fullscreen )         {             showFullScreen();         }         else         {             showNormal();         }         neheWidget->updateGL();         break;     case Qt::Key_Escape:         close();         break;     case Qt::Key_PageUp:         neheWidget->zoomOut();         break;     case Qt::Key_PageDown:         neheWidget->zoomIn();         break;     case Qt::Key_Down:         neheWidget->speedUp();         break;     case Qt::Key_Up:         neheWidget->speedDown();         break;     case Qt::Key_W:         neheWidget->eyeXup();         break;     case Qt::Key_S:         neheWidget->eyeXdown();         break;     case Qt::Key_E:         neheWidget->eyeZup();         break;     case Qt::Key_D:         neheWidget->eyeZdown();         break;     } } 


//main函數 #include <QtGui/QApplication> #include "mainwindow.h"  int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {     QApplication a(argc, argv);     MainWindow w;     glutInit(&argc, argv);     w.show();          return a.exec(); } 
 
四。程序中未完善的地方
  這個程序應該只能算是一個大體的框架，仍是有不少地方能夠改進，好比：添加天王星，海王星，冥王星，添加每一個星球的傾角，添加月球....
有興趣的同窗能夠繼續完善，咱們能夠繼續討論。
 
 參考資料
1.      《 OpenGL Reference Manual 》， OpenGL 參考手冊
2.      《 OpenGL 編程指南》（《 OpenGL Programming Guide 》）， Dave Shreiner ， Mason Woo ， Jackie Neider ， Tom Davis 著，徐波譯，機械工業出版社
3.         《win32 OpenGL編程 》   一個大牛的博客     http://blog.csdn.net/vagrxie/article/category/628716/3