C++11 自2011年發佈以來已經快兩年了,以前一直沒怎麼關注,直到最近幾個月纔看了一些 C++11 的新特性,從此幾篇博客我都會寫一些關於 C++11 的特性,算是記錄一下本身學到的東西吧,和你們共勉。php
相信 Linux 程序員都用過 Pthread, 但有了 C++11 的 std::thread 之後,你能夠在語言層面編寫多線程程序了,直接的好處就是多線程程序的可移植性獲得了很大的提升,因此做爲一名 C++ 程序員,熟悉 C++11 的多線程編程方式仍是頗有益處的。css
若是你對 C++11 不太熟悉,建議先看看維基百科上關於 C++11 新特性的介紹,中文C++11介紹,英文C++11介紹 ,另外C++之父 Bjarne Stroustrup 的關於 C++11 的 FAQ 也是必看的,我也收集了一些關於C++11的資料,供你們查閱:html
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ios
C++0x/C++11 Support in GCC:http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.htmlc++
What is C++0x:https://www2.research.att.com/~bs/what-is-2009.pdf程序員
Overview of the New C++:http://www.artima.com/shop/overview_of_the_new_cpp編程
Overview of the New C++ (C++0x).pdf:http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/20120005.html?from=likepromise
A Brief Look at C++0x:http://www.artima.com/cppsource/cpp0x.html多線程
Summary of C++11 Feature Availability in gcc and MSVC:http://www.aristeia.com/C++11/C++11FeatureAvailability.htmasync
C++ 11: Come Closer:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/344282/Cplusplus-11-Come-Closer
C++11 threads, locks and condition variables: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/598695/Cplusplus11-threads-locks-and-condition-variables
Move Semantics and Perfect Forwarding in C++11:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/397492/Move-Semantics-and-Perfect-Forwarding-in-Cplusplus
http://solarianprogrammer.com/categories/C++11/
C++11 Concurrency:http://www.baptiste-wicht.com/2012/03/cpp11-concurrency-part1-start-threads/
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/misc_slides/sfacm-cleaned.pdf
http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread
http://isocpp.org/blog/2012/12/c11-a-cheat-sheet-alex-sinyakov
The Biggest Changes in C++11:http://blog.smartbear.com/c-plus-plus/the-biggest-changes-in-c11-and-why-you-should-care/
Ten C++11 Features Every C++ Developer Should Use:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/570638/Ten-Cplusplus11-Features-Every-Cplusplus-Developer
C++11 – A Glance [part 1 of n]:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/312029/Cplusplus11-A-Glance-part-1-of-n
C++11 – A Glance [part 2 of n]:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/314415/Cplusplus11-A-Glance-part-2-of-n
C++11(及現代C++風格)和快速迭代式開發:http://mindhacks.cn/2012/08/27/modern-cpp-practices/
Lambda Functions in C++11 - the Definitive Guide:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/c++11-lambda-closures.html
Better types in C++11 - nullptr, enum classes (strongly typed enumerations) and cstdint:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/c++11-nullptr-strongly-typed-enum-class.html
Rvalue-references-and-move-semantics-in-c++11:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/rvalue-references-and-move-semantics-in-c++11.html
http://www.gotw.ca/publications/index.htm
http://www.devx.com/SpecialReports/Door/38865
Multi-threading in C++0x:http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1584
C++ 0X feature summary cheat sheat:http://www.iesensor.com/blog/2011/05/31/c-0x-feature-summary-cheat-sheat/
Multithreading in C++0x part 1: Starting Threads:http://www.justsoftwaresolutions.co.uk/threading/multithreading-in-c++0x-part-1-starting-threads.html
http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/multithreading/
好了,下面來講正題吧 ;-)
C++11 新標準中引入了四個頭文件來支持多線程編程,他們分別是<atomic> ,<thread>,<mutex>,<condition_variable>和<future>。
下面是一個最簡單的使用 std::thread 類的例子:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream> // std::cout #include <thread> // std::thread void thread_task() { std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl; } /* * === FUNCTION ========================================================= * Name: main * Description: program entry routine. * ======================================================================== */ int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) { std::thread t(thread_task); t.join(); return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
Makefile 以下:
all:Thread CC=g++ CPPFLAGS=-Wall -std=c++11 -ggdb LDFLAGS=-pthread Thread:Thread.o $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ Thread.o:Thread.cc $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $@ -c $^ .PHONY: clean clean: rm Thread.o Thread
注意在 Linux GCC4.6 環境下,編譯時須要加 -pthread,不然執行時會出現:
$ ./Thread terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::system_error' what(): Operation not permitted Aborted (core dumped)
緣由是 GCC 默認沒有加載 pthread 庫,聽說在後續的版本中能夠不用在編譯時添加 -pthread 選項。