python3 tkinter模塊

一.tkinter

1.tkinter--tool kit interface工具包接口，用於GUI（Graphical User Interface）用戶圖形界面,

2.python3.x把Tkinter改寫成tkinter

3.tkinter中有較多的部件：Canvas畫布，PhotoImage加載圖片，Label標籤，messagebox消息彈窗，Entry輸入，Button按鈕，Frame框架，Checkbutton勾選，Radiobutton選擇按鈕，Menu菜單，等。

4.每一個部件能夠設置多種屬性

 

二.基本

  1 import tkinter as tk
  2 
  3 #1.建立一個窗口對象，表現爲一個窗口形式的圖形用戶界面
  4 window = tk.Tk()
  5 window.title('Graphical User Interface')  # 窗口稱謂
  6 window.geometry('800x800')  # 窗口的幾何大小，長寬
  7 
  8 #2.各類組件，注意對應的master
  9 #2.1畫布：在屏幕上顯示一個矩形區域，多用來做爲容器，能夠添加圖片,畫線，畫圓，正方形等
 10 canvas = tk.Canvas(window, bg='blue', height=200, width=500)
 11 #2.1.1加載圖片，把圖片的定點（‘nw’）放到畫布的某個位置(10,10)，anchor定點‘nw’
 12 image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='ins.gif')#加載圖片
 13 image = canvas.create_image(10, 100, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
 14 #2.1.2，畫其餘圖形
 15 x0, y0, x1, y1= 50, 50, 80, 80
 16 line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)#畫線
 17 oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill='red')#填滿紅色，畫圓
 18 arc = canvas.create_arc(x0+30, y0+30, x1+30, y1+30, start=0, extent=180)#扇形從角度0到角度180
 19 rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 30, 100+20, 30+20)#正方形
 20 canvas.pack(side='top')
 21 
 22 ###############################################################################
 23 #2.2標籤控件；能夠顯示文本和位圖，[主體，文本，字體，背景，標籤大小（相對於一個字符而言）等]
 24 tk.Label(window, text='label: ',bg='green', font=('Arial', 12), width=15,height=2).place(x=200, y=150)
 25 
 26 ###############################################################################
 27 #2.3輸入控件；用於顯示簡單的文本內容
 28 var_usr_name = tk.StringVar()#設定字符串變量
 29 var_usr_name.set('example@python.com')#設定變量值
 30 entry_usr_name = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_name, show='*').place(x=250, y=220)#textvariable文本變量,show顯示方式
 31 
 32 ###############################################################################
 33 #2.4彈窗,用於顯示你應用程序的消息框
 34 import tkinter.messagebox
 35 def but():
 36     tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')  # return 'ok'#提示信息對話窗
 37     #     #tk.messagebox.showwarning(title='Hi', message='nononono')   # return 'ok'#提出警告對話窗
 38     #     #tk.messagebox.showerror(title='Hi', message='No!! never')   # return 'ok'#提出錯誤對話窗
 39     #     #print(tk.messagebox.askquestion(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return 'yes' , 'no'#詢問選擇對話窗
 40     #     #print(tk.messagebox.askyesno(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False
 41     #     print(tk.messagebox.askretrycancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False
 42     #     print(tk.messagebox.askokcancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False
 43     #     print(tk.messagebox.askyesnocancel(title="Hi", message="haha"))     # return, True, False, None
 44 
 45 ###############################################################################
 46 #2.5按鈕控件；在程序中顯示按鈕。設計一個按鈕，command執行命令
 47 bt = tk.Button(window, text='Button', command=but).place(x=200, y=300)
 48 
 49 ###############################################################################
 50 #2.6框架
 51 frm = tk.Frame(window,bg='blue').pack(side='bottom')#窗口主框架
 52 frm_l = tk.Frame(frm, ).pack(side='left')#左框架
 53 frm_r = tk.Frame(frm).pack(side='right')#右框架
 54 
 55 ###############################################################################
 56 #2.7勾選checkbutton用於在程序中提供多項選擇框
 57 def print_selection():
 58     pass
 59 var1 = tk.IntVar()#整數變量
 60 #參數onvalue和前面講的部件radiobutton中的value類似， 當咱們選中了這個checkbutton，
 61 # onvalue的值1就會放入到var1中， 而後var1將其賦值給參數variable，offvalue用法類似，
 62 # 可是offvalue是在沒有選中這個checkbutton時，offvalue的值1放入var1，而後賦值給參數variable 這是建立一個checkbutton部件，
 63 # 以此類推，能夠建立多個checkbutton
 64 c1 = tk.Checkbutton(frm_l, text='A', variable=var1, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,
 65                     command=print_selection).pack(side='left')
 66 
 67 ###############################################################################
 68 #2.8範圍控件；顯示一個數值刻度，爲輸出限定範圍的數字區間
 69 def print_selection(v):
 70     pass
 71 #SCALE尺度對象，從（5）到（10），orient方向（橫向），在屏幕上的顯示（像素的寬度高度），showvalue是否顯示值
 72 #tickinterval標籤的單位長度，resolution保留位數（0.01,0.1,1.。。）
 73 s = tk.Scale(frm_l, label='try me', from_=5, to=11, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
 74              length=200, showvalue=1, tickinterval=2, resolution=0.01, command=print_selection).pack(side='left')
 75 
 76 ##########################################################################
 77 #2.9選擇按鈕
 78 var = tk.StringVar()
 79 l4 = tk.Label(frm_r, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
 80 def print_selection():
 81     l4.config(text='you have selected ' + var.get())#配置參數
 82 l4.pack(side='top')
 83 #咱們鼠標選中了其中一個選項，把value的值A放到變量var中，而後賦值給variable
 84 r1 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option A',variable=var, value='A',command=print_selection).pack()
 85 r2 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option B',variable=var, value='B',command=print_selection).pack()
 86 r3 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option C',variable=var, value='C',command=print_selection).pack()
 87 
 88 ################################################################
 89 #2.10列表框控件；在Listbox窗口小部件是用來顯示一個字符串列表給用戶
 90 var3 = tk.StringVar()#字符變量
 91 l2 = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=4, textvariable=var3).pack()
 92 def print_selection():
 93     value = lb.get(lb.curselection()) # 獲取listbox中的值（lb中光標選定的值）
 94     var3.set(value)
 95 b1 = tk.Button(window, text='print selection', width=15,
 96               height=2, command=print_selection).pack()
 97 var2 = tk.StringVar()
 98 var2.set((11,22,33,44))#設定變量值
 99 lb = tk.Listbox(window, listvariable=var2)#列表盒子對象，列表變量
100 list_items = [1,2,3,4]
101 for item in list_items:
102     lb.insert('end', item)#列表插入（至關於文本插入）
103 lb.insert(1, 'first')#索引插入
104 lb.insert(2, 'second')
105 lb.delete(2)#索引刪除
106 lb.pack()
107 
108 #################################################################
109 #3菜單：顯示菜單欄,下拉菜單和彈出菜單
110 l6 = tk.Label(window, text='', bg='yellow').pack()
111 counter = 0#計數
112 def do_job():
113     global counter
114     l6.config(text='do '+ str(counter))#把label的text改
115     counter+=1
116 menubar = tk.Menu(window)#菜單對象
117 filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)#子菜單，tearoff可否分開
118 menubar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=filemenu)#添加子菜單，label命名
119 filemenu.add_command(label='New', command=do_job)#子菜單添加功能
120 filemenu.add_command(label='Open', command=do_job)
121 filemenu.add_command(label='Save', command=do_job)
122 filemenu.add_separator()#分開的隔間（添加一條線）
123 filemenu.add_command(label='Exit', command=window.quit)#退出窗口
124 editmenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)#menubar對象的子菜單對象，不分開
125 menubar.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=editmenu)
126 editmenu.add_command(label='Cut', command=do_job)
127 editmenu.add_command(label='Copy', command=do_job)
128 editmenu.add_command(label='Paste', command=do_job)
129 submenu = tk.Menu(filemenu)#filemenu的子菜單
130 filemenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)#
131 submenu.add_command(label="Submenu1", command=do_job)
132 window.config(menu=menubar)#改變參數
133 
134 
135 window.mainloop()#不斷刷新循環（至關於while）

tkinter

 

三.pack,grid,place

1.pack自動放置，參數side可選‘top’，‘bottom’，‘right’，‘left’

2.grid以表格形式切分master，參數row和column表示行列，單元格左右間距padx，pady單元格上下間距，ipadx內部擴展

3.place以精確座標來定位，參數anchor設定錨定點

 

四.登陸窗口

 1 import tkinter as tk
 2 from tkinter import messagebox  # import this to fix messagebox error
 3 import pickle
 4 
 5 window = tk.Tk()
 6 window.title('Welcome to Mofan Python')
 7 window.geometry('450x300')
 8 
 9 # welcome image
10 canvas = tk.Canvas(window, height=200, width=500)
11 image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='welcome.gif')
12 image = canvas.create_image(0,0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
13 canvas.pack(side='top')
14 
15 # user information
16 tk.Label(window, text='User name: ').place(x=50, y= 150)
17 tk.Label(window, text='Password: ').place(x=50, y= 190)
18 
19 var_usr_name = tk.StringVar()
20 var_usr_name.set('example@python.com')
21 entry_usr_name = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_name)
22 entry_usr_name.place(x=160, y=150)
23 var_usr_pwd = tk.StringVar()
24 entry_usr_pwd = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_pwd, show='*')
25 entry_usr_pwd.place(x=160, y=190)
26 
27 def usr_login():
28     usr_name = var_usr_name.get()
29     usr_pwd = var_usr_pwd.get()
30     try:
31         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'rb') as usr_file:
32             usrs_info = pickle.load(usr_file)
33     except FileNotFoundError:
34         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'wb') as usr_file:
35             usrs_info = {'admin': 'admin'}
36             pickle.dump(usrs_info, usr_file)
37     if usr_name in usrs_info:
38         if usr_pwd == usrs_info[usr_name]:
39             tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Welcome', message='How are you? ' + usr_name)
40         else:
41             tk.messagebox.showerror(message='Error, your password is wrong, try again.')
42     else:
43         is_sign_up = tk.messagebox.askyesno('Welcome',
44                                'You have not signed up yet. Sign up today?')
45         if is_sign_up:
46             usr_sign_up()
47 
48 def usr_sign_up():
49     def sign_to_Mofan_Python():
50         np = new_pwd.get()
51         npf = new_pwd_confirm.get()
52         nn = new_name.get()
53         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'rb') as usr_file:
54             exist_usr_info = pickle.load(usr_file)
55         if np != npf:
56             tk.messagebox.showerror('Error', 'Password and confirm password must be the same!')
57         elif nn in exist_usr_info:
58             tk.messagebox.showerror('Error', 'The user has already signed up!')
59         else:
60             exist_usr_info[nn] = np
61             with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'wb') as usr_file:
62                 pickle.dump(exist_usr_info, usr_file)
63             tk.messagebox.showinfo('Welcome', 'You have successfully signed up!')
64             window_sign_up.destroy()
65     window_sign_up = tk.Toplevel(window)
66     window_sign_up.geometry('350x200')
67     window_sign_up.title('Sign up window')
68 
69     new_name = tk.StringVar()
70     new_name.set('example@python.com')
71     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='User name: ').place(x=10, y= 10)
72     entry_new_name = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_name)
73     entry_new_name.place(x=150, y=10)
74 
75     new_pwd = tk.StringVar()
76     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='Password: ').place(x=10, y=50)
77     entry_usr_pwd = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_pwd, show='*')
78     entry_usr_pwd.place(x=150, y=50)
79 
80     new_pwd_confirm = tk.StringVar()
81     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='Confirm password: ').place(x=10, y= 90)
82     entry_usr_pwd_confirm = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_pwd_confirm, show='*')
83     entry_usr_pwd_confirm.place(x=150, y=90)
84 
85     btn_comfirm_sign_up = tk.Button(window_sign_up, text='Sign up', command=sign_to_Mofan_Python)
86     btn_comfirm_sign_up.place(x=150, y=130)
87 
88 # login and sign up button
89 btn_login = tk.Button(window, text='Login', command=usr_login)
90 btn_login.place(x=170, y=230)
91 btn_sign_up = tk.Button(window, text='Sign up', command=usr_sign_up)
92 btn_sign_up.place(x=270, y=230)
93 
94 window.mainloop()

登陸

 

五.