Linux網絡相關以及防火牆
Linux網絡相關
- ifconfig 查看網卡ip (yum install net-tools)
- ifup 網卡名，啓動網卡 / ifdown 網卡名，關閉網卡
- 設定虛擬網卡
- mii-tool 網卡名，查看網卡是否鏈接
- ethtool 網卡名，也能夠查看網卡是否鏈接
- 更改主機名hostnamectl set-hostname test-a
- DNS配置文件/etc/resolv.conf
- /etc/hosts文件
[root@centos01 ~]# ifconfig
eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.77.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.77.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb9:5699 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:b9:56:99 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 135 bytes 13528 (13.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 126 bytes 18880 (18.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@centos01 ~]# ifdown eno16777736 # 關閉網卡，以後在服務器上啓動該網卡
[root@centos01 ~]# ifup eno16777736
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
#重啓某個網卡的方法
[root@centos01 ~]# ifdown eno16777736 && ifup eno16777736
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/5)
# 添加虛擬網卡
[root@centos01 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777736:t
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
DEFROUTE=yes
PEERDNS=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
NAME=eno16777736:t # 須要更改該的行1
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.77.139 # 須要更改該的行2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
DEVICE=eno16777736:t # 須要更改該的行3
[root@centos01 ~]# ifdown eno16777736 && ifup eno16777736
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/11)
[root@centos01 ~]#
[root@centos01 ~]# ifconfig
eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.77.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.77.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb9:5699 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:b9:56:99 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1920 bytes 180010 (175.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1532 bytes 220506 (215.3 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eno16777736:t: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.77.139 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.77.255
ether 00:0c:29:b9:56:99 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
# 查看網卡是否已鏈接
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# mii-tool eno16777736
eno16777736: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# ethtool eno16777736
Settings for eno16777736:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 1000Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: off (auto)
Supports Wake-on: d
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
drv probe link
Link detected: yes
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# hostnamectl set-hostname test-a
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# hostname
test-a
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# cat /etc/hostname
test-a
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 119.29.29.29
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# vi /etc/hosts
[root@centos01 network-scripts]# ping www.gg.com
PING www.abc.com (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.104 ms
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.082 ms
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.080 ms
^C
--- www.abc.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.080/0.088/0.104/0.015 ms
Linux 防火牆
- selinux 臨時關閉 setenforce 0
- selinux 永久關閉 vi /etc/selinux/config
- centos7以前使用netfilter防火牆
- centos7開始使用firewalld防火牆
- 關閉firewalld開啓netfilter方法
- systemctl stop firewalld
- systemctl disable firewalled
- yum install -y iptables-services
- systemctl enable iptables
- systemctl start iptables
[root@centos01 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=enforcing # 改這裏
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
[root@centos01 ~]# getenforce
Enforcing
[root@centos01 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld # 關閉 firewalld
rm '/etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service'
rm '/etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service'
[root@centos01 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld # 中止firewalld服務
[root@centos01 ~]# yum install -y iptables-services # 安裝iptables工具
[root@centos01 ~]# systemctl enable iptables # 設置開機啓動
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/iptables.service' '/etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/iptables.service'
[root@centos01 ~]# systemctl start iptables # 啓動iptables服務
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -nvL # 查當前iptables規則
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
25 2024 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
1 76 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 12 packets, 1152 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Linux 防火牆——netfilter
-
netfilter的5個表html
-
filter表用於過濾包，最經常使用的表，有INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT三個鏈linux
-
nat表用於網絡地址轉換，有PREROUTING、OUTPUT、POSTROUTING三個鏈centos
-
managle表用於給數據包作標記，幾乎用不到服務器
-
raw表能夠實現不追蹤某些數據包，幾乎不用網絡
-
security表在centos6中並無，用於強制訪問控制(MAC)的網絡規則，幾乎不用dom
-
數據包流向與netfilter的5個鏈工具
-
PREROUTING: 數據包進入路由表以前oop
-
INPUT: 經過路由表後目的地爲本機this
-
FORWARD: 經過路由表後，目的地不爲本機
-
OUTPUT: 由本機產生，向外發出
-
POSTROUTING: 發送到網卡接口以前
iptables 語法
- 查看iptables規則 iptables -nvL
- iptables -F 清空規則
- service iptables save 保存規則
- iptables -t nat, -t指定表
- iptables -Z 能夠把計數器清零
- iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.188.1 -p tcp --sport 1234 -d 192.168.188.128 --dport 80 -j DROP
- iptables -I/-A/-D INPUT -s 1.1.1.1 -j DROP
- iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/26 -i eht0 -j ACCEPT
- iptables -nvL --line-numbers
- iptables -D INPUT 1
- iptables -P INPUT DROP
[root@centos01 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables
# sample configuration for iptables service
# you can edit this manually or use system-config-firewall
# please do not ask us to add additional ports/services to this default configuration
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
-A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
COMMIT
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -F
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -nvL
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 28 packets, 2016 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 15 packets, 1592 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
[root@centos01 ~]# service iptables restart
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart iptables.service
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -nvL
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
43 3128 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 23 packets, 2424 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -Z;iptables -nvL #清空後pkts以及bytes爲0
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -nvL # 過一會執行命令有新的數據
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
22 1904 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 17 packets, 2904 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
[root@centos01 ~]# iptables -nvL --line-numbers
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
1 112 8476 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
2 0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
3 0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
4 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
5 3 234 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
1 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 70 packets, 9936 bytes)
num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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