在《【高併發】面試官問我如何使用Nginx實現限流,我如此回答輕鬆拿到了Offer!》一文中,咱們主要介紹瞭如何使用Nginx進行限流,以免系統被大流量壓垮。除此以外,Nginx還有不少強大的功能,例如:負載均衡、緩存、黑白名單、灰度發佈等。今天,咱們就來一塊兒探討Nginx支持的這些強大的功能!css
注意:這裏以CentOS 6.8服務器爲例,以root用戶身份來安裝Nginx。html
yum -y install wget gcc-c++ ncurses ncurses-devel cmake make perl bison openssl openssl-devel gcc* libxml2 libxml2-devel curl-devel libjpeg* libpng* freetype* autoconf automake zlib* fiex* libxml* libmcrypt* libtool-ltdl-devel* libaio libaio-devel bzr libtool
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wget https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.2s.tar.gz
tar -zxvf openssl-1.0.2s.tar.gz
cd /usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.2s
./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2s
make
make install
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wget https://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.43.tar.gz
tar -zxvf pcre-8.43.tar.gz
cd /usr/local/src/pcre-8.43
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/pcre-8.43
make
make install
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wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/libpng/files/zlib/1.2.11/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
tar -zxvf zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
cd /usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.11
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/zlib-1.2.11
make
make
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wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.17.2.tar.gz
tar -zxvf nginx-1.17.2.tar.gz
cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.17.2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.17.2 --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.2s --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.43 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.11 --with-http_ssl_module
make
make install
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這裏須要注意的是:安裝Nginx時,指定的是openssl、pcre和zlib的源碼解壓目錄,安裝完成後Nginx配置文件的完整路徑爲:/usr/local/nginx-1.17.2/conf/nginx.conf。node
http {
……
upstream real_server {
server 192.168.103.100:2001 weight=1; #輪詢服務器和訪問權重
server 192.168.103.100:2002 weight=2;
}
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_pass http://real_server;
}
}
}
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upstream real_server {
server 192.168.103.100:2001 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=60s;
server 192.168.103.100:2002 weight=2 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=60s;
}
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意思是在fail_timeout時間內失敗了max_fails次請求後,則認爲該上游服務器不可用,而後將該服務地址踢除掉。fail_timeout時間後會再次將該服務器加入存活列表,進行重試。nginx
limit_req_zone指令設置參數c++
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;
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location / {
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://real_server;
}
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burst排隊大小,nodelay不限制單個請求間的時間。git
geo $limit {
default 1;
192.168.2.0/24 0;
}
map $limit $limit_key {
1 $binary_remote_addr;
0 "";
}
limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=mylimit:10m rate=1r/s;
location / {
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=1 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://real_server;
}
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上述配置中,192.168.2.0/24網段的IP訪問是不限流的,其餘限流。github
IP後面的數字含義:web
靜態資源緩存用expire面試
location ~* .(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
expires 2d;
}
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Response Header中添加了Expires和Cache-Control,redis
靜態資源包括(通常緩存)
協商緩存(add_header ETag/Last-Modified value)
不須要緩存
//緩存路徑,inactive表示緩存的時間,到期以後將會把緩存清理
proxy_cache_path /data/cache/nginx/ levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache:512m inactive = 1d max_size=8g;
location / {
location ~ \.(htm|html)?$ {
proxy_cache cache;
proxy_cache_key $uri$is_args$args; //以此變量值作HASH,做爲KEY
//HTTP響應首部能夠看到X-Cache字段,內容能夠有HIT,MISS,EXPIRES等等
add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
proxy_cache_valid 200 10m;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
proxy_pass http://real_server;
proxy_redirect off;
}
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|bmp|png|ico|txt|js|css)$ {
root /data/webapps/edc;
expires 3d;
add_header Static Nginx-Proxy;
}
}
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在本地磁盤建立一個文件目錄,根據設置,將請求的資源以K-V形式緩存在此目錄當中,KEY須要本身定義(這裏用的是url的hash值),同時能夠根據須要指定某內容的緩存時長,好比狀態碼爲200緩存10分鐘,狀態碼爲301,302的緩存5分鐘,其餘全部內容緩存1分鐘等等。 能夠經過purger的功能清理緩存。
AB測試/個性化需求時應禁用掉瀏覽器緩存。
location / {
deny 192.168.1.1;
deny 192.168.1.0/24;
allow 10.1.1.0/16;
allow 2001:0db8::/32;
deny all;
}
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安裝運行
yum install yum-utils
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://openresty.org/package/centos/openresty.repo
yum install openresty
yum install openresty-resty
查看
yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="openresty" list available
運行
service openresty start
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配置(/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/nginx.conf)
lua_shared_dict ip_blacklist 1m;
server {
listen 80;
location / {
access_by_lua_file lua/ip_blacklist.lua;
proxy_pass http://real_server;
}
}
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lua腳本(ip_blacklist.lua)
local redis_host = "192.168.1.132"
local redis_port = 6379
local redis_pwd = 123456
local redis_db = 2
-- connection timeout for redis in ms.
local redis_connection_timeout = 100
-- a set key for blacklist entries
local redis_key = "ip_blacklist"
-- cache lookups for this many seconds
local cache_ttl = 60
-- end configuration
local ip = ngx.var.remote_addr
local ip_blacklist = ngx.shared.ip_blacklist
local last_update_time = ip_blacklist:get("last_update_time");
-- update ip_blacklist from Redis every cache_ttl seconds:
if last_update_time == nil or last_update_time < ( ngx.now() - cache_ttl ) then
local redis = require "resty.redis";
local red = redis:new();
red:set_timeout(redis_connect_timeout);
local ok, err = red:connect(redis_host, redis_port);
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis connection error while connect: " .. err);
else
local ok, err = red:auth(redis_pwd)
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis password error while auth: " .. err);
else
local new_ip_blacklist, err = red:smembers(redis_key);
if err then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis read error while retrieving ip_blacklist: " .. err);
else
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Get data success:" .. new_ip_blacklist)
-- replace the locally stored ip_blacklist with the updated values:
ip_blacklist:flush_all();
for index, banned_ip in ipairs(new_ip_blacklist) do
ip_blacklist:set(banned_ip, true);
end
-- update time
ip_blacklist:set("last_update_time", ngx.now());
end
end
end
end
if ip_blacklist:get(ip) then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Banned IP detected and refused access: " .. ip);
return ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
end
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根據Cookie查詢version值,若是該version值爲v1轉發到host1,爲v2轉發到host2,都不匹配的狀況下轉發到默認配置。
upstream host1 {
server 192.168.2.46:2001 weight=1; #輪詢服務器和訪問權重
server 192.168.2.46:2002 weight=2;
}
upstream host2 {
server 192.168.1.155:1111 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=60;
}
upstream default {
server 192.168.1.153:1111 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=60;
}
map $COOKIE_version $group {
~*v1$ host1;
~*v2$ host2;
default default;
}
lua_shared_dict ip_blacklist 1m;
server {
listen 80;
#set $group "default";
#if ($http_cookie ~* "version=v1"){
# set $group host1;
#}
#if ($http_cookie ~* "version=v2"){
# set $group host2;
#}
location / {
access_by_lua_file lua/ip_blacklist.lua;
proxy_pass http://$group;
}
}
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server {
……………
set $group default;
if ($remote_addr ~ "192.168.119.1") {
set $group host1;
}
if ($remote_addr ~ "192.168.119.2") {
set $group host2;
}
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好了,我們今天就聊到這兒吧!別忘了給個在看和轉發,讓更多的人看到,一塊兒學習一塊兒進步!!
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