在《【高併發】面試官問我如何使用Nginx實現限流,我如此回答輕鬆拿到了Offer!》一文中,咱們主要介紹瞭如何使用Nginx進行限流,以免系統被大流量壓垮。除此以外,Nginx還有不少強大的功能,例如:負載均衡、緩存、黑白名單、灰度發佈等。今天,咱們就來一塊兒探討Nginx支持的這些強大的功能!css
注意:這裏以CentOS 6.8服務器爲例,以root用戶身份來安裝Nginx。html
yum -y install wget gcc-c++ ncurses ncurses-devel cmake make perl bison openssl openssl-devel gcc* libxml2 libxml2-devel curl-devel libjpeg* libpng* freetype* autoconf automake zlib* fiex* libxml* libmcrypt* libtool-ltdl-devel* libaio libaio-devel bzr libtool
wget https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.2s.tar.gz tar -zxvf openssl-1.0.2s.tar.gz cd /usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.2s ./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2s make make install
wget https://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.43.tar.gz tar -zxvf pcre-8.43.tar.gz cd /usr/local/src/pcre-8.43 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/pcre-8.43 make make install
wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/libpng/files/zlib/1.2.11/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz tar -zxvf zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz cd /usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.11 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/zlib-1.2.11 make make
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.17.2.tar.gz tar -zxvf nginx-1.17.2.tar.gz cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.17.2 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.17.2 --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.2s --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.43 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.11 --with-http_ssl_module make make install
這裏須要注意的是:安裝Nginx時,指定的是openssl、pcre和zlib的源碼解壓目錄,安裝完成後Nginx配置文件的完整路徑爲:/usr/local/nginx-1.17.2/conf/nginx.conf。node
http { …… upstream real_server { server 192.168.103.100:2001 weight=1; #輪詢服務器和訪問權重 server 192.168.103.100:2002 weight=2; } server { listen 80; location / { proxy_pass http://real_server; } } }
upstream real_server { server 192.168.103.100:2001 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=60s; server 192.168.103.100:2002 weight=2 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=60s; }
意思是在fail_timeout時間內失敗了max_fails次請求後,則認爲該上游服務器不可用,而後將該服務地址踢除掉。fail_timeout時間後會再次將該服務器加入存活列表,進行重試。nginx
limit_req_zone指令設置參數c++
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;
location / { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay; proxy_pass http://real_server; }
burst排隊大小,nodelay不限制單個請求間的時間。git
geo $limit { default 1; 192.168.2.0/24 0; } map $limit $limit_key { 1 $binary_remote_addr; 0 ""; } limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=mylimit:10m rate=1r/s; location / { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=1 nodelay; proxy_pass http://real_server; }
上述配置中,192.168.2.0/24網段的IP訪問是不限流的,其餘限流。github
IP後面的數字含義:web
靜態資源緩存用expire面試
location ~* .(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ { expires 2d; }
Response Header中添加了Expires和Cache-Control,redis
靜態資源包括(通常緩存)
協商緩存(add_header ETag/Last-Modified value)
不須要緩存
//緩存路徑,inactive表示緩存的時間,到期以後將會把緩存清理 proxy_cache_path /data/cache/nginx/ levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache:512m inactive = 1d max_size=8g; location / { location ~ \.(htm|html)?$ { proxy_cache cache; proxy_cache_key $uri$is_args$args; //以此變量值作HASH,做爲KEY //HTTP響應首部能夠看到X-Cache字段,內容能夠有HIT,MISS,EXPIRES等等 add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status; proxy_cache_valid 200 10m; proxy_cache_valid any 1m; proxy_pass http://real_server; proxy_redirect off; } location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|bmp|png|ico|txt|js|css)$ { root /data/webapps/edc; expires 3d; add_header Static Nginx-Proxy; } }
在本地磁盤建立一個文件目錄,根據設置,將請求的資源以K-V形式緩存在此目錄當中,KEY須要本身定義(這裏用的是url的hash值),同時能夠根據須要指定某內容的緩存時長,好比狀態碼爲200緩存10分鐘,狀態碼爲301,302的緩存5分鐘,其餘全部內容緩存1分鐘等等。
能夠經過purger的功能清理緩存。
AB測試/個性化需求時應禁用掉瀏覽器緩存。
location / { deny 192.168.1.1; deny 192.168.1.0/24; allow 10.1.1.0/16; allow 2001:0db8::/32; deny all; }
安裝運行
yum install yum-utils yum-config-manager --add-repo https://openresty.org/package/centos/openresty.repo yum install openresty yum install openresty-resty 查看 yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="openresty" list available 運行 service openresty start
配置(/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/nginx.conf)
lua_shared_dict ip_blacklist 1m; server { listen 80; location / { access_by_lua_file lua/ip_blacklist.lua; proxy_pass http://real_server; } }
lua腳本(ip_blacklist.lua)
local redis_host = "192.168.1.132" local redis_port = 6379 local redis_pwd = 123456 local redis_db = 2 -- connection timeout for redis in ms. local redis_connection_timeout = 100 -- a set key for blacklist entries local redis_key = "ip_blacklist" -- cache lookups for this many seconds local cache_ttl = 60 -- end configuration local ip = ngx.var.remote_addr local ip_blacklist = ngx.shared.ip_blacklist local last_update_time = ip_blacklist:get("last_update_time"); -- update ip_blacklist from Redis every cache_ttl seconds: if last_update_time == nil or last_update_time < ( ngx.now() - cache_ttl ) then local redis = require "resty.redis"; local red = redis:new(); red:set_timeout(redis_connect_timeout); local ok, err = red:connect(redis_host, redis_port); if not ok then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis connection error while connect: " .. err); else local ok, err = red:auth(redis_pwd) if not ok then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis password error while auth: " .. err); else local new_ip_blacklist, err = red:smembers(redis_key); if err then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Redis read error while retrieving ip_blacklist: " .. err); else ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Get data success:" .. new_ip_blacklist) -- replace the locally stored ip_blacklist with the updated values: ip_blacklist:flush_all(); for index, banned_ip in ipairs(new_ip_blacklist) do ip_blacklist:set(banned_ip, true); end -- update time ip_blacklist:set("last_update_time", ngx.now()); end end end end if ip_blacklist:get(ip) then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "Banned IP detected and refused access: " .. ip); return ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN); end
根據Cookie查詢version值,若是該version值爲v1轉發到host1,爲v2轉發到host2,都不匹配的狀況下轉發到默認配置。
upstream host1 { server 192.168.2.46:2001 weight=1; #輪詢服務器和訪問權重 server 192.168.2.46:2002 weight=2; } upstream host2 { server 192.168.1.155:1111 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=60; } upstream default { server 192.168.1.153:1111 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=60; } map $COOKIE_version $group { ~*v1$ host1; ~*v2$ host2; default default; } lua_shared_dict ip_blacklist 1m; server { listen 80; #set $group "default"; #if ($http_cookie ~* "version=v1"){ # set $group host1; #} #if ($http_cookie ~* "version=v2"){ # set $group host2; #} location / { access_by_lua_file lua/ip_blacklist.lua; proxy_pass http://$group; } }
server { …………… set $group default; if ($remote_addr ~ "192.168.119.1") { set $group host1; } if ($remote_addr ~ "192.168.119.2") { set $group host2; }
參考:https://github.com/sunshinelyz/ABTestingGateway
好了,我們今天就聊到這兒吧!別忘了給個在看和轉發,讓更多的人看到,一塊兒學習一塊兒進步!!
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