【英語魔法俱樂部——讀書筆記】 3 高級句型-簡化從句&倒裝句(Reduced Clauses、Inverted Sentences) 【完結】

【英語魔法俱樂部——讀書筆記】 3 高級句型-簡化從句&倒裝句(Reduced Clauses、Inverted Sentences):(3.1)從屬從句簡化的通則、(3.2)形容詞從句簡化、(3.3)名詞從句簡化、(3.4)副詞從句簡化、(3.5)簡化從句練習、(3.6)倒裝句安全

 

 

3.1 從屬從句簡化的通則(Generally Reduction Rules of Dependent Clause)
3.1.1 簡化從句:英語語法以句子爲研究對象,而其句型也分爲簡單句、複句和合句之分,其中簡單句只有5種基本句型變化(sv、svc、svo、svoo、svoc),而複句(名詞從句、形容詞從句、副詞從句)、合句(對等從句)均由2個以上的從句組成,而且這些從句中每每有重複的元素,於是能夠有進一步的精簡空間,通過精簡後的複句、合句的內容更加精煉,又不失清楚,這就是簡化從句。若是說簡單句是初級句型,那麼複句、合句就是中級句型,而簡化從句就是高級句型。因爲簡化從句濃縮若干句子的意思於一句,同時也符合修辭學上清楚與簡潔的要求,是講究修辭的TIME大量使用的句型。
合句的簡化方式:刪除對等從句間相對應位置(主語與主語、動詞與動詞等)的重複部分。
複句的簡化方式:包含名詞從句、形容詞從句、副詞從句這3種
從句的簡化。傳統語法將這三種從句的簡化稱爲"非限定從句(Nonfinite Clause)",並將其中的Ving(動名詞或如今分詞)、Ven(過去分詞)、toV(不定式)稱爲"非限定動詞(Nonfinite Verbs)",本文提出"簡化從句(Reduced Caluse)"而不主張傳統語法的"非限定從句"的概念,由於:a. "非限定從句"的概念,尤爲各類非限定的由來,不易讓人理解。 b. 非限定從句每每與非限定動詞劃上等號,而忽略了除toV、Ving、Ven之外的其餘的變化。而簡化從句這個觀念回溯到修辭的根源,以修辭的兩個要求,即:清楚(Clear)與簡介(concise)做爲出發點,討論完整成句到簡化從句(非限定從句)的過程,瞭解舉行變化的道理。
{Nonfinite:[音:'nɒn'faɪnaɪt];adj:非限定的,非定式的;concise:[音:[kən'saɪs];adj:簡明的,簡要的;}
 
3.1.2 從屬從句的簡化通則:省略主語與be動詞(動詞的改變均視爲be動詞的省略),只保留補語部分。而"省略從屬從句的主語後形成主語不清楚"、"補語部分的此類與原從屬從句此類不一致"、"鏈接詞是否一併省略"等問題的處理方式不盡相同,需分別討論,但整體簡化通則是一致的。
省略主語的緣由:從屬從句的主語如果空洞的字眼(好比:one、everybody、people等),或者從屬從句主語在主要從句中重複出現時,從修辭的角度出發有違精簡的原則,所以省略後會更簡潔。
省略be動詞的緣由:be動詞沒有意義,省略後不會影響原句的句意。一個句子的主要部分有:主語部分(Subject)和動詞引導的部分(Predicate),其中動詞是最重要的敘述對象。在5種基本句型中,sv、svo、svoo、svoc都依靠動詞來敘述主語的行爲,可是svc句型卻否則,其動詞沒有意義(尤爲是be動詞),反而要考補語來作所有的敘述,be動詞只有串聯主語和補語的功能(因此稱爲Linking Verb,連綴動詞)。所以,若是svc句型是主要從句,那麼be動詞不可或缺,可是若是其是依附在主要從句上的是從屬從句,而且從屬從句的主語與主要從句的主語重複出現,那麼從屬從句的svc結構須要保留的就只有補語而已,由於重複的主語和無心義的be動詞都是多餘的,當去掉這兩部分後,已經不是完整的從屬從句了,也就再也不須要鏈接詞,結果,剩下的補語部分的詞類若與原來的從屬從句沒有衝突就能夠直接保留下來以取代原先的從屬從句,如此便成爲簡化從句。
沒有be動詞的從屬從句:和上述狀況相似,若是從屬從句中沒有be動詞能夠省略時,則分爲兩種狀況處理:a. 有助動詞時,變爲不定式。 b. 無助動詞時,變爲Ving的形式。助動詞變爲不定式的緣由是:全部的助動詞均可以改寫爲be動詞+不定式的形式,雖然改寫後表達的意思不如原來的精確,但這是爲簡潔所做的犧牲,何況也能夠用going to、willing to、able to、likely to、in order to、so as to、free to、bound to等等形式來補充,並且依附於主要從句中又能夠靠上下文來暗示,因此不會偏離原意。無助動詞時,變爲Ving的緣由是:當沒有be動詞,也無助動詞時,能夠這樣考慮,即"先加個be動詞進去,將原來的動詞加上-ing,使之成爲進行時態",如此一來就有了be動詞,而後就能省略主語和be動詞,將Ving以後的部分視爲補語而保留下來。
{predicate:[音:'predɪkət];n:[語法]謂語,述語;v:判定,意味,宣城,基於;adj:謂語的;bound to:必然,不得不,必須,束縛於;so as to:爲的是,以便;in order to:prep:爲了;free to:v:自由,免費;}
 
3.1.3 從屬從句的簡化是瞭解複雜句型的關鍵,也是進入高級巨星的階梯。其簡化通則是:"把主語和be動詞(動詞的改變)省略,而留下補語",另外後續的名詞從句簡化、形容詞從句簡化、副詞從句簡化會分別介紹這些詞類的從屬從句簡化時的一些細節變化。
 
3.1 本小節示例及練習:
It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral. (從屬從句中的主語是空洞的字眼[one、everybody、people等]或者已在主要從句中出現,則有違修辭上的精簡原則,需省略主語,以及無心義的be動詞。原句是:It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral. (svc),本句的主句是it is common courtesy + 鏈接詞that引導的名詞從句that one shoule wear black + 鏈接詞while引導的副詞從句while one attends a funeral組成,省略兩個從屬從句中的one這個空洞字眼,即成本句。) {courtesy:n:禮貌,好意;funeral:adj:葬禮(的);n:葬禮;grave:n:墳墓,死亡;adj:嚴肅的,嚴重的,莊重的;v:雕刻,銘記;coffin:n:棺材;}
Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a fire alarm. (省略從屬從句中空洞、與主要從句重複的主語,以及無心義的be動詞。原句是:Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is wooden building, needs a fire alarm. (svo),其由whether引導的副詞從句whetehr it is insured or not + 主要從句your house needs a fire alarm + which引導的形容詞從句which is a wooden building組成,省略掉重複的代名詞主語it、which,成爲本句,句意未改變且結構簡明成爲優雅的句子。)
Birds fly. (sv,依靠動詞來敘述主語的行爲)
Birds eat worms. (svo,依靠動詞來敘述主語的行爲)
Birds give us songs. (svoo,依靠動詞來敘述主語的行爲)
Birds make the morning beautiful. (svoc,依靠動詞來敘述主語的行爲)
Birds are lovely. (svc,無心義的be動詞用來串聯主語和補語,因此其稱爲連綴動詞。be動詞無心義,且不須要翻譯,具體的敘述功能由補語來表達。若是svc結構是主要從句則be動詞不可省略,如果從屬從句則能夠省略be動詞以及重複的主語。)
You must go at once. → You are to go at once.
The train will leave in 10 minutes. → The train is to leave in 10 minutes.
He should do as I say. → He is to do as I say.
You may call me "Sir". → You are to call me "Sir".
Children can't watch this movie. → Children are not to watch this movie.
He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship. {so taht:爲了;}
He studied hard to get a scholarship. (從屬從句中,沒有be動詞,但有助動詞的能夠改爲不定式的形式,雖然修改後的意思不如原來精確,但這是爲精簡所做的犧牲,何況能夠依附於主要從句的上下文暗示來保證原意不會被改變。)
He studied hard so as to get a scholarship. (上句改成不定式而帶來的句意不精確的問題,能夠用going to、willing to、able to、likely to、in order to、so as to、free to、bound to來補充。)
He studied hard in order to get a scholarship. (同上)
John remembers that he say the lady before. (s+v+conjunction+o,本句中重複的he能夠省略,可是動詞say不是be動詞,又沒有助動詞,沒法省略,此時能夠將動詞變爲Ving形態,成爲:John remembers that he was seeing the lady before,雖然此句中使用進行式並不恰當,可是省略he was以後就能夠避免該問題。)
John remembers seeing the lady before. (svo,從屬從句中,沒有be動詞,也沒有助動詞時,能夠"先加個be動詞進去,將原來的動詞加上-ing,使之成爲進行時態",而後就能省略主語和be動詞了。原句的that he say the lady before是名詞從句,省略後變成seeing the lady before的動名詞形式,依然是名詞類,一樣做賓語,符合詞類要求,又保留原句意思,因此是合理的簡化從句)
View Code

 

 
 
 
3.2 名詞從句簡化(Reduction of Noun Clause)
3.2.1 名詞從句的簡化與其餘詞類的從屬從句(形容詞從句、副詞從句)的簡化手法相同,都是省略主語、be動詞,只留下補語。省略主語的緣由是:從屬從句中的主語與主要從句中的元素重複或者主語是空洞的內容(如:someone、people等),因此能夠將主語省略。省略be動詞的緣由是:be動詞只是無心義的連綴動詞,只是來鏈接主語和補語的。省略鏈接詞的緣由:當名詞從句中,省略了主語、be動詞後,就不在須要鏈接詞了,因此鏈接詞that也能夠一併省略,可是若名詞從句是由疑問句演變而來,其疑問詞(who、what、where等)又充當鏈接詞時,那麼就不能再省略鏈接詞,由於鏈接詞是具備意義的字眼。
 
3.2.2 名詞從句簡化後剩下的2種常見的補語形態:Ving(動名詞)、to V(不定式),這兩種形態均可以當名詞使用,因此能夠取代簡化前的名詞從句,不會有詞類上的衝突。可是另外一種常見的補語形式:Ven(過去分詞)卻不能取代名詞從句,由於其是形容詞,詞類上有衝突,因此名詞從句中若是是被動態(be+Ven),簡化時不能省略be動詞而只留下Ven,其須要作詞類改形成爲:being+Ven的形式。另外,介詞短語的介詞後不能直接跟名詞從句形式的賓語,因此必定要先簡化名詞從句,而後在能放在介詞後作賓語,簡化方法同上。
簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語:若是名詞從句是進行式(be+Ving),則簡化後會留下動名詞形式的補語部分,其屬於名詞類,而原來的從句也是名詞類,因此詞類不衝突,並意思不變,也是成功的簡化從句。Ving形態的補語須要注意如下4個方面:a. 注意名詞從句無助動詞又無be動詞的狀況:須要把be動詞加入原句中,將其改成有be動詞的形態(be+Ving),而後也能夠用一樣的方法簡化。b. 省略名詞從句的主語而引發的句意改變或不清楚時的處理:若省略主語後會形成意思不清楚,則能夠採用"改造爲s+v+o+c的句型"(名詞從句必須處於賓語位置,且主要從句的動詞適用於svoc結構)、"改造爲全部格的形式"(名詞從句簡化爲Ving形態,但不能省略主語時,大多能夠用全部格來處理)、"改造爲介詞短語的形式"(只適合s+v+c+noun clause句型,按理說svc後面並無名詞從句存在的空間,但這類型的svc結構每每是主要從句(s+v+c+prep+o[介詞短語的賓語]的結構)和形容詞從句(which is + noun clause的結構)組成的複句,作了2次簡化的結果(第一次:形容詞從句簡化掉關係詞which和be動詞,此時的名詞從句作先行詞[介詞短語中的賓語]的同位語;第二次:第一次簡化的結果是:名詞從句替又代了先行詞的位置,即成爲s+v+c+noun clause句型,此時進行第二次簡化處理:將名詞從句簡化並經過介詞來附加到主要從句上便可),這三種方法處理。c. 被動態的處理:被動態(be+Ven)中,省略主語和be動詞後剩下的Ven形式的補語,其是形容詞沒法取代名詞從句,因此須要修改成:being+Ven的形式,並仍以名詞的形式保留下來。 d. 名詞從句的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其後通常接名詞或形容詞做補語,則簡化時需將be改成being的形式。
簡化後剩下to V形態的補語:若是名詞從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則其表示一種"不肯定"的語氣,簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是名詞類,因此詞類不衝突,雖然意思不是很是精確但也很接近句意,因此也是成功的簡化從句。to V形態的補語須要注意如下2個方面:a. 省略名詞從句主語而引發的句意改變或不清楚的處理:名詞從句的主語若是和主要從句不重複,且不是空泛的字眼時,不能省略主語,強制省略會形成意思不清楚,因此能夠採用"改造爲s+v+o+c的句型"(名詞從句處於賓語位置,且主要從句結構適用於svoc結構)、"將主語放到介詞短語中以賓語形態出現"(最長用的介詞是for),這兩種方法處理。b. 疑問詞引導的名詞從句的簡化:若是名詞從句的是由疑問詞引導,那麼做爲鏈接詞的疑問詞是有意的的字眼,應該予以保留,而對於Yest/No question,因爲沒有疑問詞,則須要添加whether來製造名詞從句。
 
3.2.3 to V和Ving的區別:不定式與動名詞均可以看成名詞類使用,但區別是:不定式表示"計劃作但尚未作",是發生在未來的"不肯定必定會發生"的事情,這和助動詞表示的不肯定性的意味相同,因此助動詞能夠簡化爲不定式;而動名詞則表示"已經發生或就是具體的事",是肯定的語氣。注意:有時主要從句中雖然沒有助動詞,可是名詞從句中能夠判斷出有不肯定語氣,或者能看出原來就有助動詞時,那麼,簡化時,天然就會成爲不定式的形式。
 
3.2 本小節示例及練習:
Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. (Reduction of Noun Clause,作主語的名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當名詞從句中無助動詞又無be動詞時,須要把be動詞加入原句中,將其改成有be動詞的形態(be+Ving),而後在經過省略主語、be動詞、鏈接詞的方式來簡化。原句爲:That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. (s[noun clause]+v+c),而後改成be+Ving的形式:That I am drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.,省略重複的主語、be動詞、鏈接此後成爲本句。)
Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking. (Reduction of Noun Clause,作賓語的名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當名詞從句中無助動詞又無be動詞時,須要把be動詞加入原句中,將其改成有be動詞的形態(be+Ving),而後在經過省略主語、be動詞、鏈接詞的方式來簡化。原句爲:Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking. (s+v+o[noun clause]),改成be+Ving的形式後,在省略成爲本句。)
He got used to working late into the night. (Reduction of Noun Clause,介詞短語的介詞後不能直接跟名詞從句形式的賓語,因此必定要先簡化名詞從句,而後在能放在介詞後作賓語,簡化方法同上。原句是由He got used to something. (s+v+c+prep+o)和He worked late into the night.組合而成,省略方式一樣是先改成be+Ving的形式,而後省略成本本句。)
His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends. (Reduction of Noun Clause,作補語的名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當名詞從句中無助動詞又無be動詞時,須要把be動詞加入原句中,將其改成有be動詞的形態(be+Ving),而後在經過省略主語、be動詞、鏈接詞的方式來簡化。原句爲:His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends. (s+v+c[noun clause]),改成be+Ving的形式後,在省略成爲本句。)
{pastime:[音:'pæstaɪm];n:消遣,娛樂;}
I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me. (svoc,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改爲s+v+o+c句型。原句是:I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me. (s+v+o[noun clause]),若直接省略主語、和be動詞,則成爲錯誤的句子:I imagined singing to myself. (X),因此改形成svoc句型(要求:名詞從句作賓語,且主要從句適用於svoc句型),即:把名詞從句的主語拿來作主要從句的賓語,把簡化的名詞從句看成補語,即成本句。)
His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (s[Reduction of Noun Clause]+v+c,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成全部格的形式。原句是:That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (s[noun clause]+v+c),若直接省略主語、be動詞則成錯錯誤句意的句子:Calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (svc,X),因此改形成全部格的形式(大大多數主語不能省略的狀況,均可以如此處理),即:保留名詞從句的主語並改形成全部格形式,置於名詞從句前面,即成本句。)
I am worried about my son's lying all the time. (s+v+c+prep+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成介詞短語的形式。簡化方法:只適合s+v+c+noun clause句型,按理說svc後面並無名詞從句存在的空間,但這類型的svc結構每每是主要從句(s+v+c+prep+o[介詞短語的賓語]的結構)和形容詞從句(which is + noun clause的結構)組成的複句,作了2次簡化的結果(第一次:形容詞從句簡化掉關係詞which和be動詞,此時的名詞從句作先行詞[介詞短語中的賓語]的同位語;第二次:第一次簡化的結果是:名詞從句替又代了先行詞的位置,即成爲s+v+c+noun clause句型,此時進行第二次簡化處理:將名詞從句簡化並經過介詞來附加到主要從句上便可。本句原是:I am worried that my son lies all the time. (s+v+c+noun clause),svc句型後,本來沒有名詞存在的空間,因此原句應解釋爲:I am worried about the fact (which is) that my son lies all the time. (s+v+c+appositive[noun clause]),名詞從句其實是the fact的同位語(形容詞從句which is that……的第一次簡化後留下的補語,便是:同位語),而後that引導的名詞從句又代替了先行詞的位置。接着,進行第二次針對名詞從句的簡化(省略be動詞、鏈接詞,因爲主語不一樣而採用全部格的主語形式)以後,即成爲本句。) 
{appositive:adj:同位的,同格的;n:同位語;}
I am worried about my son lying all the time. (s+v+c+prep+o+c,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成s+v+o+c的形式也能夠。可是上句的語意更合適,由於:原句關心的是"說謊這件事",而本句更傾向於關心的是"人",而事情則將爲修飾語成分,因此語意稍有出入。)
Being called a liar is the greatest insult. (s[Reduction of Noun Clause]+v+c,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,在被動態(be+Ven)中,省略主語和be動詞後剩下的Ven形式的補語,其是形容詞沒法取代名詞從句,因此須要修改成:being+Ven的形式,並仍以名詞的形式保留下來。原句是:That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult. (s[noun clause]+v+c),若是直接省略主語和be動詞成爲錯誤的句子:Called a liar is the greatest insult. (svc,X),因此應保留be動詞並改成be+Ving的形式,即成本句。)
{insult:n:侮辱,辱罵,冒犯;vt:侮辱,辱罵,凌辱;}
I am looking forward to being invited to the party. (Reduction of Noun Clause,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,在被動態(be+Ven)中,省略主語和be動詞後剩下的Ven形式的補語,其是形容詞沒法取代名詞從句,因此須要修改成:being+Ven的形式,並仍以名詞的形式保留下來。原句是由:I am looking forward to something.和I am invited to the party.兩句組成,若直接省略主語和be動詞,則會成爲錯誤句子(介詞短語必須是名詞類),I am looking forward to invited to the party. (adjective,X),因此改成be+Ving的形式再簡化成本本句。)
I am looking forward to the invitation to the party. (noun,上句的簡化過程當中,若是將形容詞補語改成名詞類,就能夠放在介詞短語的賓語位置,即:將invited改成invitation,即成本句。)
{invitation:[音:[ˌɪnvɪ'teɪʃn];n:邀請,邀請函,招待,招致,引誘;}
Being a teacher requires a lot of patience. (Reduction of Noun Clause,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當名詞從句的動詞是單純的be動詞,且其後通常接名詞或形容詞做補語時,則簡化時需將be改成being的形式。原句爲:That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience. (s[noun clause]+v+o),簡化成爲本句。若直接省略主語和be動詞後:A teacher requires a lot of patience.,意思就有些不一樣了。)
{patience:n:耐心,忍耐,毅力;patient:n:病人;adj:有耐心的,能忍耐的;}
Being busy is no excuse for the negligence. (Reduction of Noun Clause,名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當名詞從句的動詞是單純的be動詞,且其後通常接名詞或形容詞做補語時,則簡化時需將be改成being的形式。原句爲:That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence. (s[noun clause]+v+c),若直接省略主語和be動詞,則形容詞busy沒法擋主語,因此仍然須要改成be+Ving的形勢後再次省略,即成本句)
{negligence:[音:'neɡlɪdʒəns];n:疏忽,不修邊幅,瀆職;}
The children expect to get presents for Christmas. (o[Reduction of Noun Clause],簡化後剩下to V形態的補語:若是名詞從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則其表示一種"不肯定"的語氣,簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是名詞類,因此詞類不衝突,雖然意思不是很是精確但也很接近句意,因此也是成功的簡化從句。原句爲:The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas. (s+v+o[noun clause]),將助動詞改寫爲be to的形式,即:The children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas. (noun clause),而後在省略名詞從句中的主語和be動詞,即成爲本句)
I think it strange to fear ghosts. (Reduction of Noun Clause,簡化後剩下to V形態的補語:若是名詞從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則其表示一種"不肯定"的語氣,簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語。原句爲:I think it strange that man should fear ghosts. (s+v+o+c+noun clause),其中的名詞從句不能直接放入賓語位置,由於後面還有個補語,強行放入補語會形成斷句困難,因此用虛詞it代替賓語,將名詞從句挪到最後,省略後即成本句)
I want you to go. (svoc,簡化後剩下to V形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改爲s+v+o+c句型。原句是:I want that you should go. (s+v+o[名詞從句]),將助動詞改成be to的形式:I want that you are to go. (svo),簡化後成爲本句。)
For the Clippers to beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat. (Reduction of Noun Clause,簡化後剩下to V形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,將主語放到介詞短語中以賓語形態出現(最長用的介詞是for)。原句是:That the Clippers should beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat. (s[noun clause]+v+c),將名詞從句的主語改爲介詞短語的形式後,省略後即成本句。)
{clipper:n:修剪工,大剪刀,理髮剪,(19世紀的)快速帆船,移動很快的人或物;Clippers:快船隊;Lakers:湖人隊;}
I don't know what to do. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],簡化後剩下to V形態的補語,由疑問詞引導的名詞從句,做爲鏈接詞的疑問詞是有意的的字眼,應該予以保留,除此以外,簡化手法不便。原句是:I don't know what I should do. (s+v+o[noun clause]),其是由:What should I do?和I don't know the question. (svo)兩句組成,保留鏈接詞並簡化後成爲本句。)
I can't decide whether to vote for Mary. (Reduction of Noun Clause,簡化後剩下to V形態的補語,由疑問詞引導的名詞從句中,對於Yest/No question,因爲沒有疑問詞,則須要添加whether來製造名詞從句。原句是:I can't decide whether I should vote for Mary (or not). (s+v+o[noun clause]),其是由:Should I vote for Mary?和I can't decide the question.組成,whether是由which+either……nor組成,保留鏈接詞並簡化後成爲本句)
He forgot to see his dentist that day. (Reduction of Noun Clause,to V和Ving的區別:不定式表示"計劃作但還沒作",是發生在未來的"不肯定必定會發生"的事情。原句是:He forgot that he should see his dentist that day. (s+v+o[noun clause]),省略後即成本句。)
He forgot seeing the man before. (Reduction of Noun Clause,to V和Ving的區別:表示"已經發生或就是具體的事",是肯定的語氣。原句是:He forgot that he saw the man before. (s+v+o[noun clause]),簡化後即成此句)
I love driving on the freeway. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],to V和Ving的區別:表示"已經發生或就是具體的事",是肯定的語氣。原句可還原爲:I love that I drive on the freeway.或I love that I am driving on the freeway.都可,簡化後即成此句。) 
{freeway:高速公路,也作highway;}
I would love to drive to work in my own car. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],to V和Ving的區別:不定式表示"計劃作但還沒作",是發生在未來的"不肯定必定會發生"的事情。本句有強烈的"但願可以"的暗示,但目前不行,這種不肯定的語氣符合不定式的語氣,其可還原成:I would love that I can drive to work in my own car. (s+v+o[noun clause]),簡化後即成本句。)
I avoid being late to any appointment. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],主要從句中雖然沒有助動詞,可是名詞從句中能夠判斷出有不肯定語氣,或者能看出原來就有助動詞時,那麼,簡化時,天然就會成爲不定式的形式。原句爲:I avoid that I am late to any appointment. (s+v+o[noun clause]),本句中,把"遲到"看作"一件事",並無"將要遲到或可以遲到"的語氣,簡化後即成本句。)
I hope to get to the concert on time. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause],主要從句中雖然沒有助動詞,可是名詞從句中能夠判斷出有不肯定語氣,或者能看出原來就有助動詞時,那麼,簡化時,天然就會成爲不定式的形式。原句爲:I hope that I can get to the concert on time. (s+v+o[noun clause]),本句中"趕不趕的上"並不肯定,可是由濃厚的"但願可以"的語氣,所以設計到助動詞can,簡化後成爲本句。)


That he sends flowers to his girlfriend every day is the only way he can think of to gain her favor.
簡化爲:Sending flowers to his girlfriend every day is the only way he can think of to gain her favor. {gain:[音:ɡeɪn];n:得到,收益,增益;v:得到,到達,增長,獲利,(鍾、表等)走得快;}
■That the legislator was involved in the fraud is rather obvious. (名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成全部格的形式。)
簡化爲:The legislator's being involved in the fraud is rather obvious.  或  The legislator's involvement in the fraud is rather obvious. {legislator:[音:'ledʒɪsleɪtər];n:立法者;involve:vt:包含,使忙於,牽涉,使捲入,使陷入;fraud:n:欺騙,詐騙,騙子;obvious:[音:'ɑːbviəs];adj:明顯的,顯然的;}
The student denied that he had cheated in the exam.
簡化爲:The student denied having cheated in the exam. {cheat:vt:欺騙,騙取;vi:做弊,行騙;n:騙子,欺騙;}
■The researcher is certain that he has found a solution. (名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成介詞短語的形式。)
簡化爲:The researcher is certain  about having found a solution. {researcher:n:研究人員;}
■The residents were not aware that they were being exposed to radiation. (名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成全部格的形式。)
簡化爲:The residents were not aware of being exposed to radiation.  或  The residents were not aware of their exposure to radiation.  {resident:n:居民,住客,住院醫生;adj:居住的;aware:ajd:知道的,意識到的;expose:vt:揭露,事曝光,使面臨,事暴露;radiation:n:輻射,放射線;exposure:n:暴露,揭露,膠片,曝光時間,(在電視、報紙等媒體上的)亮相;}
■I consider that this is a most unfortunate incident. (名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改爲s+v+o+c句型。)
簡化爲:I consider this a most unfortunate incident. {incident:n:事變,事件,插曲;adj:不免的,附帶的;}
That John comes to school late every day cannot g on much longer.
簡化爲:John's coming to school late every day cannot g on much longer.
■That he was named the new CEO came as a surprise to everybody. (名詞從句簡化後剩下Ving形態的補語,當主語不能省略時,改形成全部格的形式。)
簡化爲:His being named the new CEO came as a surprise to everybody.
I would like that you can look after the kids for me this evening.
簡化爲:I would like you to look after the kids for me this evening.
It is a privilege that one can live in these monumental times.
簡化爲:It is a privilege to live in these monumental times.
{privilege:n:特權,榮幸,特別恩典,基本人權;vt:給特權,免除;monumental:[音:ˌmɑːnju'mentl];adj:記念碑的,做爲記念的,不朽的;}
 
Don't worry; I'll show you B.
[A] that you should do     [B] what to do     [C] what to do it     [D] that to do
註釋:空格部分還原爲名詞從句what you should do,簡化爲B。
■Ministers are used to C with respect.
[A] treated     [B] treating     [C] being treated     [D] treat
註釋:空格部分還原爲They are treated with respect,簡化爲C以維持被動態,並以動名詞形狀至於介詞後。 {minister:n:外交使節,部長,大臣,牧師;v:照顧,給予幫助;}
■B is one thing I cannot stand.
[A] Being lied     [B] Being lied to     [C] To being lied     [D] To be lied
註釋:lie(說謊)是不及物動詞,"別人對我說謊"應表示爲:people lie to me,改成被動態:I am lied to (by people),而後簡化爲動名詞就是B。
■The boy is worried B.
[A] that will fail in the exam     [B] about failing in the exam     [C] failing in the exam     [D] about being failed in the exam
註釋:空格部分還原爲:about the possibility that he will fail in the exam,簡化爲B。
You mustn't forget A before you leave for London.
[A] to give me a call     [B] giving me a call     [C] give me a call     [D] given me a call
註釋:原名詞從句還原爲:that you must give me a call. 簡化爲A。
They intend A this coming Christmas.
[A] to get married     [B] getting married     [C] get married     [D] got married
註釋:原名詞從句還原爲:that they will get married,簡化爲A。 {intend:vt:想要,打算;}
■To say you don't remember is B you didn't pay any attention at the time.
[A] saying     [B] to say     [C] say     [D] said
註釋:選擇不定詞to say以求和前面的to say對稱,兩個to say均可以看作是名詞從句that you should say的簡化,故選B。
The decision to emigrate does not necessarily mean A in the country.
[A] cutting off all ties     [B] that cuts off all ties     [C] that ties cut off     [D] cut off all ties
註釋:原名詞從句還原爲:that one cuts off all ties……,簡化爲A。  {emigrate:[音:'emɪɡreɪt];n:移民,移居;cut off:vt:切斷,使隔絕,剪下;vi:中止運轉;}
■You can count on A the election even before all the results are in.
[A] winning     [B] to win     [C] won     [D] that you will win
註釋:原名詞從句還原爲D,但是階段短語後不能跟名詞從句,因此簡化爲A,並放在介詞短語後。由於介詞後面不能跟不定式,因此助動詞will能夠省略掉。
I never expected C in this mess.
[A] involving     [B] involved     [C] to be involved     [D] involve
註釋:原名詞從句還原爲that I would be involved……,簡化爲C。 {mess:n:混亂,混雜,髒亂,一份食品,糞便,(軍隊的)食堂;v:弄糟,弄亂,妨礙;}
View Code

 

 
 
 
3.3 形容詞從句簡化(Reduction of Adjective Clause)
3.3.1 形容詞從句又稱爲關係從句,主要從句和從屬從句之間必定有重複的元素以創建關係。既然有重複,就能夠省略:若是重複的元素(關係詞)是關係從句的賓語,則通常性的省略一般是隻省略關係詞自己,這種通常性的省略後,關係從句中仍有主語、動詞,嚴格來說這種省略不算是正真的簡化從句;而若是重複的元素(關係詞)是關係從句的主語,那麼簡化時,省略主語也就勢必要省略be動詞,這纔是典型的形容詞簡化從句。
 
3.3.2 根據形容詞從句簡化後所留下的補語的性質,能夠有如下5種分類:補語爲Ven、補語爲Ving、補語爲to V、補語爲通常形容詞、補語爲名詞。
補語爲Ven:若是關係從句是被動態(be+Ven),則簡化後會留下過去分詞形式的補語部分,其屬於形容詞類,而原來的從句也是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突,而且意思不變,這就是成功的簡化從句。對於具備"補充說明做用"的括弧性質的逗號來括起來的形容詞從句也適用於上述簡化方式。
補語爲Ving:若是關係從句是進行式(be+Ving),則簡化後會留下如今分詞形式的補語部分,其屬於形容詞類,而原來的從句也是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突,並意思不變,也是成功的簡化從句。注意關係從句無助動詞又無be動詞的狀況:須要把be動詞加入原句中,將其改成有be動詞的形態(be+Ving),而後也能夠用一樣的方法簡化,並留下如今分詞形式的補語部分。
補語爲to V:若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突,雖然意思不是很是精確但也很接近句意,因此也是成功的簡化從句。不定詞補語to V須要注意如下4個方面:a. 不定詞的主動、被動的判斷:不定詞是主動態仍是被動態,須要根據上下文還原成關係從句來判斷,不可一律而論。b. 不定詞有無賓語的判斷:不定詞中若是是及物動詞(vt),其後是否有賓語則須要還原成關係從句來判斷,之因此不定詞後會沒有賓語,是由於賓語就是關係詞,省略後而不見賓語。c. 不定詞後有無介詞的判斷:之因此不定式後面會有介詞,是由於介詞後面的賓語就是關係詞,省略之後就只剩介詞而不見賓語。d. 不定詞主語不清楚時的處理:若省略主語後會形成意思不清楚,則能夠將主語放到介詞短語中以賓語形態出現,最經常使用的介詞是for。
補語爲通常形容詞:若是關係從句的動詞爲be動詞,而且其後面是單純的形容詞類的補語,則能夠直接省略主語(關係詞)和be動詞,只留下形容詞補語部分。因此,形容詞只有兩種位置:名詞短語中、補語位置,若是初看一下兩個位置都不是,那麼多半是簡化形容詞從句的殘留補語。
補語爲名詞:雖然關係從句是形容詞類,但若是簡化主語和be動詞後,剩下的是名詞補語,則雖然詞類與原來的關係從句衝突,但仍然可使用,這在傳統語法中稱爲"同位語",以避開詞類衝突的問題。
 
3.3 本小節示例及練習:
The man you asked about is here. (relative clause,重複元素(關係詞)是關係從句的賓語時,一般只省略關係詞。原句是:The man whom you asked about is here. (relative clause),其由The man is here. (svc)和You asked about him. (sv+prep+o)兩句組成。)
Beer chilled to 6 ℃ is most delicious. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,重複元素(關係詞)是關係從句的主語時,且關係從句是被動態,簡化後只留下過去分詞的補語部分。原句是:Beer which is chilled to 6 ℃ is most delicious. (relative clause),其由Beer is most delicious. (s)和It is chilled to 6 ℃. (s)兩句組成)
{chill:v:使變冷,使掃興,[]冷淬;n:寒冷,掃興,寒心,着涼;adj:冷淡的,寒冷的;}
You brother John, wounded in war, will soon be sent home. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,重複元素(關係詞)是關係從句的主語時,且關係從句是被動態,簡化後只留下過去分詞的補語部分,具備"補充說明做用"的括弧性質的逗號括起來的形容詞從句也是適用的。原句是:Your brother John, who as wounded in war, will soon be sent home. (antecedent+relative clause),本句中的先行詞your brother John是專有名詞,後面的內容爲補充說明性質,簡化方式不變。)
The ship coming to shore is from Gaoxiong. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,重複元素(關係詞)是關係從句的主語時,且關係從句是進行式,簡化後只留下如今分詞形式的補語部分。原句是:The ship which is coming to shore is from Gaoxiong. (antecedent+relative clause)。)
{shore:n:岸,濱;}
My old car, breaking down every other week, won't last much longer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,重複元素(關係詞)是關係從句的主語時,可是關係從句中既沒有助動詞也沒有be動詞,所以須要加入be動詞而改成Ving形式,而後再簡化,只留下如今分詞形式的補語部分。原句是:My old car, which breaks down every other week, won't last much longer. (antecedent+relative clause))
{break down:分解,發生故障,失敗,毀掉,將……分類,衰弱,體力不支,制服,鎮壓;every other week:每隔一個星期;}
John is the one to go this time. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突。本句可還原爲:John is the one who should go this time. (antecedent+relative clause))
John is not a man to trust. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。不定詞是主動態仍是被動態,須要還原成關係從句來判斷。本句可還原爲:John is not a man (whom) one can trust. (antecedent+relative clause),其由John is not a man. (o)和One can trust the man. (svo)組成)
John is not a man to be trust. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。不定詞是主動態仍是被動態,須要還原成關係從句來判斷。本句可還原爲:John is not a man who can be trusted. (antecedent+relative clause),其由John is not a man. (o)和The man can be trusted. (sv)組成)
This is exactly the thing to do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。不定詞中若是是及物動詞(vt),其後是否有賓語則須要還原成關係從句來判斷。本句可還原爲:The is exactly the thing which we should do. (antecedent+relative clause),其由This is exactly the thing. (o)和We should do the thing. (svo)兩句組成,之因此本句中沒有賓語的緣由:關係詞which就是賓語,在簡化過程當中被省略掉了。)
This is exactly the time to do it. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。不定詞中若是是及物動詞(vt),其後是否有賓語則須要還原成關係從句來判斷。本句可還原爲:This is exactly the time (when) we should do it. (Reduced Clause of Adjective),其由This is exactly the time. (o)和We should do it at this time. (svo+ adverbial of time)兩句組成,其中關係副詞when能夠徑行省略。)
He will be the toughest guy to deal with. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。之因此不定式後面會有介詞,是由於介詞後面的賓語就是關係詞,省略之後就只剩介詞而不見賓語。本句可還原爲:He will be the toughest guy (whom) you must deal with. (Reduced Clause of Adjective),其是由He will be the toughest guy.和You must deal with the guy. (sv+prep+o)兩句組成。)
{tough:adj:強硬的,棘手的,艱苦的,嚴厲的,牢固的,強壯的,堅韌的;adv:以強硬的態度,強硬地,頑強地;n:暴徒,惡棍;}
I have a job for your brother to do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞有助動詞存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。若省略主語後會形成意思不清楚,則能夠將主語放到介詞短語中以賓語形態出現,最經常使用的介詞是for。本句可還原爲:I have a job (that) your brother can do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective),由於具備明確的指示做用,因此關係詞用that,而且句中的主語your brother不宜省略,省略後動做的主語就發生了變化,因此用介詞短語for來解決省略後主語不清楚的問題。)
Hilary Clinton, pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,若是關係從句的動詞爲be動詞,而且其後面是單純的形容詞類的補語,則能夠直接省略主語(關係詞)和be動詞,只留下形容詞補語部分。因此,形容詞即不是名詞短語位置又不是補語位置,則多半是簡化形容詞從句的殘留補語。本句可還原爲:Hilary Clinton, who is pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. (antecedent+relative clause))
{Hilarly Clinton:[音:i];希拉里·克林頓;intelligent:adj:聰明的,只能的;}
Bill Clinton, President of the U.S., is a Baby Boomer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective,雖然關係從句是形容詞類,但若是簡化主語和be動詞後,剩下的是名詞補語,但仍然可使用,在傳統語法中稱爲"同位語"。本句可還原爲:Bill Clinton, who is President of the U.S., is a Baby Boomer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective) )
{Baby Boomer:生育高峯期出生的孩子;}
 
 
Medieval suits of armor, which were developed for protection during battle, are now placed in castles for decoration.
簡化:Medieval suits of armor, developed for protection during battle, are now placed in castles for decoration.
{medieval:[音:ˌmedi'iːvl];adj:中世紀的;suit:n:套裝,訴訟,請求;v:適合,方便,知足;armor:n:盔甲,裝甲;develop:發展,發育,開發,沖洗(照片);decoration:n:裝飾,裝飾品;}
The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone that is familiar with the artist's works.
簡化:The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone familiar with the artist's works.
{obvious:adj:明顯的,顯然的;}
Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks that rise above water.
簡化:Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks rising above water.
{actually:adv:實際上,事實上,居然(表示驚訝);tip:n:小費,小建議,輕拍,尖端,頂端,傾斜,翻倒;v:給小費,裝頂端,傾斜,翻倒;peak:n:尖端,山頂,頂峯;v:達到頂峯,使處於頂點,vi:消瘦;}
John Milton, who was author of Paradise Lost, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
簡化:John Milton, author of Paradise Lost, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
{Paradise Lost:n:《失樂園》;Oliver Cromwell:n:克倫威爾[];cabinet:[音:'kæbɪnət];n:櫥櫃,內閣;adj:內閣的,祕密的;}
The secretary thought that it might not be the best time that she should ask her boss for a raise.
簡化:The secretary thought that it might not be the best time to ask her boss for a raise.
{secretary:n:部長,祕書,書記,大臣,寫字檯;raise:n:上升,增高,高地;vt:升起,舉起,飼養,提出,引發,籌集,募集;}
Gold is one of the heaviest metals that are known to man.
簡化:Gold is one of the heaviest metals known to man.
Here are some books that your brother can use.
簡化:Here are some books for your brother to use.
Sexual harassment, which is a hotly debated issue in the work place, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
簡化:Sexual harassment, a hotly debated issue in the work place, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
{sexual:adj:性的,性慾的,有性生殖的,性別的;harassment:n:騷擾,困擾;hotly:adv:發怒地,激烈地,堅決地;debate:n:辯論,討論;vt:爭論,思考;vi:辯論;issue:n:議題,問題,期刊號,一次發行額,髮型,[]子女;v:發表,公佈,正式發給,發行,流出;intercollegiate:[音:ˌɪntərkə'liːdʒiət];adj:大學間的,大學間聯合的,大學間對抗的;}
There's nothing left that I can say now.
簡化:There's nothing left to say now.
People that live along the waterfront must be evacuated before the storm hits.
簡化:People living along the waterfront must be evacuated before the storm hits.
{waterfront:n:水邊地,濱水區;evacuate:v:疏散,撤出,排泄;}
 
C often found in the fruit and vegetables.
[A] Vitamin C, a trace element that is     [B] For vitamin C, a trace element to be     [C] Vitamin C, a trace element, is     [D] Vitamin C, is that trace element
註釋:選C,原句是Vitamin C, which is a trace element is often found in fruit and vegetables的簡化,省略主語和be動詞成爲結果。
The most important fossil A in East Africa was that of an ancient female, dubbed Lucy.
[A] excavated     [B] was excavated     [C] to excavate    [D] excavating
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:that was excavated in East Africa,簡化後爲A。 {fossil:[音:'fɑːsl];n:化石,食古不化的人,守舊的事物;ancient:adj:古老的,古代的;n:古人;dub:v:配音,輕點,起綽號,授予稱號,打擊;dubbed:adj:命名的,配音的,譯製的;excavate:[音:'ekskəveɪt];v:挖掘,挖開,發掘(古物);}
■Steve Jobs vision of the personal computer greatly expanded the number of people C the computer for business and for pleasure.
[A] actively used     [B] were using actively     [C] actively using     [D] who actively using
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:who were actively using the computer……,簡化爲C。 {vision:n:視力,視覺,幻覺,眼光,洞察力,想象力;v:幻想,設想;expand:v:使……膨脹,詳述,擴張,增長,張開;actively:adv:積極地,活躍地,勤奮地;pleasure:n:愉快,高興,快事,(用於回答對方的感謝)榮幸;vt:使高興,vi:高興,想收快樂;}
The Amazon rain forests, A the earth's lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
[A] functioning as     [B] which functioning as     [C] functions as     [D] functioned as
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:which functions as the earth's lungs,簡化爲A。 {lungs:[音:'lʌŋz];n:肺;carbon:n:碳,複寫紙,複本,碳精棒;dioxide:n:二氧化物;oxygen:n:氧氣;}
Through a process D coalescence, water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.
[A] calls     [B] to be called     [C] calling     [D] called
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:that is called coalescence,簡化爲D。{coalescence:[音:ˌkəʊə'lesns];n:接合,結合,合併;droplet:小滴,微滴;}
■If you are looking for investment advice, I know just the place B.
[A] going     [B] to go     [C] you to go     [D] for you going
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:where you can go,簡化爲B。 {investment:n:投資,投資額,投入;}
Penicillin, D in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.
[A] to be discovered     [B] discovering     [C] discovery was     [D] discovered
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:which was discovered in the early 20th century,簡化爲D。 {penicillin:青黴素;chemotherapy:[音:ˌkiːmoʊ'θerəpi];化學療法;bring in:介紹,帶進,引入,賺取,判決;}
■Those are not words A.
[A] to be taken seriously     [B] to take them seriously     [C] taking seriously     [D] are taken seriously
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:that should be taken seriously,簡化爲A。{seriously:adv:嚴肅地,認真地,嚴重地;}
The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device A to a computer.
[A] connected     [B] to connect it     [C] and connect     [D] that connect
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:that is connected to a computer,簡化爲A。
An amendment to the Constitution C in Harry Truman's tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.
[A] passing     [B] to pass     [C] passed     [D] was passed
註釋:空格部分還原爲關係從句:that was passed in Harry Truman's tenure,簡化爲C。 {amendment:n:修正,修正案,改進;constitution:n:憲法,組織,體質; tenure:[音:'tenjər];n:終身職位,任期,保有;presidency:n:總統(總裁、主席等)的職位或任期;}
View Code

 

 
 
 
3.4 副詞從句簡化(Reduction of Adverbial Clause)
3.4.1 簡化從句的通則:全部從句的簡化原則都是:省略從屬從句中的主語、be動詞,只留下補語。省略主語爲的是避免重複,但省略後若會形成句意模糊的,則主語要另行處理;省略be動詞是由於其自己無心義。傳統語法將副詞從句的簡化稱爲"分詞構句"、"獨立短語"等,這些特定的名詞無非是對沒法解釋的語法狀況的"特殊標註",不但不夠周延也不夠深刻。
 
3.4.2 從簡化從句的角度出發,副詞從句的簡化能夠分爲:簡化爲Ving補語、簡化爲Ven補語、簡化爲to V補語、簡化爲介詞短語4種狀況。
補語爲Ving:若是副詞從句是進行式(be+Ving)的形式,那麼省略主語、be動詞後,即簡化爲如今分詞形式的補語。若副詞從句中,即沒有可省略的be動詞,也沒有可改寫的助動詞,則須要先改寫爲進行式(be+Ving),而後再簡化。副詞從句簡化爲Ving補語時須要注意如下11個問題:a. 鏈接詞是否保留:副詞從句的鏈接詞除了語法功能以外,還有詞義的功能,因此其保留與否取決於修辭上的否清楚性,在句子足夠清楚的狀況下,副詞從句的鏈接詞能夠省略。通常說來表示"當……之時"的鏈接詞(while、when等)、表示"由於"的鏈接詞(because、as、since等),省略後並不妨礙句子的清楚性,因此一般能夠省略,但仍是要看具體的句子來判斷。 b. 所謂的"分詞構句"只不過是副詞從句的簡化:其鏈接詞是否省略看如何表達,若注重句子的清楚性就保留,若注重句子的簡潔性就省略。 c. 副詞從句中沒有be動詞、助動詞(can、must、may)時,須要先改寫爲(be+Ving)的形式,而後再省略(有時改寫爲be+Ving形式,只是爲了作詞類變化,而不必定是進行式)。 d. 能夠省略的鏈接詞:當表示"緣由"的鏈接詞(because、as、since等)和表示"當……之時"的鏈接詞(while、when等),因爲這種簡化句型自己就有強烈的因果關係的暗示,因此一般能夠省略鏈接詞,加上鍊接詞反而顯得累贅。 e. 應該保留的鏈接詞:當省略後會形成句意不清(當讀者看不到鏈接詞,每每會聯想到because或者when),則應該保留(如:although(表示一種"相反"的邏輯關係)、as if(表示一種"條件"的邏輯關係),雖然語法上能夠省略,但爲了表達其內在邏輯關係而須要保留,若是必定要省略,用別的方式來表示這種邏輯關係也何嘗不可,如:用still來替代although表示的邏輯關係)。f. 副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時(主從句的主語相同):其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞或形容詞補語,則簡化時,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞並將be改成being的形式,不然就省略的過頭了。 g. 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,簡化時,若是直接省略鏈接詞,雖然語法上正確,可是句意上缺失了邏輯關係,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。 h. 時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式,來表達前後順序(Having+Ven在前,Ved在後,其中had是時態助動詞,而不是表示條件的不肯定性的助動詞,因此簡化爲Having+Ven)。 i. 懸蕩修飾語(Dangling Modifier):主要從句與從屬從句的主語相同時才能省略(如前面所述的7條規則,本條規則開始講述主從句主語不一樣的狀況),不然會產生語法、修辭的錯誤,即:Dangling Modifiers,其簡化方法,要麼是改變主要從句的結構,讓主要從句和從屬從句的主語形同,要麼在副詞從句中保留不一樣的主語。j. 所謂的"獨立主語"也是副詞從句的簡化:副詞從句簡化時,若副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣,就不能隨便省略,此時能夠選擇保留副詞從句的主語,只省略be動詞和鏈接詞,形成在副詞從句的主語後面跟着如今分詞或過去分詞的形式的補語(傳統語法把副詞從句的補語部分看作是形容詞短語看待,來修飾副詞從句的主語,但該主語卻沒法歸入主要從句中來詮釋,因而創造了"獨立主語"這個名詞來與之對應),因此當副詞從句的主語和主要從句主語相同時,簡化時就能夠省略主語,不然就要保留主語,只把be動詞、鏈接詞省略。 k. 副詞從句簡化時,主從句主語不一樣時,保留主語後的必須注意2點事項:"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞),而且"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語(必要時能夠藉助be動詞),才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句,這種保留主語和分詞補語之間的關聯性,也就是傳統語法把"獨立主語"視爲"分詞構句"的變化的緣由)。
補語爲Ven:若是副詞從句是被動態(be+Ven)的形式,那麼省略主語、be動詞後,即簡化爲過去分詞(Ven)形態的補語。副詞從句簡化爲Ven補語時須要注意如下4個問題:a. 鏈接詞是否保留:副詞從句的鏈接詞除了語法功能以外,還有詞義的功能,因此其保留與否取決於修辭上的否清楚性,在句子足夠清楚的狀況下,副詞從句的鏈接詞能夠省略(例如:表示"前後順序"的鏈接詞(after),因爲Ven自己就有"已經、完成"的意思,因此能夠省略,而表示"相反"關係的鏈接詞(although),省略會意思會有出入,因此不能省略,若是必定要省略的話,能夠用其餘方式來表示句中的"相反"的邏輯關係,如still)。 b. 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,簡化時,若是直接省略鏈接詞,雖然語法上正確,可是句意上缺失了邏輯關係,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。c. have been的處理:當副詞從句是have been的形式時,主語、鏈接詞當然能夠省略,可是been動詞含有"已經……"的意味,於是須要保留下來,因此簡化時,在主語和時態助動詞(非不肯定意味的助動詞)have之間,須要加入be動詞,改造爲be+having的形式,此時省略主語、be動詞後,成爲having been的形式。若是having been後面的補語是表示"過去、已經"意味的過去分詞,那麼having been和過去分詞補語都有"已經"的暗示,因此省略having been只留下過去分詞的補語也是能夠的。d. 副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時(主從句的主語相同):其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞、形容詞、介詞短語形式的補語(當保留副詞從句的鏈接詞後,其是副詞從句簡化而成的特色明確,因此省略掉主語、be動詞後,其後的名詞、形容詞、副詞均可以保留下來),因此簡化的規則是,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞將be改成being的形式,不然就省略的過頭了。e. 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,簡化時,若是直接省略鏈接詞,雖然語法上正確,可是句意上缺失了邏輯關係,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。f.  主語不一樣時(此前的規則描述主語相同狀況,此條開始描述主語不一樣的狀況):副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,要保留從句的主語,則"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞),而且"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語(必要時能夠藉助be動詞),才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句,這種保留主語和分詞補語之間的關聯性,也就是傳統語法把"獨立主語"視爲"分詞構句"的變化的緣由)。
簡化爲to V:若是副詞從句中有帶有不肯定語氣的助動詞(can、should、must等)存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突,雖然意思不是很是精確但也很接近句意,因此也是成功的簡化從句。
簡化爲介詞短語:表示緣由的鏈接詞(because、since)簡化時一般不能原樣保留,須要把鏈接詞改成意義近似的介詞短語,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語(如:有表示緣由的鏈接詞(because、since)簡化爲介詞短語(because of、as a result of)、表示"當……時"的鏈接詞(when)簡化爲(on/upon)、表示"雖然、儘管"的鏈接詞(although)簡化爲(despite/in spite of)、表示"若是"的鏈接詞if簡化爲(in case of),副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。若副詞從句中本來就有賓語,則簡化爲介詞短語時,須要把原來的賓語改成全部格的形式,由於簡化爲介詞短語時,由於只有一個賓語的位置,因此要大刀闊斧的修改,副詞從句中的虛詞(it)、動詞(have been)均可以省略,只保留有意義的名詞。另外,當副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,能夠將副詞從句的主語改寫爲"介詞+主語"的形式,而省略be動詞後,簡化後剩餘的補語正好成爲介詞短語的補語,也是一種合乎邏輯的簡化爲介詞的方法)。
{dangling:v:搖晃,懸垂,掛着,追求;n:搖擺,搖擺物;dangling modifier:沒有明確對象的修飾語,懸蕩修飾語;}
 
3.4 本小節示例及練習:
While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,(be+Ving)形式的補語,省略主語、be動詞後簡化爲Ving形式。原句爲:While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (adverbial clause+s+v+c),省略主語、be動詞後,簡化爲本句)
{couch:n:長椅,睡椅,長沙發,獸穴;vt:表達,躺下;vi:埋伏,躺下;}
Lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,鏈接詞是否保留:副詞從句的鏈接詞是有表示邏輯關係的意義,因此其保留與否取決於修辭上的否清楚性,在句子足夠清楚的狀況下,副詞從句的鏈接詞能夠省略。通常說來表示"當……之時"的鏈接詞(while、when等)、表示"由於"的鏈接詞(because、as、since等),省略後並不妨礙句子的清楚性,因此一般能夠省略,但仍是要看具體的句子來判斷。上句中省略鏈接此後成爲本句)
Having nothing to do here, we might as well go home. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,副詞從句中沒有be動詞、助動詞(can、must、may)時:須要先改寫爲(be+Ving)的形式,而後再省略,原句爲:Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well as go home. (adverbial clause+s+v),因爲沒有be動詞、助動詞(have是時態助動詞,而非不肯定意味的助動詞),因此改成be having的形式後,再身省略主語、be動詞、鏈接詞後成爲本句)
{as well:也,又,還不如;}
Although having nothing to do here, we can't leave early. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,鏈接詞應該保留的狀況:當省略後會形成句意不清(當讀者看不到鏈接詞,每每會聯想到because或者when),則應該保留(如:although(表示一種"相反"的邏輯關係)、as if(表示一種"條件"的邏輯關係),雖然語法上能夠省略,但爲了表達其內在邏輯關係而須要保留)。原句爲:Although we have nothing to do here, we can't leave early. (adverbial clause+s+v),添加be動詞並改成be+Ving的形式,省略主語、be動詞後而保留邏輯關係的鏈接詞although後成爲本句。)
Having noting to do ere, we still can't leave early. (上句中,若是用別的方式來表示這種邏輯關係也何嘗不可,如:用still來替代although表示的邏輯關係,成爲本句。)
He raised his hand, as if trying to hit her. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,鏈接詞應該保留的狀況:當省略後會形成句意不清(當讀者看不到鏈接詞,每每會聯想到because或者when),則應該保留(如:although(表示一種"相反"的邏輯關係)、as if(表示一種"條件"的邏輯關係),雖然語法上能夠省略,但爲了表達其內在邏輯關係而須要保留)。原句爲:He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her. (s+v+o+adverbial clause),省略主語、be動詞成爲本句,若是省略鏈接詞,則成爲He raised his hand, trying to hit her. (X,Reduction of Adverbial Clause),表示"由於要打她",與原文的"好像要打她"的意思不一樣,由於當缺少鏈接詞時,每每會聯想到常見的because、when。)
As a student, I can't afford to get married. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞或形容詞補語,則簡化時,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞並將be改成being的形式,不然就省略的過頭了。原句是:As I am a student, I can't afford to get married. (Adverbial Clause+s+v+o),省略主語、be動詞,成爲本句,若是鏈接詞也省略,剩下的a student可能會被誤認爲是主語。)
Being a student, I can't afford to get married. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞或形容詞補語,則簡化時,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞並將be改成being的形式。)
Before being in school, he used to be a naughty child. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時, 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,簡化時,若是直接省略鏈接詞,雖然語法上正確,可是句意上缺失了邏輯關係,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。原句爲:Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child. (Adverbial Clause+s+v+c),本句若省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後,成爲:In school, he used to be a naughty child,則句意上缺失了表示前後順序的邏輯關係,可是留下鏈接詞後卻成爲錯誤語法:Before in school, he used to be a naughty child. (X),因此要麼在介詞後跟名詞類成爲before school,可是意思有有所欠缺,要麼改成being的形式來作詞類變化,即成本句。)
After writing the letter, he put it to mail. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式,來表達前後順序(Having+Ven在前,Ved在後,其中had是時態助動詞,而不是表示條件的不肯定性的助動詞,因此簡化爲Having+Ven)。原句爲:After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail. (Adverbial Clause),省略主語、be動詞,並以鏈接詞來保持前後順序的邏輯關係,成爲本句。若直接省略鏈接詞成爲:Writing the letter, he put it to mail. (X),則會讓讀者聯想到when,即"正在寫信的時候,去寄"。)
Having written the letter, he put it to mail. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ving補語時,時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式,來表達前後順序(Having+Ven在前,Ved在後,其中had是時態助動詞,而不是表示條件的不肯定性的助動詞,因此簡化爲Having+Ven)。本句中,使用完成時來表示先後順序的邏輯關係,原子可還原爲:When he had written the letter, he put it to mail. (Adverbial Clause),加入be動詞改寫爲be+Ving的形式後,簡化成爲本句。)
Already sleeping soundly in bed, the child did not know it when her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause+s+v,簡化爲Ving補語時,主要從句與從屬從句的主語相同時才能省略,不然會產生語法、修辭的錯誤,即:Dangling Modifiers,因此當主從句的主語不一樣時,要麼是改變主要從句的結構,讓主要從句和從屬從句的主語形同,要麼在副詞從句中保留不一樣的主語。本句還原爲:When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Adverbial Clause+s+v),若直接省略主語、be動詞,則成爲Already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (X,懸蕩主語[Dangling Modifier]),從句缺失主語,會讓讀者覺得副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語相同,都是her mother從而發生錯誤,由於副詞從句時形容詞類,卻找不到被修飾對象,猶如"懸蕩在空中",因此被稱爲"懸蕩主語的錯誤"。本句改變主要從句的結構,使主從句的主語相同,從而成爲本句。)
The child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause+s+v,簡化爲Ving補語時,主要從句與從屬從句的主語相同時才能省略,不然會產生語法、修辭的錯誤,即:Dangling Modifiers,因此當主從句的主語不一樣時,要麼是改變主要從句的結構,讓主要從句和從屬從句的主語形同,要麼在副詞從句中保留不一樣的主語。本句中保留副詞從句和主要從句的主語,而成爲本句。)
When the child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (X,副詞從句簡化時,保留主語後的必須注意2點事項:"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞)、"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語,才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句,這種保留主語和分詞補語之間的關聯性,也就是傳統語法把"獨立主語"視爲"分詞構句"的變化的緣由)。)
{soundly:adv:徹底地,健全地,堅牢地,香甜地;}
 
Shot in the knee, he couldn't fight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,被動態(be+Ven)的形式的補語,省略主語、be動詞後,簡化爲過去分詞(Ven)形式。副詞從句的鏈接詞有詞義的功能,因此其保留與否取決於修辭上的否清楚性,在句子足夠清楚的狀況下,副詞從句的鏈接詞能夠省略(例如:表示"前後順序"的鏈接詞(after),因爲Ven自己就有"已經、完成"的意思,因此能夠省略)。原句是:After he was shot in the knee, he couldn't fight. (Adverbial Clause),省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後成爲本句。)
Although shot in the knee, he killed three more enemy soldiers. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,主語是否省略:副詞從句的鏈接詞除了語法功能以外,還有詞義的功能,因此其保留與否取決於修辭上的否清楚性,在句子足夠清楚的狀況下,副詞從句的鏈接詞能夠省略(例如:表示"前後順序"的鏈接詞(after),因爲Ven自己就有"已經、完成"的意思,因此能夠省略,而表示"相反"關係的鏈接詞(although),省略會意思會有出入,因此不能省略,若是必定要省略的話,能夠用其餘方式來表示句中的"相反"的邏輯關係,如still)。本句還原爲:Although he was shot in the knee, he killed three more enemy soldiers. (Adverbial Clause),省略主語、be動詞後成爲本句。)
Shot in the knee, he still killed three more enemy soldiers. (上句中,若必定要省略鏈接詞although,則能夠改寫爲用still來表示這種"相反"的邏輯關係的形式。)
Before being redecorated, the house was in had shape. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,簡化時,若是直接省略鏈接詞,雖然語法上正確,可是句意上缺失了邏輯關係,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。原句可還原爲:Before it was redecorated, the house was in bad shape. (Adverbial Clause),若直接省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後成爲:Redecorated, the house was in bad shape. (X),則剩下的具備"完成暗示"的過去分詞就表示"在裝修完後,很糟糕",不符合句意,若保留鏈接詞成爲Before redecorated則犯了介詞短語後接形容詞類的語法錯誤,因此本句中借用無心義的be動詞作詞類變換,即成爲本句。)
Before redecoration, the house was in bad shape. (prepositional phrase,上句也能夠把副詞從句的內容改成名詞類,即成本句。)
{decorate:v:裝飾,佈置,裝修,授予某人獎章或獎狀;redecorate:v:從新裝飾;shape:n:形狀,形式,身材,定形;vt:塑造,定形,使……成形;}
Having been warned, they proceeded carefully. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時, have been的處理:當副詞從句是have been的形式時,主語、鏈接詞當然能夠省略,可是been動詞含有"已經……"的意味,於是須要保留下來,因此簡化時,在主語和時態助動詞(非不肯定意味的助動詞)have之間,須要加入be動詞,改造爲be+having的形式,此時省略主語、be動詞後,成爲having been的形式。若是having been後面的補語是表示"過去、已經"意味的過去分詞,那麼having been和過去分詞補語都有"已經"的暗示,因此省略having been只留下過去分詞的補語也是能夠的。原句爲:Because they had been warned, they proceeded carefully. (Adverbial Clause),加入be動詞並改形成be+Having的形態後,省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後成爲本句。)
Warned, they proceeded carefully. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,上句中的過去分詞warned已經表示"過去、已經"的意味,因此省略掉having been也是能夠的。)
{proceed:vi:繼續進行,開始,着手;}
The coffin (have been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,主語不一樣時:副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,要保留從句的主語,則"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞)、"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語,才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句)。原句爲:When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (Adverbial Clause),若直接省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞,成爲:(Having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (X),則會讓讀者誤覺得從屬從句的主語和主要從句的相同,形成"牧師被埋葬後說了幾句安慰的話"這種邏輯錯誤,因此須要保留主語,而且主語後配合如今分詞或過去分詞的補語,成爲本句,由於have been的的已經包含在過去分詞中了,因此能夠省略。)
{inter:vt:埋葬;bury:vt:埋葬,隱匿,專心致志,拋棄;confort:n:溫馨,安逸,安慰,慰藉;vt:安慰,使溫馨;minister:n:外交使節,部長,大臣,牧師;v:照顧,給予幫助;}
When under attack, you must take cover immediately. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞、形容詞、介詞短語形式的補語(當保留副詞從句的鏈接詞後,其是副詞從句簡化而成的特色明確,因此省略掉主語、be動詞後,其後的名詞、形容詞、副詞均可以保留下來),因此簡化的規則是,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式(若保留鏈接詞,則主從句的主語須要一致),要麼將be改成being的形式,不然就省略的過頭了。原句爲:When you are under attack, you must take cover immediately. (Adverbial Clause),簡化爲鏈接詞+補語的形式,即成本句。)
{take cover:隱蔽;}
While small in size, the company is very competitive. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞、形容詞、介詞短語形式的補語(當保留副詞從句的鏈接詞後,其是副詞從句簡化而成的特色明確,因此省略掉主語、be動詞後,其後的名詞、形容詞、副詞均可以保留下來),因此簡化的規則是,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式(若保留鏈接詞,則主從句的主語須要一致),要麼將be改成being的形式。原句爲:While it is small in size, the company is very competitive. (Adverbial Clause),簡化爲鏈接詞+補語的形式,即成本句。)
{competitive:adj:競爭的,有競爭力的,賽過或超過他人的;}
Although a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲Ven補語時,副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時:其簡化後通常只剩下單純的名詞、形容詞、介詞短語形式的補語(當保留副詞從句的鏈接詞後,其是副詞從句簡化而成的特色明確,因此省略掉主語、be動詞後,其後的名詞、形容詞、副詞均可以保留下來),因此簡化的規則是,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式(若保留鏈接詞,則主從句的主語須要一致),要麼將be改成being的形式。原句爲:Although he was a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer. (Adverbial Clause),簡化爲鏈接詞+補語的形式,即成本句。)
{Asimov:n:阿西莫夫;}
He studied hard in order to get a scholarship. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲to V:若是副詞從句中有帶有不肯定語氣的助動詞(can、should、must等)存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分,其屬於"不必定"什麼詞類(名詞、形容詞、副詞皆可),而原來的從句是形容詞類,因此詞類不衝突,雖然意思不是很是精確但也很接近句意,因此也是成功的簡化從句。原句是:He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship. (Adverbial Clause),將助動詞could改成be to的形式,而後省略鏈接詞、be主語、be動詞後成爲本句。)
{scholarship:n:獎學金,學問,學識;}
I'll only be glad to help. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause,簡化爲to V:若是副詞從句中有帶有不肯定語氣的助動詞(can、should、must等)存在,則簡化後會留下不定式形式的補語部分。原句爲:I'll only be too glad if I can help. (Adverbial Clause),將助動詞can改成be to的形式後,省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後即成本句。)
Upon arriving at the party, she found all the people gone. (prepositional phrase,簡化爲介詞短語:把鏈接詞when改成意義近似的介詞短語on/upon,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。原句爲:When she arrived at the party, she found all the people gone. (Adverbial Clause),將鏈接詞when改成介詞短語upon的形式,並把動詞改成動名詞形式,省略主語後,即成本句。)
Upon her arrival at the party, she found all the people gone. (prepositional phrase,上句也能夠將副詞從句動詞改成名詞形式的arrival,既符合詞類要求且意思不變。)
Upon completing the project, she was promoted. (prepositional phrase,簡化爲介詞短語:把鏈接詞when改成意義近似的介詞短語on/upon,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。原句爲:When she completed the project, she was promoted. (Adverbial Clause),即成本句。)
Upon completion of the project, she was promoted. (prepositional phrase,上句中,若副詞從句中本來就有賓語,則簡化爲介詞短語時,須要把原來的賓語改成全部格的形式,由於簡化爲介詞短語時,由於只有一個賓語的位置,因此要大刀闊斧的修改,副詞從句中的虛詞(it)、動詞(have been)均可以省略,只保留有意義的名詞。若直接將介詞短語後的動詞改成名詞completion後成爲:Upon completion the project, she was promoted. (X),該句中賓語位置被completion佔用,副詞從句原來的賓語則找不到歸宿,因此要爲全部格的形式後,即成此句。)
The construction work was delayed because of raining. (prepositional phrase,簡化爲介詞短語:把鏈接詞because改成意義近似的介詞短語because of,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。若副詞從句中本來就有賓語,則簡化爲介詞短語時,須要把原來的賓語改成全部格的形式,由於簡化爲介詞短語時,由於只有一個賓語的位置,因此要大刀闊斧的修改,副詞從句中的虛詞(it)、動詞(have been)均可以省略,只保留有意義的名詞。原句爲:The construction work was delayed because it had been raining. (Adverbial Clause),將副詞從句改成鏈接詞改成"介詞+主語"的形式後,虛詞it、動詞have been均可以省略掉。)
Despite his opposition, the plan was carried out. (prepositional phrase,簡化爲介詞短語:把鏈接詞although改成意義近似的介詞短語despite/inspite of,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。若副詞從句中本來就有賓語,則簡化爲介詞短語時,須要把原來的賓語改成全部格的形式,由於簡化爲介詞短語時,由於只有一個賓語的位置,因此要大刀闊斧的修改,副詞從句中的虛詞(it)、動詞(have been)均可以省略,只保留有意義的名詞。原句爲:Although he opposed it, the plan was carried out. (Adverbial Clause),鏈接詞改成介詞despite後,只能有一個賓語,裏面要放下he oppose,且主從句主語不一樣,因此改成全部格的形式,即成本句。)
{despite:prep:儘管,無論;n:憎恨,輕視;carry out:vt:實施,實現;}
In case of a fire, the sprinkler will be started. (prepositional phrase,簡化爲介詞短語:把鏈接詞if改成意義近似的介詞短語in case of,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,副詞從句的動詞一般能夠改成Ving的動名詞形式,而介詞後只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡。若副詞從句中本來就有賓語,則簡化爲介詞短語時,須要把原來的賓語改成全部格的形式,由於簡化爲介詞短語時,由於只有一個賓語的位置,因此要大刀闊斧的修改,副詞從句中的虛詞(it)、動詞(have been)均可以省略,只保留有意義的名詞。原句爲:If there should be a fire, the sprinkler will be started. (Adverbial Clause),副詞從句的鏈接詞改成介詞短語後,只剩下一個名詞空間來裝下整個從句,因此要大量精簡,只保留主要的名詞類內容fire,即成本句。)
{sprinkler:灑水裝置,灑水車;}
With the exam only a week away, I have no time to waste. (prepositional phrase+o+c,簡化爲介詞短語:另外,當副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,能夠將副詞從句的主語改寫爲"介詞+主語"的形式,而省略be動詞後,簡化後剩餘的補語正好成爲介詞短語的補語,也是一種合乎邏輯的簡化爲介詞的方法)。原句爲:Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste. (Adverbial Clause[s+v+c]),將主語改成"介詞+主語"的形式後,則副詞從句簡化後的補語正好成爲介詞短語的補語,即成本句。)
 
 
While he was watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
簡化:省略重複的主語、be動詞後(鏈接詞省略不省略都可,省略更注重從屬從句的簡潔性,保留更注重從屬從句的清楚性),成爲:(While) watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
Because she lives with her parents, the girl can't stay out very late.
簡化:將從句改成be+Ving形式後,省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞,成爲:Living with her parents, the girl can't stay out very late.
■If you have finished your work, you can help me with mine.
簡化:省略重複的主語、be動詞(鏈接詞具備表示"條件"的邏輯關係,因此不能省略),成爲:If having finished your work, you can help me with mine.
As he is a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty.
簡化:當副詞從句的動詞是單純的be動詞時,省略重複的主語、be動詞後,要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞將be動詞改成"being"的形式,即:As/Being a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty. {enforcement:n:執行,強制,實施;law-enforcement:n:執法;}
■The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since he was nominated for the Oscar.
簡化: 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,其鏈接詞表示"某種"邏輯關係,且其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。本句中,借用be動詞來作此類變化,成爲:The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since being nominated for the Oscar. {excitement:n:激動,興奮;nominate:vt:提名,指派,登記賽馬參加比賽;nominated:adj:被提名的,被任命的;ever since:從那時起,自那時以來;}
■After he addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.
簡化:時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係(注意,此處的鏈接詞兼做介詞,其鏈接詞表示"前後"的邏輯順序關係,其後只能跟名詞類),要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句將after後面的內容改成名詞類,成爲:After addressing the congregation, the minister left in a hurry. 
          或  Having addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.  {congregation:n:教堂會衆,人羣,(物)羣,集合;}
■As it was rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
簡化:懸蕩修飾語(Dangling Modifier):主要從句與從屬從句的主語相同時才能省略,不然會產生語法、修辭的錯誤,即:Dangling Modifiers,其簡化方法,要麼是改變主要從句的結構,讓主要從句和從屬從句的主語形同,要麼在副詞從句中保留不一樣的主語。注意:副詞從句是單純的be動詞,要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語",要麼省略鏈接詞,改成"being"的形式。本句中,保留不一樣主語,且留意到單純be動詞的問題,成爲:It being rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
When the students have all left, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
簡化:時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句中,省略鏈接詞、主語和添加的be動詞,成爲:The students having all left, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
■I know all about corn farming because I grew up in a Southern farm.
簡化:時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。本句中,省略鏈接詞、主語,成爲:I know all about corn farming, having grown up in a Southern farm.
■As the door remained shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
簡化:副詞從句簡化時,保留主語後的必須注意2點事項:"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞)、"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語,才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句)。本句專用,保留不一樣主語,則省略鏈接詞而且後面須要跟如今分詞,或過去分詞形式的補語。The door remained shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
 
■After he was told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry.
簡化:時態問題與與邏輯順序問題:副詞從句的鏈接詞有時用來區分主要從句和從屬從句的前後順序(如:after),簡化時省略主語、be動詞後,要麼保留鏈接詞以維持原句的前後邏輯順序關係,要麼省略鏈接詞,將順序靠前的句子改爲如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句中,省略鏈接詞,並使用Have+done的形式來表示前後順序,而且過去分詞told已經有"過去、完成"的意思,因此省略掉haveing been也是能夠的,即: (Having been) told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry. {supervisor:n:監督人,主管人,管理人,督學,檢查員,導師;}
Although he was ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
簡化:省略重複的主語、be動詞後,而鏈接詞具備表示"相反"的邏輯關係,不能省略。因此成爲:Although ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
■The plan must be modified before it is put into effect.
簡化: 兼做介詞的鏈接詞(before、after、since):身兼鏈接詞與介詞的雙重詞類,其鏈接詞具備表示邏輯關係的功能,可是保留鏈接詞則須要注意到其會被視爲介詞,其後只能跟名詞類,因此要麼將before後面的內容改成名詞類,要麼借用無心義的be動詞改成being形式來作詞類變化。本句中,借用being來作此類變換,成爲:The plan must be modified before being put into effect. {put into:輸入,使進入,把……譯成,表達;}
■Because it had been bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck.
簡化:當副詞從句是have been的形式時,主語、鏈接詞當然能夠省略,可是been動詞含有"已經……"的意味,於是須要保留下來,因此簡化時,在主語和時態助動詞(非不肯定意味的助動詞)have之間,須要加入be動詞,改造爲be+having的形式,此時省略主語、be動詞後,成爲having been的形式。若是having been後面的補語是表示"過去、已經"意味的過去分詞,那麼having been和過去分詞補語都有"已經"的暗示,因此省略having been只留下過去分詞的補語也是能夠的。本句中,省略主語、be動詞後成爲本句,其中having been也能夠省略,即: (Having been) bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck. {wreck:v:使……失事,使……遇難,破壞;n:遇難,殘害,破壞,(船)失事下沉;}
When all things are considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
簡化:主語不一樣時:副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,要保留從句的主語,則"必須省略掉鏈接詞"(若保留主語,又保留鏈接詞,只省略be動詞,並無達到省略的效果,反而看起來像是寫錯了,漏掉了be動詞)、"副詞從句的主語後必須配合如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語"(只有副詞從句的主語後面跟分詞補語,才能明顯區分是省略be動詞後留下的簡化從句)。本句省略後,成爲:All things considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
■When the job was done, the secretary went home. {secretary:n:部長,祕書,書籍,大臣,寫字檯;}
簡化:主語不一樣時,須要保留主語,因此必須省略鏈接詞,且後跟如今分詞或過去分詞的補語,即成爲:The job done, the secretary went home.
■He took on two extra jobs so that he could feed his family.
簡化:助動詞,簡化爲不定式的形式,其中的:so as能夠省略。He took on two extra jobs (so as) to feed his family. {so as to:爲的是,以便;}
■If you are in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
簡化:省略主語、be動詞,後僅剩下介詞短語形式補語,成爲:If in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary. {doubt:n:懷疑,疑惑,懸而未定;vt:懷疑,不信任;vi:不肯定;}
■Because pork is so expensive, I'm buying beef instead.
簡化:當副詞從句的主語和主要從句的主語不一樣時,能夠將副詞從句的主語改寫爲"介詞+主語"的形式,而省略be動詞後,簡化後剩餘的補語正好成爲介詞短語的補語,也是一種合乎邏輯的簡化爲介詞的方法) 或者 副詞從句中的動詞是單純的be動詞時,要麼改成鏈接詞+補語的形式,要麼將be改成being的形式。本句要麼改成"介詞短語+補語"的形式,或者改成將單純be動詞的副詞從句,省略掉鏈接詞,改成being的形式,即:With pork so expensive, I'm buying beef instead. 
          或 Pork being so expensive, I'm buying beef instead. 
When we consider his handicap, he has done very well indeed.
簡化:副詞從句中,加入be動詞改成be+Ving的形式後,省略鏈接詞、主語、be動詞後成爲:Considering his handicap, he has done very well indeed. {handicap:n:障礙;vt:妨礙;}
 
C on the sofa, we began to watch television.
[A] Sat     [B] Seat     [C] Seated     [D] Set
註釋:seat是及物動詞,本句可還原爲:we were seated on the sofa.
Returning to the room, B.
[A] the book was lost     [B] I found the book missing     [C] missing was book     [D] the book was missing
註釋:Returning to room是簡化從句,其主語必須與主要從句相同,能表明人的主語,只有B。
■The average age of the Lishan apples C today is about fifty years.
[A] grow     [B] grown     [C] growing     [D] to grow
註釋:空格部分,可還原爲:that are growing today的簡化,growing today表示"今天在長"的。而B中的grown表示"今天種下去的",根據句中50歲的描述,選B合適語意。
Underground money lenders make most of their income from interest B on loans.
[A] earn     [B] earned     [C] to earn     [D] was earned
註釋:空格部分還原爲:that is earned on loans.,簡化爲B。 {income:n:收入,所得,收益;loan:n:貸款,借出;v:借,供應貨款;}
■B the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller that it had seemed to us as children many years ago.
[A] Standing in     [B] Seen from     [C] Crossing     [D] Driving down
註釋:4個選項都是以副詞從句的簡化,可是要求從屬從句的主語與主句相同,因此只有A和B。空格部分的賓語是"車道",房子不能站在裏面,因此只能是B,其實When it was seen from的簡化。 {the driveway:車道;}
After finishing my degree, D.
[A] my education will be employed by the university
[B] employment will be given to me by the university
[C] the university will employ me
[D] I will be employed by the university
註釋:After finishing my degree是After I finish my degree的簡化,因此主要從句只能用I做主語,故D。
The man B the paper is my father.
[A] reads     [B] reading     [C] is reading     [D] read
註釋:空格部分可還原爲:who is reading the paper的簡化。
B, he washed the cup and put it away.
[A] Drinking the coffee     [B] Having drunk the coffee     [C] Having drank the coffee     [D] After drank the coffee
註釋:A看起來是when he was drinking the coffee的簡化,喝的同時洗杯子,不合適,因此應該用完成時的B。 {put away:收拾,放好,存儲,吃,放棄,打消,<口>關押;}
■D to the south of China, not far away from the coast of Mainland, Hainan Island has long played an imprtant role in China's tourism.
[A] Its location     [B] Locating     [C] Is located     [D] Located
註釋:空格部分是Hainan Island is located to the south……這句的簡化,故選D。
John Williams wrote his first novel B.
[A] while he worked a porter at a hotel in Paris     [B] while working as a porter at a hotel in Paris     [C] while worked as a porter at a hotel in Paris     [D] while he was worked as a porter a hotel in Paris
註釋:空格部分是while he was working as a porter……的簡化,A中的while he worked a proter看成worked的賓語,把不及物的work看成及物動詞使用,因此錯誤。加入be並改造爲be+Ving的形式,省略後即爲B。 {porter:n:搬運工,(列車)服務員,雜務工,<舊>黑啤酒;波特(人名);}
 
■A not a big star, the actor played in hundreds of films.
[A] Although     [B] He was     [C] Because     [D] Despite
註釋:空格部分,可還原爲:Although he was not a big star的簡化。
Eisenhauer was president of Columbia University B President of the USA.
[A] before he becomes     [B] before becoming     [C] before     [D] before became
註釋:空格部分是before he became President of the USA的簡化。 {Eisenhauer:n:埃森豪爾;}
Gold remains stable even D to extremely high temperatures.
[A] when is heated     [B] it is heated     [C] when to heat     [D] when heated
註釋:空格部分是even when it is heated……的簡化。
A, the stock market crashed.
[A] With investor confidence gone     [B] When investor confidence gone     [C] When investors lose confidence     [D] With investors lost confidence
註釋:空格部分可還原爲:Because investor confidence was gone簡化成介詞短語。 {investor:confidence:}
A monkey's brain is small C with the human brain.
[A] when they are compared     [B] when compare     [C] compared     [D] to compare them
註釋:空格部分可還原爲:when it is compared……。
■Picasso did many of his abstract paintings C living in Paris.
[A] that he was     [B] during     [C] while     [D] and
註釋:空格部分可還原爲:while he was living……。 {Picasso:n:畢加索;}
A at correct angles, diamonds reflect light brilliantly.
[A] When carved     [B] If it is carved     [C] Carving     [D] If carving
註釋:空格部分可還原爲:when they are carved……。 {reflect:v:反映,反射,檢討,歸咎,顯示;brilliant:adj:卓越的,燦爛的,美妙的,傑出的,才華橫溢的;n:寶石;}
D, the children gradually learned to be independent.
[A] Because their father gone     [B] Their father was gone     [C] Due to their father was gone     [D] With their father gone
註釋:空格部分還原爲:Because their father was gone簡化爲介詞短語。 {independent:adj:獨立的,自主的,獨自的,無偏見的;n:無黨派者,獨立派人士;}
She broke into tears A the news.
[A] upon hearing     [B] because hearing     [C] when heard     [D] when she hears
註釋:空格部分還原爲:as soon as she heard the news簡化爲介詞短語。 {break into:闖入,忽然發出,迸發,打斷,打擾,侵佔,佔用;}
A the truth, I know nothing about it.
[A] To tell you     [B] Telling you     [C] I tell you     [D] I told you
註釋:空格部分還原爲If I can tell you the truth的簡化。
View Code

 

 
 
3.5 簡化從句練習(Practicing of Reduction Sentence)
3.5.1 簡化從句,亦在通常語法書中被稱爲"非限定從句(Non-finite Clauses)",其自己是高度精簡的句型,也較具備挑戰性。
簡化從句的兩大原則:a. 對等從句中,相對應的位置(主語與主語、動詞與動詞)若是重複,能夠省略。b. 從屬從句(名詞從句、形容詞從句、副詞從句)中,省略主語、be動詞,只留下補語。若主語非重複或空洞的元素,則應設法保留,以避免句意改變。
動詞簡化的通用原則:a. 有be動詞即省略be動詞。 b. 有語氣助動詞(can(could)、must、should、will(would)、may(might)等,且非have這種事態助動詞)則改成不定式。 c. 初以上2點以外的動詞,一概加上-ing保留下來。
 
3.5 本小節示例及練習:
例1:
The patient had not responded to the standard treatment.
This fact greatly puzzled the medical team.
簡化步驟:
1). 藉由句1整句和句2的the fact創建聯繫,能夠考慮修改成形容詞從句(從屬從句是主語的修飾內容)或名詞從句(從屬從句就看成主語自己)。
          若改成形容詞從句:The patient had not responded to the standard treatment, which greatly puzzled the medical team. (句2做爲形容詞來修飾整個句1,但這句存在修辭問題,即:which引導的形容詞從句便可以修飾前面的整句,也能夠修飾逗號前的名詞the standard treatment,形成模棱兩可(ambiguous)的毛病。)
          若改成名詞從句:That the patient had not responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team. (直接用that+從句並放到主語位置,便可)
2). 對以上句子進行簡化,主語不一樣沒法省略,因此以全部格的形式出現、沒有be動詞,將原來的動詞變成be+Ving形式、刪除無心義的鏈接詞,成爲:The patient's not having responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team. 固然,也能夠把從句的動詞改寫爲名詞類,使之成爲名詞短語後作主語,成爲:The patient's failure to responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team.
{puzzle:n:難題,謎,迷惑,拼圖遊戲;vt:使爲難,使困惑;vi:苦思,迷惑;ambiguous:adj:模棱兩可的,含糊不清的;failure:n:失敗,失敗者,不及格,疏忽,失靈,未能,悲慘的事;}
 
例2:
The summer tourists are all gone.
The resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.
簡化步驟:
1). 兩句沒有重複元素,但有前後時間的邏輯關係或者是表示緣由的邏輯關係,因此改形成副詞從句,選擇鏈接詞(after、because、now that等)。加上表示緣由的副詞,成爲:Now that the summer tourists are all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.
2). 對以上句子簡化,主語不一樣需保留、去掉be動詞留下主語和補語後,副詞從句的結構就不存在了,於是能夠省略鏈接詞now that,成爲:(With) the summer tourists all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.,本句中,用介詞來取代鏈接詞,並把the tourists放在其後作介詞賓語,而all gone依然做爲補語,這樣的作法比較口語化,而直接省略be動詞不加with就顯的文謅謅的,不夠口語化。
{tourist:n:旅遊者,二等艙;adj:觀光的,乘坐二等艙的;tourism:n:旅遊業,觀光;resort:[音:rɪ'zɔːrt];n:(度假)勝地,手段,憑藉;vi:訴諸,常去;resume:v:從新開始,再繼續;n:簡歷,履歷,摘要;tranquil:[音:'træŋkwɪl];adj:安靜的,寧靜的,穩定的,不變的;tranquility:[音:træŋ'kwɪlətɪ];n:寧靜,平靜,穩定;}
 
例3:
a. Confucius must have written on pieces of bamboo.
b. Confucius lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
c. Paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2的交叉點confucius,籍由關係詞who來鏈接爲關係從句(形容詞從句),成爲:(a+b). Confucius, who lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.
2). 對上句進行簡化,加入be動詞並改寫爲be+Ving的形勢後,簡化爲:Confucius, living  in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.
3). 句3的內容表示緣由,因此籍由鏈接詞because以副詞從句的方式來鏈接,成爲:(a+b+c). Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, because paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
4). 對上句進行簡化,保留不重複的主語、動詞爲單獨的be動詞,要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語"、要麼省略鏈接詞改成"being"的形式,此處改成being的形式,成爲:(a+b+c). Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, paper not being available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
{Confucius:[音:kən'fjuʃəs];n:孔子;dynasty:n:朝代,王朝;}
 
例4:
a. The movable-type press was invented by Gutenberg.
b. The movable-type press was introduced to England in 1485.
c. This event marked the end of the Dark Ages there.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2的交差點the movable-typre press,籍由關係詞which來鏈接爲關係從句(形容詞從句),成爲:(a+b). The movable-type press, which was invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略主語、be動詞後,成爲:The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.
3). 句3中的Event就是上面整句話,由於整句比較長,能夠嘗試添加個同位語an event,成爲:(a+b+c). The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, an event which marked the end of the Dark Ages there.
4). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複部分an event、加入be動詞改成be+Ving的形式後,省略關係詞which、be動詞,成爲:The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, marking the end of the Dark Ages there.
{The movable-type press:活版印刷;invent:v:發明,捏造;the Dark Ages:n:英國的黑暗時期;}
 
例5:
a. Ben Kook was educated in an art college.
b. Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
c. Ben Kook deals with economic matters at these times.
1). 句1和句2沒有重複,但有表示因果的邏輯關係,籍由關係詞because鏈接成的副詞從句:(a+b). Because he was educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、be動詞,成爲:Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
3). 句3中的at these time與上句中的at times重複,籍由鏈接詞when連擊爲副詞從句,成爲:(a+b+c). Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual (at times) when he deals with economic matters.
4). 對上句進行簡化,處於次要地位的at times是副詞類,且跟when重複,能夠先行省略,而後在省略主語、加入be動詞改成be+Ving結構後省略be動詞,可是when表明的重複內容已經省略,因此這裏不適合省略when,也能夠將when引導的關係從句看作名詞從句,成爲:Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual when dealing with economic matters.
{at times:有時;unusual:adj:異常的,獨特的,不同凡響的;economic:adj:經濟學的,經濟的,有利可圖的;}
 
例6:
a. I'd like something.
b. You will meet some people.
c. Then you can leave.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1中的賓語something表明整個句2,因此句2加上that成爲名詞從句並代替something的位置,成爲:(a+b). I'd like that you (will) meet some people. (注意,句1和句2合併後,that從句含有祈使語氣,因此助動詞用will應省略或保持原形。)
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留不重複的主語,省略鏈接詞that、助動詞改寫爲toV形式,成爲:I'd like you to meet some people.
3). 句3和上句沒有重複,但有表示時間的邏輯關係,藉由關係詞before鏈接成爲副詞從句,成爲:(a+b+c). I'd like you to meet some people before you (can) leave.
4). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語you、而且注意到before是介詞性質的鏈接詞,因此改成Ving的形式,成爲:I'd like you to meet some people before leaving.
 
例7:
a. I have not practiced very much.
b. I should have practiced very much.
c. I am worried about something.
d. I might forget something.
e. What should I say during the speech contest?
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2雖然有重複的單詞"have practiced very much",但兩句表示的是一種"本該作確沒作"的"條件或讓步"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞as much as鏈接的副詞從句,即:(a+b). I have not practiced as much as I should (have practiced).,其中的重複部分have practiced能夠省略。也能夠把as看作副詞來修飾形容詞much,然後一個as來引導一個副詞從句。
2). 句3和上句沒有重複,但有表示因果的邏輯關係,藉由鏈接詞because來鏈接成副詞從句,成爲:(a+b+c). Because I have not practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.
3). 對上句進行省略,省略掉鏈接詞、重複主語、加入be動詞改成Ving的形式後,成爲:Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.
4). 上句中的about something"擔憂的事情"就是句4的內容,可是由於something是放在介詞後面,因此要連成複句的話,能夠先改寫成about the possibility,在把句4加上that,造成名詞從句來作posibility的同位語,即:(a+b+c+d). Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried (about the possibility) that I might forget something.
5). 對上句進行簡化,由於介詞短語about the possibility和that重複,因此能夠省略,但其後的名詞從句的簡化(要省略掉that),則要把介詞about保留下來以安放簡化後的名詞從句。省略重複主語I、that鏈接詞、助動詞應該爲toV的形式(但因爲介詞about的緣由,要改成Ving的動名詞形式),即:Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting something.
6). 上句中的something就是句5的整個內容,因此把疑問句直接改成非疑問的名詞從句,並卻帶something,成爲:(a+b+c+d+e). Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what I should say during the speech contest.
7). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、助動詞改成toV形式,成爲:Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what to say during the speech contest.
{contest:[音:'kɑːntest];n:競賽,比賽;vt:駁斥,爭取;vi:奮鬥;}
 
例8:
a. A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then.
b. A. Fries is the director of a football club now.
c. A. Fries say something.
d. The college football team lost in the important game.
e. A. Fries offered something.
f. He would assume responsibility.
g. He would tender his resignation.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2分別描述A.Fries當時與如今的身份,且兩句在內容和句型上對仗工整,適合以對等從句(合句)的方式來表現,所以,藉由對等鏈接詞and鏈接成爲對等從句,即:(a+b). A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then and he is the director of a football club now.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略對等位置的重複部分,成爲:A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now.
3). 句3中的something就是整個句4的內容,因此適合連接爲藉由that引導的名詞從句,整個句4放入something的位置,即:(c+d). A. Fries saw that the College football team lost in the important game.
4). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞that、保留非重複主語後,成爲:A. Fries saw the College football team's loss in the important game.
5). 句5中的something,就是句6中"要負起的責任",因此把整個句6改成名詞從句放入something的位置,即:(e+f). A. Fries offered that he (would) assume responsibility.
6). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞、重複主語、助動詞改成toV形式,成爲:A. Fries offered to assume responsibility.
7). 2)中的句子描述的是具體的職位,有補充說明的功能,因此可改成關係從句並與6)句創建鏈接關係,成爲:(e+f+a+b). A. Fries, who was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
8). 對上句進行簡化,省略主語who、be動詞,只留下補語類,成爲:A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
9.) 上句中"要付的責任"和4)中的句子雖沒有重複,可是有因果邏輯關係,藉由鏈接詞because改寫爲副詞從句,成爲:(e+f+a+b+c+d). Because he saw the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
10). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞because、重複主語、加入be改成be+Ving的形式並省略後,成爲:Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
11). 句7中的"打算辭職"的內容,是爲了說明上句中"負責的方式",也就是句7應該修飾上句中的動詞assume,"以……方式"最好用介詞by表示,即:by the way,因此句7改造爲名詞從句並直接放入by後面做介詞的賓語,成爲: Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility by that he would tender his resignation.
12). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞、重複主語,且介詞by後須要動名詞Ving,最後成爲:(e+f+a+b+c+d+g). Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility by tendering his resignation.
{director:n:董事,經理,導演,主管,總監,指揮者;assume:[音:ə'suːm];vt:假定,設想,承擔,(想固然的)認爲,僞裝;resignation:n:辭職,辭呈,順從;}
 
 
a. Been Book was educated in an art college. (because)
b. Ben Book acts unusual.
c. Ben Book deals with economic matters. (while)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2,組成副詞從句,即:Because Been Book was educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual.(簡化爲:Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual.)
2). 句3中用while來表示"時間、地點",將句3看作是副詞從句,即:Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while he deals with economic matters.,簡化後成爲:Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while dealing with economic matters.
 
a. I'd like something.
b. You will meet some people. (that)
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,整個句2是句1中的something,因此適合改成名詞從句:I'd like that you will meet some people.
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留非重複主語、省略鏈接詞、助動詞改成toV,成爲:I'd like that you to meet some people(one).
 
a. I'm not sure.
b. What should I do?
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,整個句2是句1中的不肯定的內容,因此適合改成名詞從句:I'm not sure what I should do. (將疑問句改成非疑問的形式)
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留非重複主語、有意義的鏈接詞,並將助動詞改成toV,成爲:I'm not sure what to do.
 
a. He worked late into the night.
b. He was trying to finish the report. (because)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示因果的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞because鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:He worked late into the night, because he was trying to finish the report.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、be動詞後,成爲:He worked late into the night trying to finish the report.
 
a. The soldier was wounded in the war. (after)
b. He was sent home.
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示時間前後的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞after鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:After the soldier was wounded in the war, he was sent home.
2). 對上句進行簡化,主從句主語相同,且從句的動詞爲單純的be動詞,因此要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞改成"being"的形式,因此改成being的形式,保留有意義的鏈接詞,成爲:(After/being) wounded in the war, the soldier was sent home. (其中wounded已經有"完成、已經"的意思,因此After/being也能夠省略)。
 
a. He used to smoke a lot.
b. He got married. (before)
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示時間前後的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞before鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:He used to smoke a lot before he got married.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、加入be動詞改成be+Ving的形式後(介詞後也要求名詞類的賓語),成爲:He used to smoke a lot before getting married.
 
a. I am afraid.
b. The Democratic Party might win a majority. (that)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,整個句2是句1中的afraid的內容(可是afraid後面的賓語位置須要配合介詞of來使用,即:I am afraid of something),因此適合改成名詞從句:I am afraid of that the Democratic Party might win a majority.
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留非重複主語並改成全部格、省略鏈接詞、助動詞改成toV,可是因爲介詞of的存在,因此應該爲名詞類的動名詞Ving,成爲:I am afraid of the Democratic Party's winning a majority.
{democracy:[音:dɪ'mɑːkrəsi];n:民主國家,民主,民主制;democratic:[音:ˌdemə'krætɪk];adj:民主的,民主黨的,大衆的;The Democratic Party:n:民主黨;majority:n:大多數,多數,多數黨,多數派;}
 
a. I have nothing better to do. (when)
b. I enjoy something.
c. I play poker. (that)
■■簡化步驟:
1). 句2和句3沒有重複內容,整個句3是句2中的something,因此適合改成名詞從句:I enjoy that I play poker.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、省略鏈接詞、加入be動詞改成be+Ving形式後,省略成爲:I enjoy playing poker.
3). 句1和上句沒有重複內容,但有表示"時間、地點"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞when鏈接爲副詞從句,即:When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker .
4). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、保留有意義的鏈接詞、加入be動詞改成be+Ving形式後,省略成爲:When having nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker. 本句雖然簡化完成,但在口語化的句型中,一般能夠犧牲一部分簡潔性以換取句子的清楚性,即,再口語化的句子中,簡化爲:When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker. 就已是成功的簡化句了。因此,簡化從句也要根據不一樣的應用狀況作出調整。
 
a. Mike won the contest. (when)
b. Mike was awarded then thousand dollars.
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示"時間、地點"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞when鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:Mike was awarded then thousand dollars when he won the contest,.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、保留有意義的鏈接詞、加入be動詞改成be+Ving形式後,成爲:Mike was awarded then thousand dollars when winning the contest. 
另外,還有對於副詞從句,還有種特殊的簡化方法,即:把鏈接詞改成意義近似的介詞短語,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語(由於整個從句簡化爲只有1個賓語,因此須要大量簡化),故也能夠簡化爲:(Upon) winning the contest, Mike was awarded ten thousand dollars.
{contest:n:競賽,比賽;vt:駁斥,爭取;vi:奮鬥;award:n:獎品,獎;v:授予,給予,判給;}
 
a. The motorcyclist was pulled over by the police car.
b. The motorcyclist did not wear a safety helmet. (who)
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2的交叉點是motorcyclist,籍由關係詞who來鏈接爲關係從句(形容詞從句),成爲:The motorcyclist who did not wear a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、省略鏈接詞、加入be動詞改成be+Ving形式後(忽略表示否認的時態助動詞),省略成爲:The motorcyclist not wearing a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car.
{motorcyclist:n:騎摩托車的人;helmet:[音:'helmɪt];n:頭盔,安全帽;pull over:路邊停車;}
 
a. The mayor declined.
b. The mayor was a very busy person. (who)
c. The mayor was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony. (when)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2的交叉點是The mayor,籍由關係詞who來鏈接爲關係從句(形容詞從句,由於已經指明是市長,因此沒有進一步修飾的空間,因此是補充說明性質的,用括弧性質的逗號隔開),成爲:The mayor, who was a very busy person, declined something.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、省略鏈接詞、省略be動詞只留下補語部分,成爲:The mayor, a very busy person, declined.
3). 句1和上句沒有重複內容,但有表示"時間、地點"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞when鏈接爲副詞從句,即:The mayor, a very busy person, declined when the mayor was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.
4). 對上句進行簡化,主從句的主語相同,省略重複主語、保留有意義的鏈接詞、從句的動詞爲單獨的be動詞,要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞改成"being"的形式,此處不能省略鏈接詞,故而改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,即:The mayor, a very busy person, declined when asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.
{mayor:[音:'meɪər];n:市長;decline:v:降低,減小,變弱,拒絕,傾斜;n:衰微,跌落,晚年;ceremony:n:儀式,禮節,典禮;}
 
a. Tax rates are already very high. (although)
b. Tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示"相反"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞although鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:Although tax rates are already very high, tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
2). 對上句進行簡化,主從句的主語相同,省略重複主語、保留有意義的鏈接詞(或者用still替換)、從句的動詞爲單獨的be動詞,要麼改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,要麼省略鏈接詞改成"being"的形式,此處保留鏈接詞,故而改成"鏈接詞+補語"的形式,成爲:Although  already very high, tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
{rate:n:比率,速度,價格,費用,等級;v:認爲,估價,定等級,值得,怒斥,責罵;rein:[音:reɪn];n:繮繩,駕馭,控制;vt:控制,駕馭;vi:駕馭;inflation:n:通貨膨脹,膨脹;}
 
a. The resort town is crowded.
b. There has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season. (because)
■■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示因果的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞because鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:The resort town is crowded because there has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞、保留非重複主語、省略無心義的there be結構,只剩下名詞類補語部分,可是本句已是svc結構,後面沒有名詞的空間,因此能夠考慮將補語改成介詞短語的形式,成爲:The resort town is crowded with an influx of tourists for the holiday season.
{resort:[音:rɪ'zɔːrt];n:(度假)勝地,手段,憑藉;vi:訴諸,常去;influx:[音:'ɪnflʌks];n:流入,河口,聚集,涌入;tourist:n:旅遊者,二等艙;adj:觀光的,乘坐二等艙的;}
 
a. The student had failed in two tests. (though)
b. The student was able to pass the course.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示"相反"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞though鏈接成爲副詞從句(though比較口語化,而although比較書面化),即:Though the student had failed in two tests, the student was able to pass the course.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、保留有意義的鏈接詞(或者用still替換)、加入be動詞改成beVing的形式後,省略成爲:Though having failed in two tests, the student was able to pass the course. 或 用still表示though,成爲:Having failed in two tests, the student was still able to pass the course.
 
a. The president avoided the issue. (that)
b. This was obvious to the audience.
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,整個句1是句2中的主語,因此適合改成名詞從句:That the president avoided the issue was obvious to the audience. 或 It was obvious to the audience that the President avoided the issue.
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留鏈接詞、保留非重複主語並改成全部格、加入be動詞並給位be+Ving的形式後,省略成爲:The president's avoiding the issue was obvious to the audience. 或着把從句改成名詞類看成主要從句的主語來使用,成爲:The President's avoidence of the issue was obvious to the audience.
{avoid:vt:避免,逃避,[]使無效,撤銷;issue:n:議題,問題,期刊號,一次發行額,發行,[]子女;v:發表,公佈,正式發給,發行,流出;audience:n:聽衆,觀衆,讀者,傾聽,擁護者,正式會見;obvious to:對……來講是明顯的;}
 
a. Anyone could tell he was upset.
b. He had the look on his face. (because)
■■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示因果的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞because鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:Anyone could tell he was upset because he had the look on his face.
2). 對上句進行簡化,乍一看比較難簡化,其實句1是Anyone could tell something. + That he was upset (with something).兩句結合成的名詞從句,直接省略鏈接詞、保留非重複主語並改成全部格的形式、加入be動詞改成beVing的形式後,省略成爲:Anyone could tell he was upset his having the look on his face.,看起來比較怪異的緣由,就是upset後面的with something被省略掉,因此若用副詞從句的另外一種特殊的簡化方法,即:把鏈接詞改成意義近似的介詞短語,而把整個從句簡化爲名詞從句後做爲介詞短語中的賓語,後成爲:Anyone could tell he was upset, with the look on his face.
{upset:adj:心煩的,苦惱的,不安的,不適的;v:推翻,翻倒,顛覆,打亂,使心煩;n:混亂,推翻;}
 
a. Michael Crichton is in town.
b. He is author of Jurassic Park. (who)
c. He could promote his new novel. (so that)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2的交叉點是Michael Crichton,籍由關係詞who來鏈接爲關係從句(形容詞從句),由於Michael Crichton已是具體的人,沒有更進一步說明的空間,因此看成專有名詞看待,成爲: Michael Crichton, who is author of Jurassic Park, is in town.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞、be動詞,只留下補語,成爲:Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town.
3). 句3和上句沒有重複內容,但有表示"目的"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞so that鏈接爲副詞從句,即:Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town so that he could promote his new novel.
4). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、助動詞改成toV的形式、so that +to,可變爲so as to,成爲:Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town (so as) to promote his new novel.
{Michael Crichton:[音:ai];n:克萊頓;promote:vt:促進,提高,升遷,發起,促銷,推銷;}
 
a. I am a conservative. (although)
b. I'd like to see something.
c. The conservative party is chastised in the next election. (that)
■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示"相反"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞though鏈接成爲副詞從句(though比較口語化,而although比較書面化),即:Although I am a conservative, I'd like to see something.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略重複主語、be動詞(主語相同不用改變,當主語同時須要變爲省略主語的"鏈接詞+補語"形式或保留主語的"Being"形式)、保留有意義的鏈接詞(或者用still替換),省略成爲:Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see something. 或 用still表示though,成爲:Being a conservative, I'd still like to see something.
3). 句3和上句沒有重複內容,整個句3是上句中的something,因此適合改成名詞從句:Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see that the conservative party is chastised in the next election.
4). 對上句進行簡化,保留非重複的主語、省略鏈接詞that、be動詞,只留下補語,成爲:Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see the conservative party chastised in the next election.
{conservative:[音:kən'sɜːrvətɪv];adj:保守的,守舊的;n:保守派(黨),保守的人;chastise:[音:tʃæ'staɪz];v:嚴懲,責難,鞭笞[chi];election:n:選舉,當選,選舉權;}
 
a. The man found a fly in his soup. (when)
b. The man called to the waiter.
簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示"當……的時候"的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞when鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:The man called to the waiter when the man found a fly in his soup.
或 When the man found a fly in his soup, the man called to the waiter.
2). 對上句進行簡化,保留有意義的鏈接詞、省略重複主語、加入be動詞改成beVing的形式後,省略成爲:The man called to the waiter when finding a fly in his soup. 或 Finding a fly in his soup, the man called to the waiter.
 
a. It is a warm day. (because)
c. We will go to the beach.
■■簡化步驟:
1). 句1和句2沒有重複內容,但句1和句2有表示因果的邏輯關係,因此藉由鏈接詞because鏈接成爲副詞從句,即:Because it is a warm day, we will go to the beach.
2). 對上句進行簡化,省略鏈接詞,可是主語不一樣時,因此須要保留主語,那麼須要省略掉鏈接詞(不然會看作遺漏動詞),而且主語後直接跟如今分詞或過去分詞形式的補語(必要時能夠藉助be動詞),本句中沒有分詞補語,因此借用be動詞的分詞形式,即:It being a warm day, we will go to the beach.
View Code

 

 
 
 
3.6 倒裝句(Inversion Sentence)
3.6.1 倒裝句:廣義的倒裝句是指把動詞(或助動詞)移到主語前面的句型,因此通常的疑問句均可以算做是倒裝句。拋開這種只有語法功能的倒裝句不談,標準意義的倒裝句是指具備修辭功能的倒裝句,其用來強調語氣、加強清楚性與簡潔性,並可以更流暢的銜接先後的句子。
 
3.6.2 七種重要的倒裝句:比較級的倒裝、關係從句的倒裝、假設語氣的倒裝、引用句的倒裝、相似there is/are的倒裝、否認副詞開頭的倒裝、簡單倒裝。
比較級的倒裝:比較級的句型一般會牽涉到兩個從句的比較,而兩個從句有重複的部分才能比較,因爲一旦有重複就有省略的空間,所以省略不當就會傷害句子的清楚性。比較級須要用到倒裝句的情形大都是:從屬從句中的助動詞或do動詞不易省略,且從屬從句的主語後面的修飾語較長。
關係從句的倒裝:關係從句的關係詞(關係代名詞、關係副詞)用來修飾先行詞,若是不是原先就處於從句句首的位置,則要將其移到從句的句首以讓他發揮鏈接詞的功能(若關係詞存在於介詞短語中,則由於介詞短語中內含關係詞,因此要將整個介詞短語移至先行詞後面)。注意,當關系詞移動到從句句首時,形成順序的反常,纔有倒裝的可能;若是關係詞沒有移動就不能倒裝。
假設語氣的倒裝:在假設語氣的副詞從句(每每由if引導)中,若是有be動詞、助動詞就能夠考慮這種單純的倒裝句,若是沒有則不能使用倒裝。其具體作法是:省略掉鏈接詞(如if)後,把be動詞或助動詞移到主語前面來取代鏈接詞的功能。
引用句的倒裝:在直接引用句(雙引號括起來)和間接引用句(不用引號)中,均可以使用倒裝句來突出引用句的內容。其具體作法是:引用句每每出如今賓語位置,爲了強調引用句的內容而把它挪到句首,這樣,與其緊密相關的動詞也能夠移到主語前,從而成爲倒裝句。注意,直接引用句中,主語和動詞能夠保持原來的順序而不必定要倒裝過來,可是間接引用句則須要倒裝過來。
相似there is/are的倒裝:這中倒裝句的作法是:把地點副詞(here、there、In……具體地名)挪到句首,句型和there is/are句型很接近,修辭功能在於強調語氣和銜接上下文(例如:地點副詞能夠強調其後的動詞、主語、甚至地點副詞自己;也能夠以地點副詞to the west of……和to the east of……來銜接上下文)。
否認副詞開頭的倒裝:表示否認意味的副詞(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首來強調語氣時,須要使用倒裝句。這些否認副詞,有時是和助動詞一塊兒來表示否認的(如:don't、will not等)、有時是來修飾動詞的,因此倒裝時其助動詞或動詞也須要遷移來保證否認副詞和助動詞或動詞的緊密貼合。可是,本來就處於句首位置的否認副詞(如:修飾位於句首的主語),則是正常位置,不須要倒裝。另外,當only+adv表示強烈的否認意味時,也須要採用倒裝句型。
not only……but also……的相關詞組(correlative)中,but是對等鏈接詞,要求省略號部分的嚴格對稱。當把not only移到句首來強調語氣時,由於not only是有否認功能的副詞(not only和but also都是focusing adverbs,都是具備強調功能的副詞),因此要採用倒裝句型,且not only和but also對等的省略號部分也要求倒裝(有時but also會拆開,倒裝時其also不該該強調主語,而是應該和only同樣強調動詞)。
{barely:adv:幾乎不,剛剛,勉強,少許地;}
簡單倒裝句:So引導的表示與前句內容相同的句子(如:Mary is pretty. So is her sister.),以及某些相似祈使句的不經常使用的倒裝句(如:Long live the King!)。
 
3.6 本小節示例及練習:
Girls like cats more than boys. (ambiguous,模棱兩可不清楚。本句既能夠理解爲:Girls like cats more than boys do.又能夠理解爲:Girls like cats more than they like boys.)
Girls like cats more than do boys, who as a rule are a cruel a lot. (Inversion Sentence,比較級倒裝產生的緣由:從屬從句中的助動詞或do動詞不易省略,且主語後面的修飾語太長。上句中若是要表達"女孩比男孩更喜歡貓"的說法,則do動詞不能省略(省略後沒法判斷boys是主語仍是賓語,不清楚是被喜歡對象,仍是喜歡貓的人),成爲:Girls like cats more than boys, who as a rule are cruel lot, do. 該句修辭效果不佳,句中的do不能省略,但它又和他的主語距離太遠,會傷害句子的清楚性,此外do表明的like cats也由於距離太遠而不清楚,因此改成倒裝句後,成爲本句。在修辭效果上,一來do和主語放在了一塊兒,二來do和其表明的like cats的距離也縮減到最小。)
{inversion:n:倒轉,反向,倒置,[]到裝法;cruel:adj:殘酷的,殘忍的,引發痛苦的;}
The President is a man on whom falls a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not. (Inversion Sentence,關係從句的倒裝:關係從句的關係詞(關係代名詞、關係副詞)用來修飾先行詞,若是不是原先就處於從句句首的位置,則要將其移到從句的句首以讓他發揮鏈接詞的功能。注意,當關系詞移動到從句句首時,形成順序的反常,纔有倒裝的可能;若是關係詞沒有移動就不能倒裝。本句是由:The President is a man.和A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on him.組成爲關係從句:The President is a man on whom a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls. (relative+s+v修辭不佳,介詞短語on whom由於內含有關係詞,因此要一併移到句首的位置),on whom介詞短語看成副詞來修飾動詞fall,移動後與被修飾對象距離太遠,並且主語與動詞的距離也很遠,因此改成倒裝句成爲本句。修辭效果上,依賴關係詞whom和先行詞在一塊兒,二來介詞短語on whom做爲副詞也和其修飾的動詞在一塊兒。)
The President is a man who bears a lot of responsibility. (relative clause,關係從句的倒裝,關係詞沒有移動就不能倒裝。本句中的關係從句可還原爲:He bears a lot of responsibility,he改形成who後自己就在句首,無需倒裝。)
Had I been there, I could have done something to help. (Inversion Sentence,假設語氣的倒裝:在假設語氣的副詞從句(每每由if引導)中,若是有be動詞、助動詞就能夠考慮這種單純的倒裝句,若是沒有則不能使用倒裝。其具體作法是:省略掉鏈接詞(如if)後,把be動詞或助動詞移到主語前面來取代鏈接詞的功能。本句可還原爲:If I had been there, I could have done something to help. (adverbial clause),省略掉if,並把be動詞或助動詞移到句首來取代if的假設語氣,成爲本句。)
"None was killed in the accident," said the police. (o+v+s,引用句的倒裝:在直接引用句(雙引號括起來)和間接引用句(不用引號)中,均可以使用倒裝句來突出引用句的內容。其具體作法是:引用句每每出如今賓語位置,爲了強調引用句的內容而把它挪到句首,這樣,與其緊密相關的動詞也能夠移到主語前,從而成爲倒裝句。注意,直接引用句中,主語和動詞能夠保持原來的順序而不必定要倒裝過來,可是間接引用句則須要倒裝過來。原句的正常順序爲:The police said, "None was liked in the accident." (s+v+o[direct quotation]),爲了強調引用句的內容,將內容提早,對於直接引用句,主語和動詞能夠倒裝也能夠不倒裝。)
{quotation:n:語錄,飲用,行情,引語,報價;}
Cholera, warns the WHO, is coming back. (v+s,引用句的倒裝,爲了強調引用句的內容,將內容提早,對於間接引用句,主語和動詞須要一併倒裝。原句的正常順序爲:The WHO warns that cholera is coming back. (s+v+o[indirect quotation]),將間接引用的內容提早,並主語和動詞倒裝後成爲本句。)
{WHO:n:世界衛生組織(World Health Organization);cholera:[音:'kɑːlərə]];n:霍亂;}
There goes the train! (adverb of place+v+s,相似there is/are的倒裝:這中倒裝句的作法是:把地點副詞(here、there、In……具體地名)挪到句首,句型和there is/are句型很接近,修辭功能在於強調語氣和銜接上下文(例如:地點副詞能夠強調其後的動詞、主語、甚至地點副詞自己;也能夠以地點副詞to the west of……和to the east of……來銜接上下文)。本句中,地點副詞用來強調動詞go。)
Here is your ticket for the opera! (adverb of place+v+s,相似there is/are的倒裝。本句中,地點副詞用來強調主語ticket。)
In Loch Ness dwells a mysterious monster. (adverb of place+v+s,相似there is/are的倒裝。本句中,地點副詞In Loch Ness用來強調地點Loch Ness和主語monster。)
{Loch Ness:[音:lɑːk nis];n:尼斯湖;dwell:[音:dwel];vi:居住,存在,冥想,詳細闡述;mysterious:[音:mɪ'stɪriəs];adj:神祕的,難以想象的;}
To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China. To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacific. (相似there is/are的倒裝。本句中,地點副詞to the west和to the east用來銜接上下文。)
{spread:v:傳播,展開,散佈,鋪開,伸展,塗撒;n:範圍,傳播,差額,幅度,盛宴;expanse:[音:ɪk'spæns];n:寬闊的區域;}
Not every day do we have such luck. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:表示否認意味的副詞(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首來強調語氣時,須要使用倒裝句。這些否認副詞,有時是和助動詞一塊兒來表示否認的(如:don't、will not等)、有時是來修飾動詞的,因此倒裝時其助動詞或動詞也須要遷移來保證否認副詞和助動詞或動詞的緊密貼合。可是,本來就處於句首位置的否認副詞(如:修飾位於句首的主語),則是正常位置,不須要倒裝。另外,當only+adv表示強烈的否認意味時,也須要採用倒裝句型。本句的正常順序爲:We don't have such luck every day.,爲了強調"不是天天"將not every day至於句首,not是否認意味的副詞,因此須要倒裝爲本句。注意助動詞do是和not表達否認覺得的,因此助動詞也要前移來配合否認的須要)。
Not until you are married will I stop waiting for you. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝,原句的正常順序爲:I will not stop waiting for you until you are marred.,not和will共同表示否認,當把not until you……提到句首來強調時,助動詞will也須要倒裝,從而成爲本句。)
Hardly had I sat down to work when the phone rang. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:表示否認意味的副詞(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首來強調語氣時,須要使用倒裝句。本句的正順序爲:I had hardly sat down to work when the phone rang.,本句中的否地意味的幅度,如not、never、hardly、barely等,移到句首時,也要倒裝成爲本句。)
Hardly anyone knew him. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:本來就處於句首位置的否認副詞(如:修飾位於句首的主語),則是正常位置,不須要倒裝。本句中hardly做爲副詞修飾主語anyone,其自己就在句首是正常順序,不須要倒裝。)
Only I saw him yesterday. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:本來就處於句首位置的否認副詞(如:修飾位於句首的主語),則是正常位置,不須要倒裝。本句中only做爲副詞修飾主語I,其自己就在句首是正常順序,不須要倒裝。)
Only yesterday did I see him. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:當only+adv表示強烈的否認意味時,也須要採用倒裝句型。本句的正常順序爲:I saw him only yesterday. ,only yesterday表示"僅僅就是昨天,而不是更早之前的時間",其也有隱含的否認覺得,因此也須要倒裝成爲本句。)
(沒有否認覺得的副詞處於句首,自己就不須要倒裝。)
Only gradually did they become close friends. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:當only+adv表示強烈的否認意味時,也須要採用倒裝句型。當不帶有only時,句子:Gradually they became close friends. ,句首的副詞自己沒有否認覺得是正常順序,可是加上only後就有了強烈的否認意味了,這時就須要倒裝成爲本句。)
{gradually:adv:逐漸地;}
Not only did he pass the exam but he also scored at the top. (否認副詞開頭的倒裝:not only……but also……的相關詞組(correlative)中,but是對等鏈接詞,要求省略號部分的嚴格對稱。當把not only移到句首來強調語氣時,由於not only是有否認功能的副詞(not only和but also都是focusing adverbs,都是具備強調功能的副詞),因此要採用倒裝句型,且not only和but also對等的省略號部分也要求倒裝(有時but also會拆開,倒裝時其also不該該強調主語,而是應該和only同樣強調動詞。原句是:He not only passed the exam but also scored at the top.,當把not only移動到句首強調時,成爲:Not only did he pass the exam but also scored at the top. (X),這句中出現了對等鏈接詞左右不對稱的問題,前半句的倒裝是正確的,but also的左邊是從句he pass the exam,但右邊倒是動詞短語scored at top,因此首先要修改成準確的結構,即:Not only did he pass the exam but also he scored at the top. (不許確),這樣語法沒問題,可是修辭效果不佳。also和only都是focusing adverbs,都有強調的功能,only用來強調did……,因此also也有用來強調動詞scored,因此but also應該拆開來成爲but he also scored……,這樣not only did……和but he also scored……才能左右呼應而成爲本句。)
Mary is pretty. So is her sister. (v+s,簡單倒裝句:So引導的表示與前句內容相同的句子。)
Long live the King! (v+s,單倒裝句:某些相似祈使句的不經常使用的倒裝句。)
 
 
■The students were warned that on no account B to cheat.
[A] they were     [B] were they     [C] they should     [D] they can
註釋:on on account是否認副詞短語,移至that從句(名詞從句)句首須要倒裝。 {cheat:vt:欺騙,騙取;vi:做弊,行騙;n:騙子,欺騙;}
C make up for lost time.
[A] Only by working hard we can     [B] By only working hard we can     [C] Only by working hard can we     [D] By only working hard can we
註釋:only by working hard引誘only修飾,表示"只有……而非其餘",因此須要到倒裝。 {make up:彌補,和解,編造,整理,化妝,拼湊成;}
Rarely B such nonsense.
[A] I have heard     [B] have I heard     [C] I do hear     [D] don't hear
註釋:rarely具備否認功能,須要倒裝。 {rarely:adv:不多,可貴;nonsense:n:廢話,胡說,荒唐;}
C perched a large black bird.
[A] Often     [B] Suddenly     [C] On the wire     [D] It
註釋:地點副詞位於句首,相似there is/are的句型,須要倒裝。 {perch:n:棲木,高位,杆,河鱸魚;v:棲息,就位,位於;}
Only just now B to him about the thing to heed while riding a motorcycle.
[A] I talked     [B] was I talking     [C] talked I     [D] I was talked
註釋:only再句首,且有否認的意味,須要到倒裝。 {heed:v:注意,留心;n:注意,留心;}
■John was as confused about the rules A.
[A] as were the other contestants     [B] as the other contestants had     [C] than were the other contestants     [D] than the other contestants had
註釋:前面是as confused,因此有也應爲as。且前面是is,因此在as……as的對稱接口中也用be動詞,不能用had。並且,後面的as的主語較長,若是were至於最後會形成其描述的補語與動詞相聚太遠,因此採用比較級的倒裝句式。 {confuse:vt:使困惑,使混亂,混淆;contestant:n:競爭者,參賽者;}
An IBM PC 286 is as powerful D on NASA's Voyager II.
[A] than the mainframe computer is     [B] than is the mainframe computer     [C] as the mainframe computer is powerful     [D] as is the mainframe computer
註釋:句中採用as……as的句式,C中的is powerful重複了,因此選D。 {NASA:National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美國國家航空和航天管理局);aeronautics:[音:ˌerə'nɔːtɪks];n:航空學;voyager:[音:'vɔɪɪdʒər];n:航海者,航行者;mainfram:n:主機,大型計算機;}
■The New Testament is a book B the life and teachings of Jesus.
[A] which can be found     [B] in which can be found     [C] which can find     [D] in which can find
註釋:原句是The life and teachings of Jesus can be found in the book,改爲關係從句後在倒裝,便是B。 {testament:n:證實,自白,[]遺囑,<古>聖約;聖經舊約,聖經新約;The New Testament:聖經新約;teaching:n:教學,教義;adj:教學的;}
■Not until the doctor was sure everything was all right C the emergency room.
[A] he left     [B] left he     [C] did he leave     [D] he did leave
註釋:not uitil在句首須要倒裝。
D, man could die out.
[A] World War III should ever break out
[B] If should World War III ever break out
[C] If World War III should have broken out
[D] Should World War III ever break out
註釋:原句是If World War III should ever break out……,省略if後倒裝成爲D。 {break out:(戰爭、火災等)爆發,逃脫;}
■The results, A, the leading journal of science, indicate that the experimental procedure is flawed.
[A] says Nature     [B] Nature says     [C] which says Nature     [D] which Nature says
註釋:原句是間接引用句,Nature says the result……改爲倒裝句成爲A,比不倒裝的B好,由於空格後的the leading journal of sciences是Nature的同位語,挨在一塊兒比較好。 {nature:n:天然界,性質,天然,天然狀態,本性,類型;journal:n:日誌,日記,期刊;indicate:v:指示,象徵,顯示,暗示,預示,代表,指明;experimental:adj:實驗的,實驗性的,試驗性的;flaw:[音:flɔː];n:瑕疵,缺陷,破綻,裂縫;v:使破裂,有瑕疵;}
Across the street from the station A.
[A] stood an old drugstore     [B] it stood an old drugstore     [C] where an old drugstore    [D] which stood an old drugstore
註釋:定點副詞移到句首須要倒裝,相似there is/are的句型。
I tired to call some friends but A.
[A] none could I reach     [B] could I reach none     [C] I could none reach     [D] I none could reach
註釋:I could reach none的倒裝。 {reach:v:到達,伸出,達成,取的聯繫,延伸,(伸手)去夠;n:範圍,影響力,河段,等級;}
A trouble you again.
[A] Never will I     [B] Not I will ever     [C] Will not ever I     [D] Never I will
註釋:I will never trouble you again的倒裝。
Not until you paint your first oil color D the difference between theory and practice.
[A] you find out     [B] and find out     [C] finding out     [D] do you find out
註釋:not until在句首須要倒裝。 {theory:[音:'θɪri];n:學說,理論,原理,意見;}
■B a baby deer is born, it struggles to stand on its own feet.
[A] No sooner     [B] As soon as     [C] So soon as     [D] Not sooner that
註釋:A答案須要採用倒裝,而C、D都不是正確的而鏈接詞,因此B能引導後面那個沒有倒裝的從句。 {struggle:vi:努力,奮鬥,鬥爭,掙扎;n:鬥爭,競爭,奮鬥;}
■B the invention of the movable print, books were mostly copied by hand and cost far more than ordinary people could afford.
[A] After     [B] Until     [C] Not Until     [D] Because of
註釋:"活版印刷發明前,書都是用手抄,通常人根本買不起",從句意來看,只有B符合。 {invention:n:發明,虛構,發明物;ordinary:adj:平凡的,普通的,平淡的;}
B did I find out that he was dead.
[A] A moment ago     [B] Only a moment ago     [C] An only moment ago     [D] For a moment
註釋:下文是倒裝,因此空格部分只能選用B。
Henry James is B is his philosopher brother William.
[A] famous and also     [B] as famous as     [C] famous so     [D] equally famous
註釋:比較級後面已經倒裝了。 {philosopher:[音:fə'lɑːsəfər];n:哲學家,思想家啊,達觀者;}
A does the recluse venture out of his hermitage.
[A] Seldom     [B] Often     [C] Occasionally     [D] Sometimes
註釋:下文是倒裝,因此選用須要倒裝的Seldom。 {recluse:[音:'rekluːs];n:隱士;n:venture:n:冒險(事業),風險,投機,企業;v:冒險,勇於,冒昧地說;hermitage:n:隱居之處,隱士生活,修道院,羅納葡萄酒;seldom:adv:不多,可貴;occasion:n:場合,時機,理由,機會,盛大場面;vt:引發,導致;occasional:adj:偶然的,臨時的,不時的;occasionally:adv:偶爾地;}
View Code
相關文章
相關標籤/搜索