0901做業

          Linux文件系統管理

Linux文件系統稱爲vfs(Virtual File System 虛擬文件系統)可支持的文件系統類型：

Linux：ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs, xfs,btrfs, swap

                   光盤：iso9660

                   Windows: fat32(vfat), ntfs

                   Unix: ffs, ufs, jfs, jfs2

                   網絡文件系統：nfs, cifs

                   集羣文件系統：ocfs2, gfs2

                   分佈式文件系統：ceph,

                            moosefs, mogilefs,hdfs, gfs, glusterfs

 

                   (1) 日誌型文件系統

                            非日誌型文件系統：ext2

                            日誌型文件系統：ext3

 

                   (2) swap：交換分區

分區工具：fdisk;lparted:sfdisk

Fdisk:

[root@localhost~]# fdisk

 

Usage:

 fdisk [options] <disk>    change partition table 更改分區表

 fdisk [options] -l <disk> list partitiontable(s) 列出分區表

 fdisk -s <partition>      give partition size(s) in blocks 以塊爲單位將指定的分區大小輸出

 

分區管理子命令：

p: 顯示

                            n: 建立

                            d: 刪除

                            t: 修改分區ID

                            l: 列出全部支持ID類型

                            w: 保存退出

                            q: 放棄修改並退出

                            m: 獲取幫助

新建分區後須要查看系統是否識別新的分區

[root@localhostdev]# cat /proc/partitions

majorminor  #blocks  name

 

   8       0   20971520 sda

   8       1     204800 sda1

   8       2    4194304 sda2

   8       3   16571392 sda3

   8      16   20971520 sdb

   8      17          1 sdb

建立工具（mkfs）

mkfs -ttype DEVICE =mkfs.type DEVICE

使用blkid 查看分區信息

[root@localhost/]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5

mke2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystemlabel=

OS type:Linux

Blocksize=1024 (log=0)

Fragmentsize=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

56inodes, 448 blocks

22 blocks(4.91%) reserved for the super user

Firstdata block=1

Maximumfilesystem blocks=524288

1 blockgroup

8192blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

56 inodesper group

 

Writinginode tables: done                           

 

Filesystemtoo small for a journal

Writingsuperblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

 

Thisfilesystem will be automatically checked every 22 mounts or

180 days,whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or-i to override.

[root@localhost/]# blkid /dev/sdb5

/dev/sdb5:UUID="9b25009f-5f8f-4d17-876e-03e9e8435805" TYPE="ext4"

 

EXT系列文件系統在新系統中仍然有較好的支持

EXT系列文件系統專用管理工具

mke2fs   

 

         建立文件系統：

                   mke2fs [OPTION]... DEVICE

                            -t     {ext2|ext3|ext4}

                            -b {1024|2048|4096}

                            -L 'LABEL'

                            -j: mke2fs -t ext3

                            -i #：

                            -N #：

                            -m #: 預留磁盤空間佔據多大百分比的空間爲後期管理使用；

                            -O FEATURE[,...]

                                     -O ^FEATURE：關閉此特性

                                     has_journal

[root@localhost/]# mke2fs -t ext2 -L mytest /dev/sdb6

mke2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystemlabel=mytest

OS type:Linux

Blocksize=4096 (log=2)

Fragmentsize=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

514080inodes, 2056184 blocks

102809blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

Firstdata block=0

Maximumfilesystem blocks=2105540608

63 blockgroups

32768blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8160inodes per group

Superblockbackups stored on blocks:

         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912,819200, 884736, 1605632

 

Writinginode tables: done                           

Writingsuperblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

 

Thisfilesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or

180 days,whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or-i to override.

 

root@localhost/]# blkid /dev/sdb6

/dev/sdb6:LABEL="mytest" UUID="5d90f188-8dd3-4c64-aa44-7ad93ce7c138"TYPE="ext2"

 

文件系統屬性查看及調整工具：

e2label

                            e2lable DEVICE[LABEL]

[root@localhost/]# e2label /dev/sdb6

mytest

[root@localhost/]# e2label /dev/sdb6 mytest1

[root@localhost/]# e2label /dev/sdb6

mytest1

 

tune2fs

                            顯示ext系列文件系統的屬性，或調整其屬性；

 

                            -l：顯示超級塊中的信息；顯示整個文件的屬性及佈局等相關信息；

                            -L 'LABEL'：修改卷標；

                            -m #: 調整預留給管理員的管理空間百分比；

                            -j: ext2 --> ext3

                            -O:文件系統屬性的啓動或關閉

                            -o:文件系統默認掛載選項的啓用或關閉

[root@localhost/]# tune2fs -L mytest2  /dev/sdb6

tune2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

[root@localhost/]# tune2fs -m 2   /dev/sdb6

tune2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Settingreserved blocks percentage to 2% (41123 blocks)

[root@localhost/]# tune2fs -j   /dev/sdb6

tune2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Creatingjournal inode: done

Thisfilesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or

180 days,whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or-i to override

 

[root@localhost/]# tune2fs -l   /dev/sdb6

tune2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem volume name:  mytest2

Lastmounted on:          <notavailable>

FilesystemUUID:         5d90f188-8dd3-4c64-aa44-7ad93ce7c138

Filesystemmagic number:  0xEF53

Filesystemrevision #:    1 (dynamic)

Filesystemfeatures:      has_journal ext_attrresize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file

Filesystemflags:         signed_directory_hash

Defaultmount options:    (none)

Filesystemstate:         clean

Errorsbehavior:          Continue

FilesystemOS type:       Linux

Inodecount:              514080

Block count:             2056184

Reserved block count:     41123

Freeblocks:              1986594

Freeinodes:              514069

Firstblock:              0

Blocksize:               4096

Fragmentsize:            4096

ReservedGDT blocks:      501

Blocksper group:         32768

Fragmentsper group:      32768

Inodesper group:         8160

Inodeblocks per group:   510

Filesystemcreated:       Sun Aug 30 15:25:58 2015

Lastmount time:          n/a

Lastwrite time:          Sun Aug 30 16:53:192015

Mountcount:              0

Maximummount count:      39

Lastchecked:             Sun Aug 30 15:25:582015

Checkinterval:           15552000 (6 months)

Nextcheck after:         Fri Feb 26 15:25:582016

Reservedblocks uid:      0 (user root)

Reservedblocks gid:      0 (group root)

Firstinode:              11

Inodesize:                  256

Requiredextra isize:     28

Desiredextra isize:      28

Journalinode:            8

Defaultdirectory hash:   half_md4

DirectoryHash Seed:     2e1f0a82-3f2e-490e-bc4f-3ee76c5a8061

Journalbackup:           inode blocks

 

dumpe2fs：

-h: 僅顯示超級塊信息；

 

文件系統檢測：

 fsck: Filesystem check

                            fsck -t type

                            fsck.type

                                     -a: 自動修復錯誤

                                     -r: 交互式修復錯誤

                                     -f: 強制檢測

e2fsck：ext系列文件系統專用的檢測修復工具；

                            -y: 自動回答爲「yes」

                            -f：force

須要保持 type 與分區的文件系統一致不然可能損壞文件

 

文件系統的掛載和使用

mount：掛載

經過讀取/etc/mtab文件來顯示當前系統全部已經掛載的設備；

 

[root@localhost/]# mount

/dev/sda3on / type ext4 (rw)

proc on/proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on/sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on/dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

tmpfs on/dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")

/dev/sda1on /boot type ext4 (rw)

none on/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

gvfs-fuse-daemonon /root/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev)

/dev/sr0on /media/CentOS_6.7_Final type iso9660(ro,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=0,gid=0,iocharset=utf8,mode=0400,dmode=0500)            

mount -a：掛載/etc/fstab文件中的全部支持自動掛載的文件系統；

mount[options] [-o options] DEVICE MOUNT_POINT

                            [options]：命令選項

                            [-o options]：掛載選項

 

                            DEVICE: 要掛載的設備

                                     (1) 設備文件：/dev/sda5

                                     (2) 卷標：-L 'LABEL'

                                     (3) UUID：-U 'UUID'

                                     (4) 僞文件系統名稱

                            MOUNT_POINT: 掛載點

 

                            經常使用選項：

                                     -t type：文件系統類型

                                     -r: 以「只讀」方式掛載此文件系統

                                     -w: 以「讀寫」方式掛載此文件系統

                                     -n：每一個文件系統在掛載時都會自動更新/etc/mtab文件，-n用於禁止此功能；

                                               此時，若是想查看掛載的全部文件系統：cat /proc/mounts

                                     -a: 自動掛載全部支持自動掛載的設備；

                                     -B：綁定目錄至另外一個目錄上；

 

                            -o 掛載選項：

                                     async：異步模式

                                     sync: 同步模式

                                     atime/noatime：是否更新訪問時間戳；

                                     diratime/nodiratime：是否更新目錄的訪問時間戳；

                                     auto/noauto:是否容許此設備被自動掛載；

                                     exec/noexec：是否容許執行此文件系統上應用程序；

                                     dev/nodev：是否支持在此設備上使用設備文件；

                                     suid/nosuid：

                                     remount：從新掛載

                                     ro

                                     rw

                                     user/nouser:是否容許普通掛載此設備；

                                     acl：是否支持此設備上使用facl；

                                     defaults：rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser,and async

umount：卸載命令

                            # umount DEVICE

                            # umount MOUNT_POINT

 

                            查看正在訪問指定掛載點的進程：

                                     # fuser -vMOUNT_POINT

 

                            終止全部正在訪問指定的掛載點的進程：

                                     # fuser -kmMOUNT_POINT

交換分區：

 

free

查看memory和swap的使用狀態

-m: 以MB爲單位

[root@localhost/]# free -m

             total       used       free    shared    buffers     cached

Mem:          1863        510       1352          2         41        164

-/+buffers/cache:        305       1557

Swap:         4095          0      4095

-g: 以GB爲單位

[root@localhost/]# free -g

             total       used       free    shared    buffers     cached

Mem:             1          0          1          0          0          0

-/+buffers/cache:          0          1

Swap:            3          0          3

 

mkswap：建立交換分區

 

mkswap[option] DEVICE

         -L 'LABEL'

                                    

swapon：啓用交換分區

                            swapon [option][DEVICE]

                                     -a: 激活全部交換分區

                                     -pPRIORITY: 設定其優先級；

 

swapoff：禁用交換分區

                            swapoff [option][DEVICE]

 

文件系統等空間佔用信息的查看工具

df: diskfree

-:human-readable

[root@localhost/]# df -h /dev/sdb6

Filesystem      Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

-               917M  244K 917M   1% /dev

-i: inode數量

-P: 以Posix兼容的格式輸出

du: diskusage

-h:human-readable

[root@localhost/]# du -h /dev/sdb6

0       /dev/sdb6

-s:summary