FutureTask的應用場景,若是在當前線程中須要執行比較耗時的操做,但又不想阻塞當前線程時,能夠把這些做業交給FutureTask,另開一個線程在後臺完成,噹噹前線程未來須要時,就能夠經過FutureTask對象得到後臺做業的計算結果或者執行狀態。java
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{ FutureTask<Integer> ft = new FutureTask<>(()->{//Callable接口的實現類 int num = new Random().nextInt(10); TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(num); return num; }); Thread t = new Thread(ft); t.start(); //模擬主線程作一些其餘操做,跟futureTask任務並行 //等須要futureTask的運行結果時,能夠調用get方法獲取。 TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2); try { //等待任務執行完成,獲取返回值 Integer num = ft.get(); System.out.println(num); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
Java如今的多線程機制,核心方法run是沒有返回值的;若是要保存run方法裏面的計算結果,必須等待run方法計算完,不管計算過程多麼耗時。而Callable接口能夠看做是Runnable接口的補充,call方法帶有返回值,而且能夠拋出異常。node
public interface Callable<V> { V call() throws Exception; }
當咱們啓動一個線程(線程t1)去完成一個計算耗時的操做(調用耗時方法method())時,若是另一個線程(線程t2)一直等待線程t1的計算結果這顯然是不明智的。可是,咱們能夠在調用method()的時候當即返回一個Future,而咱們能夠經過Feature獲取method()的各類執行信息(計算是否取消,是否計算完成,獲取執行結果)多線程
public interface Future<V> { //還沒計算完,能夠取消計算過程 boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning); //判斷計算是否被取消 boolean isCancelled(); //判斷是否計算完 boolean isDone(); //阻塞式獲取任務執行結果 V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; //在指定的時間內獲取計算結果 V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException; }
RunnableFuture實現了Runnable和Future。所以FutureTask能夠傳遞到線程對象Thread或Excutor(線程池)來執行。dom
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> { void run(); }
FutureTask實現了RunnableFuture接口。源碼分析
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
FutureTask的源碼分析 任務的執行狀態, 當咱們把FutureTask看做一個Future,那麼它的做用就是控制Callable的call方法的執行過程,在執行的過程當中天然會有狀態的轉換:this
/** * 一般一個FutureTask新建出來,state就是NEW狀態; * COMPETING和INTERRUPTING用的進行時,表示瞬時狀態,存在時間極短; * NORMAL表明順利完成; * EXCEPTIONAL表明執行過程出現異常; * CANCELED表明執行過程被取消; * INTERRUPTED被中斷 * * 可能的狀態轉移: * (執行過程順利完成)NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL * (執行過程出現異常)NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL * (執行過程被取消)NEW -> CANCELLED * (執行過程當中,線程中斷)NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED */ private volatile int state; private static final int NEW = 0; private static final int COMPLETING = 1; private static final int NORMAL = 2; private static final int EXCEPTIONAL = 3; private static final int CANCELLED = 4; private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5; private static final int INTERRUPTED = 6; //將要執行的任務 private Callable<V> callable; //用於get()返回的結果,也多是用於get()方法拋出的異常 private Object outcome; // non-volatile, protected by state reads/writes //執行callable的線程,調用FutureTask.run()方法經過CAS設置 private volatile Thread runner; //棧結構的等待隊列,該節點是棧中的最頂層節點。 private volatile WaitNode waiters;
public void run() { //保證callable任務只被運行一次,若是state狀態不爲New或者設置運行線程runner失敗則直接返回false,說明線程已經啓動過。 if (state != NEW || !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset, null, Thread.currentThread())) return; try { Callable<V> c = callable;//callable從構造方法中傳入 if (c != null && state == NEW) { V result; boolean ran; try { result = c.call();//執行任務,並返回result ran = true; } catch (Throwable ex) { result = null; ran = false; setException(ex);//保存call方法拋出的異常,將state狀態設置成NORMAL } if (ran) set(result);//保存call方法的執行結果,將state狀態設置成EXCEPTIONAL } } finally { runner = null; int s = state; //判斷該任務是否正在響應中斷,若是中斷沒有完成,則等待中斷操做完成 if (s >= INTERRUPTING) handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s); } }
protected void set(V v) { //經過CAS把state的NEW狀態修改爲COMPLETING狀態 if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) { //修改爲功則把v值賦給outcome變量。 outcome = v; //而後再把state狀態修改爲NORMAL,表示如今能夠獲取返回值。 UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state finishCompletion();//喚醒等待隊列中的全部節點。 } }
protected void setException(Throwable t) { //經過CAS把state的NEW狀態修改爲COMPLETING狀態。 if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) { outcome = t;//將異常值賦給outcome //把state狀態修改爲EXCEPTIONAL,表示待返回的異常信息設置成功。 UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, EXCEPTIONAL); // final state finishCompletion();//醒等待隊列中的全部節點。 } }
private void handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(int s) { if (s == INTERRUPTING) while (state == INTERRUPTING) Thread.yield(); // 若是正在響應中斷,則調用Thread.yield()等待響應中斷結束(INTERRUPTED)。 }
private void finishCompletion() { for (WaitNode q; (q = waiters) != null;) { //經過CAS把棧頂的元素置爲null,至關於彈出棧頂元素 if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, null)) { for (;;) { Thread t = q.thread; if (t != null) { q.thread = null; LockSupport.unpark(t);//喚醒每個節點,通知每一個線程,該任務執行完成(多是執行完成,也可能cancel,異常等) } WaitNode next = q.next; if (next == null) break; q.next = null; // unlink to help gc q = next; } break; } } done(); callable = null; // to reduce footprint }
protected boolean runAndReset() { if (state != NEW || !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset, null, Thread.currentThread())) return false; boolean ran = false; int s = state; try { Callable<V> c = callable; if (c != null && s == NEW) { try { c.call(); // don't set result ran = true; } catch (Throwable ex) { setException(ex); } } } finally { runner = null; s = state; if (s >= INTERRUPTING) handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s); } return ran && s == NEW; }
該方法和run方法的區別是,run方法只能被運行一次任務,而該方法能夠屢次運行任務。而runAndReset這個方法不會設置任務的執行結果值,若是該任務成功執行完成後,不修改state的狀態,仍是可運行(NEW)狀態,若是取消任務或出現異常,則不會再次執行。線程
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException { int s = state; if (s <= COMPLETING)//若是state狀態小於等於COMPLETING,說明任務還沒開始執行或還未執行完成 s = awaitDone(false, 0L);//調用awaitDone方法阻塞該調用線程(將當前線程掛起等待) return report(s);//若是state的狀態大於COMPLETING,則說明任務執行完成,或發生異常、中斷、取消狀態。直接經過report方法返回執行結果。 }
public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { if (unit == null) throw new NullPointerException(); int s = state; if (s <= COMPLETING && (s = awaitDone(true, unit.toNanos(timeout))) <= COMPLETING) throw new TimeoutException(); return report(s); }
同get方法,該get方法支持阻塞等待多長時間,若是超時直接拋出TimeoutException異常。rest
private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException { Object x = outcome; //若是state的狀態爲NORMAL,說明任務正確執行完成,直接返回計算後的值。 if (s == NORMAL) return (V)x; if (s >= CANCELLED)//state的狀態大於等於CANCELLED,說明任務被成功取消執行、或響應中斷,直接返回CancellationException異常 throw new CancellationException(); throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);//不然返回ExecutionException異常。 }
構建棧鏈表的節點元素,並將該節點入棧,同時阻塞當前線程等待運行主任務的線程喚醒該節點。code
JDK1.7版本是使用AQS的雙向鏈表隊列實現的。對象
private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos) throws InterruptedException { final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L; WaitNode q = null; boolean queued = false; for (;;) { //若是該線程執行interrupt()方法,則從隊列中移除該節點,並拋出異常 if (Thread.interrupted()) { removeWaiter(q); throw new InterruptedException(); } int s = state; //若是state狀態大於COMPLETING 則說明任務執行完成,或取消 if (s > COMPLETING) { if (q != null) q.thread = null; return s; } //若是state=COMPLETING,則使用yield,由於此狀態的時間特別短,經過yield比掛起響應更快。 else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet Thread.yield(); //構建節點 else if (q == null) q = new WaitNode(); //把當前節點入棧 else if (!queued) queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q.next = waiters, q); //若是須要阻塞指定時間,則使用LockSupport.parkNanos阻塞指定時間 //若是到指定時間還沒執行完,則從隊列中移除該節點,並返回當前狀態 else if (timed) { nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime(); if (nanos <= 0L) { removeWaiter(q); return state; } LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos); } //阻塞當前線程 else LockSupport.park(this); } }
移除棧中的節點元素,須要使用CAS自旋來保障移除成功。
private void removeWaiter(WaitNode node) { if (node != null) { node.thread = null; retry: for (;;) { // restart on removeWaiter race for (WaitNode pred = null, q = waiters, s; q != null; q = s) { s = q.next; if (q.thread != null) pred = q; else if (pred != null) { pred.next = s; if (pred.thread == null) // check for race continue retry; } else if (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, s)) continue retry; } break; } } }
public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) { if (!(state == NEW && UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, mayInterruptIfRunning ? INTERRUPTING : CANCELLED))) return false; try { // in case call to interrupt throws exception if (mayInterruptIfRunning) { //調用runner.interupt(),設置狀態爲INTERRUPTED.喚醒全部在get()方法等待的線程 try { Thread t = runner; if (t != null) t.interrupt(); } finally { // final state UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, INTERRUPTED); } } } finally { finishCompletion(); } return true; }
總結: 任務開始運行後,不能在次運行,保證只運行一次(runAndReset 方法除外) 任務還未開始,或者任務已被運行,但未結束,這兩種狀況下均可以取消; 若是任務已經結束,則不能夠被取消 。
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