Cooperation、Collaboration與Coordination的區別

Cooperation、Collaboration與Coordination的區別

做者：凱魯嘎吉 - 博客園 http://www.cnblogs.com/kailugaji/

1. Cooperation

1.1 同根詞

v.  cooperate

n.  cooperation

adj.  cooperative

1.2 詞義解釋

Cooperation is simply splitting up the work and getting it done. To work or act together toward a common end or purpose. Cooperation is important in networks where individuals exchange relevant information and resources in support of each other’s goals, rather than a shared goal. Something new may be achieved as a result, but it arises from the individual, not from a collective team effort.

Cooperation 的意思有「合做、協做」， 通力協做可是各有分工，你們各取所需，解決某些問題，另外它還有「配合、協助」的意思，指「一方與其它方相互配合完成任務」，表示的意思定義較爲普遍，並且傳達純粹的「共同努力」的概念，重點在於共同努力自己的過程。一般在英文語境中Cooperation 給人「長期合做」的印象。

1.3 例句

The leaders met to discuss future cooperation between the two countries.

領導人會晤討論兩國將來的合做。這裏用 cooperation 來體現兩國能夠在衆多領域「相互配合」，經過合做對各自的國家都有利。

This biography was written with the cooperation of the Nobel Prize winner’s family.

這篇傳記是獲得了諾貝爾獎獲獎者家庭的配合寫成的。這裏咱們能夠從 cooperation 看出，諾貝爾獎獲獎者的家人提供了信息幫助做家寫書，起「協助」做用。

We make mobile phone components in cooperation with our US partner.

咱們與美國合做夥伴聯合生產手機零件。這裏 cooperation 指「長期的合做」，咱們公司與美國合做夥伴各自有明確的責任，相互配合完成生產任務。

The patient did not cooperate with her physical therapist.

病人沒有和她的理療師合做。

Your cooperation in dealing with this problem is requested.

請大家合做處理這個問題。

The referee did not cooperate with the editor.

裁判沒有與編輯合做。

Japan and France cooperate on improving safety of nuclear power stations.

日本和法國在改善核電站安全方面進行合做。（這裏，雙方將從合做中受益，但都是爲了各自的利益。）

如下幾個例句中，只能用 cooperation，指「配合、協助」。好比:

Thank you for your cooperation!

感謝您的配合。這是一個固定表達，常常出如今公共告示上。

We ask for your full cooperation during the investigation.

咱們要求你徹底配合咱們的調查。

以上咱們能夠感受 cooperation 所表述的合做是「單純的合做，配合對方」，沒有 collaboration 所表達的「不分彼此的合做」的意思。

2. Collaboration

2.1 同根詞

v.  collaborate

n.  collaboration

adj.  collaborative

2.2 詞義解釋

Collaboration is when you brainstorm, create, and share possible solutions. To work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort. Collaboration is working together to create something new in support of a shared vision. The key points are that it is not through individual effort, something new is created, and that the glue is the shared vision.

Collaboration 的意思是「合做、協做」，指「兩個或更多的人或團隊一塊兒合做，共同創造或實現同一個目標」。爲了一個共同目標而努力奮鬥，不分彼此。一般狀況下是不可數名詞，當它指具體項目時就是可數名詞了。Collaboration 一般給人有「積極、主動參與」的印象，表達的概念更爲精準。具體而言，Collaboration不只是純粹的「共同努力」，其表達了「經過共同努力達到特定結果」的概念，強調這個過程但願達到的成果。一般在英文語境中Collaboration 給人感受是針對一個「有時限的項目」。

2.3 例句

We can work in collaboration to make this conference a success.

咱們能夠一塊兒合做，使此次會議取得成功。這裏 collaboration 是不可數名詞。

Jake wrote a book on UK early years education in collaboration with child development specialist Ruth.

Jake 與兒童發展專家 Ruth 合做，共同撰寫了一本有關「英國早教」的書。

Our company was involved in a collaboration with another organization to raise awareness of cyberbullying.

咱們公司和另外一家機構合做，共同提升大衆對「網絡欺凌」的認識。

It’s important that creative collaboration is encouraged between departments.

鼓勵部門之間有創造性的合做是很重要的。

Thomas and Yamada have collaborated on several research projects.

托馬斯和山田合做了幾個研究項目。

We are presently collaborating on three papers.

咱們目前正在合做寫三篇論文。

Their collaboration produced important results.

他們的合做產生了重要的成果。

USA and Russia collaborated to build the International Space Station.

美國和俄羅斯合做建造了國際空間站。（這裏，最終目標是全部相關方的共同目標。）

在以上幾個例句中咱們都能感覺到合做方之間那種「不分彼此，積極、主動合做或參與」的感受。

3. Coordination

3.1 同根詞

v.  coordinate

n.  coordination

adj.  coordinative

3.2 詞義解釋

Coordination is sharing information and resources so that each party can accomplish their part in support of a mutual objective. It is about teamwork in implementation. Not creating something new. Work together harmoniously. The regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation.

3.3 例句

Intoxication interferes with speech and coordination.

醉酒會影響言語能力和協調性。

This grave situation shows the urgency of enhancing international coordination and cooperation.

形勢越嚴峻，越顯示出增強國際協調和合做的必要和迫切。

Facilitate team collaboration and coordination throughout the software lifecycle.

促進團隊協做和整個軟件生命週期中的協做。

4. 三者比較

	Coordination	Cooperation	Collaboration
Preconditions for Success ("Must-Haves")	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Understanding of who needs to do what by when	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Mutual trust and respect; Acknowledgment of mutual benefit of working together	Shared objectives; Sense of urgency and commitment; Dynamic process; Sense of belonging; Open communication; Mutual trust and respect; Complementary, diverse skills and knowledge; Intellectual agility
Enablers (Additional "Nice to Haves")	Appropriate tools; Problem resolution mechanism	Frequent consultation and knowledge-sharing between participants; Clear role definitions; Appropriate tools	Right mix of people; Collaboration skills and practice collaborating; Good facilitator(s); Collaborative 'Four Practices' mindset and other appropriate tools
Purpose of Using This Approach	Avoid gaps & overlap in individuals' assigned work	Obtain mutual benefit by sharing or partitioning work	Achieve collective results that the participants would be incapable of accomplishing working alone
Desired Outcome	Efficiently-achieved results meeting objectives	Same as for Coordination, plus savings in time and cost	Same as for Cooperation, plus innovative, extraordinary, breakthrough results, and collective 'we did that!' accomplishment
Optimal Application	Harmonizing tasks, roles and schedules in simple environments and systems	Solving problems in complicated environments and systems	Enabling the emergence of understanding and realization of shared visions in complex environments and systems
Examples	Project to implement off-the-shelf IT application; Traffic flow regulation	Marriage; Operating a local community-owned utility or grain elevator; Coping with an epidemic or catastrophe	Brainstorming to discover a dramatically better way to do something; Jazz or theatrical improvisation; Co-creation
Appropriate Tools	Project management tools with schedules, roles, critical path (CPM), PERT and GANTT charts; "who will do what by when" action lists	Systems thinking; Analytical tools (root cause analysis etc.)	Appreciative inquiry; Open Space meeting protocols; Four Practices; Conversations; Stories
Degree of interdependence in designing the effort's work-products (and need for physical co-location of participants)	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial
Degree of individual latitude in carrying out the agreed-upon design	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial

5. 參考資料

Collaboration 和 cooperation 的區別  http://www.xdf.cn/bbc/yingyu/201707/10697111.html

Cooperate 與 Collaborate https://www.enago.cn/academy/cooperate-%E4%B8%8E-collaborate/

cooperative 和 collaborative的區別？https://www.zhihu.com/question/24216541

如何使用正確的英文詞彙系列講座(26）: 合做的英文怎麼說？http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-3316383-1181939.html

collaborate COOPERATE COODINATE有什麼細微的區別嗎？ https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/586719279.html

cooperation VS. collaboration 區別 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6478252a01011gqi.html