在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定義了Web服務器與Web應用(或Web框架)之間的標準接口。在WSGI的規範下,各類各樣的Web服務器和Web框架均可以很好的交互。html
因爲WSGI的存在,用Python寫一個簡單的Web框架也變得很是容易。然而,同不少其餘的強大軟件同樣,要實現一個功能豐富、健壯高效的Web框架並不是易事;若是您打算這麼作,可能使用一個現成的Web框架(如 Django、Tornado、web.py 等)會是更合適的選擇。python
本文嘗試寫一個相似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我認可我誇大其辭了:首先,web.py並不簡單;其次,本文只重點實現了 URL調度(URL dispatch)部分。git
首先,做爲一個初步體驗,咱們能夠藉助 wsgiref.simple_server 來搭建一個簡單無比(trivial)的Web應用:github
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
運行腳本:web
$ python code.py http://0.0.0.0:8086/
打開瀏覽器,輸入http://0.0.0.0:8086/
後能夠看到:一行"Hello world!" 和 衆多環境變量值。django
WSGI中規定:application是一個 可調用對象(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 兩個參數,並返回一個 字符串迭代對象。瀏覽器
其中,可調用對象 包括 函數、方法、類 或者 具備__call__
方法的 實例;environ 是一個字典對象,包括CGI風格的環境變量(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的變量(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一個可調用對象,它接受兩個 常規參數(status,response_headers)和 一個 默認參數(exc_info);字符串迭代對象 能夠是 字符串列表、生成器函數 或者 具備__iter__
方法的可迭代實例。更多細節參考 Specification Details。服務器
The Application/Framework Side 中給出了一個典型的application實現:markdown
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" def simple_app(environ, start_response): """Simplest possible application object""" status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] start_response(status, response_headers) return ['Hello world!\n']
如今用simple_app來替換demo_app:app
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """code.py""" from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server from application import simple_app as app if __name__ == '__main__': httpd = make_server('', 8086, app) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
運行腳本code.py後,訪問http://0.0.0.0:8086/
就能夠看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!
倒騰了一陣子後,您會發現無論如何改變URL中的path部分,獲得的響應都是同樣的。由於simple_app只識別host+port部分。
爲了對URL中的path部分進行區分處理,須要修改application.py的實現。
首先,改用 類 來實現application:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" class my_app: def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello world!\n"
而後,增長對URL中path部分的區分處理:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" class my_app: def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] if path == "/": return self.GET_index() elif path == "/hello": return self.GET_hello() else: return self.notfound() def GET_index(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello world!\n" def notfound(self): status = '404 Not Found' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Not Found\n"
修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app
,用my_app來替換simple_app後便可體驗效果。
上面的代碼雖然奏效,可是在編碼風格和靈活性方面有不少問題,下面逐步對其進行重構。
消除URL硬編碼,增長URL調度的靈活性:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re ##########修改點 class my_app: urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) ##########修改點 def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): ##########修改點 path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self.urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name if hasattr(self, funcname): func = getattr(self, funcname) return func(*args) return self.notfound() def GET_index(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點 status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello %s!\n" % name def notfound(self): status = '404 Not Found' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Not Found\n"
消除GET_*方法中的重複代碼,而且容許它們返回字符串:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re class my_app: urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改點 self.environ = environ self.start = start_response self.status = '200 OK' self._headers = [] def __iter__(self): ##########修改點 result = self.delegate() self.start(self.status, self._headers) # 將返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)轉換爲迭代對象 if isinstance(result, basestring): return iter([result]) else: return iter(result) def delegate(self): ##########修改點 path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self.urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name if hasattr(self, funcname): func = getattr(self, funcname) return func(*args) return self.notfound() def header(self, name, value): ##########修改點 self._headers.append((name, value)) def GET_index(self): ##########修改點 self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點 self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Hello %s!\n" % name def notfound(self): ##########修改點 self.status = '404 Not Found' self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Not Found\n"
爲了將類my_app抽象成一個獨立的框架,須要做出如下修改:
__call__
方法的 實例 來實現application修改後的application.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re class my_app: """my simple web framework""" headers = [] def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}): self._urls = urls self._fvars = fvars def __call__(self, environ, start_response): self._status = '200 OK' # 默認狀態OK del self.headers[:] # 清空上一次的headers result = self._delegate(environ) start_response(self._status, self.headers) # 將返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)轉換爲迭代對象 if isinstance(result, basestring): return iter([result]) else: return iter(result) def _delegate(self, environ): path = environ['PATH_INFO'] method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self._urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大寫(如GET、POST) klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根據字符串名稱查找類對象 if hasattr(klass, funcname): func = getattr(klass, funcname) return func(klass(), *args) return self._notfound() def _notfound(self): self._status = '404 Not Found' self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Not Found\n" @classmethod def header(cls, name, value): cls.headers.append((name, value))
對應修改後的code.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """code.py""" from application import my_app urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals()) class index: def GET(self): my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Welcome!\n" class hello: def GET(self, name): my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Hello %s!\n" % name if __name__ == '__main__': from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
固然,您還能夠在code.py中配置更多的URL映射,並實現相應的類來對請求做出響應。
本文主要參考了 How to write a web framework in Python(做者 anandology 是web.py代碼的兩位維護者之一,另外一位則是大名鼎鼎卻英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基礎上做了一些調整和修改,並摻雜了本身的一些想法。
若是您還以爲意猶未盡,Why so many Python web frameworks? 也是一篇很好的文章,也許它會讓您對Python中Web框架的敬畏之心蕩然無存:-)