你們好,上一期我重點總結了有關類的基本知識,如今簡單回顧一下,順便加上一個建立類時經常使用的東西:slotspython
首先建立一個名人類:Celebritygit
class Celebrity:
# 限定 Celebrity對象只能綁定name, age,domain屬性,加速
__slots__ = ['name','age',"domain"]
# Class Attribute
species = 'human'
# Initializer / Instance Attributes
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
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咱們用slots綁定了三個屬性給Celebrity,這就是slots的做用:github
如今能夠作個實驗,首先咱們把slots綁定的domian屬性去掉:編程
class Celebrity:
# Class Attribute
species = 'human'
__slots__ = ['name', 'age']
# Initializer / Instance Attributes
def __init__(self, name, age,domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
female_leader = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
# Access the instance attributes
print("{} is {}.".format(
female_leader.name, female_leader.age))
Out:AttributeError: 'Celebrity' object has no attribute 'domain'
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會發現報錯了,即使咱們在init方法中有domain屬性,可是因爲slots中沒有,因此Celebrity類下建立的實例都不能有domainapp
接下來讓咱們簡單回顧一下如何調用類變量:dom
female_leader = Celebrity("Miss Dong", 65,"electrical appliance")
male_leader = Celebrity("Jack Ma", 55,"internet")
# Access the instance attributes
print("{} is {} and {} is {}.".format(
female_leader.name, female_leader.age, male_leader.name, male_leader.age))
# Is male_leader a human?
if male_leader.species == "human":
print("{0} is a {1}!".format(male_leader.name, male_leader.species))
Out:
Miss Dong is 65 and Jack Ma is 55.
Jack Ma is a human!
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其實args應該和kargs一塊兒來講,可是今天先重點看一下它在對象中的應用,咱們如今給Celebrity類新建3個實例,而且咱們想知道年齡最大的是誰 ?函數
這種狀況下*args很好用:學習
a = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
b = Celebrity("Jack Ma", 55,"internet")
c = Celebrity("Lei Jun", 50,"mobile")
def get_oldest(*args):
return max(args)
print("The big brother is {} years old.".format(get_oldest(a.age, b.age, c.age)))
Out:
The big brother is 65 years old.
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固然,其餘的應用場景還有不少,很少列舉了spa
首先,咱們在Celebrity類中新增兩個方法:code
完成後的結果以下:
class Celebrity:
__slots__ = ['name', 'age',"domain"]
species = 'human'
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
# instance method
def description(self):
return "{} is {} years old, working in the {} industry".format(self.name, self.age,self.domain)
# instance method
def speak(self, sound):
return "{} says {}".format(self.name, sound)
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如今新建兩個類InternetBoss,MobileBoss,所有繼承於Celebrity類:
# Child class (inherits from Dog() class)
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
pass
# Child class (inherits from Dog() class)
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
pass
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若是咱們什麼都不作,會自動繼承父類的 description和speak方法,咱們作個實驗,新建li做爲InternetBoss的對象:
li = InternetBoss("Robbin",50,"advertisement")
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調用description和speak方法:
li.description()
li.speak("What's your problem ?")
Out:
Robbin is 50 years old, working in the advertisement industry
Robbin says: What's your problem ?
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再嘗試一個MobileBoss的對象:
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
lei.speak("Are you ok ?")
Out:
leijun says: Are you ok ?
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都是同樣的
對於類的多態,各類教程說的都太專業了,個人理解僅僅是:
對父類現有方法A,當新增新的子類時,能夠根據須要重寫A。
在咱們如今的例子中,能夠複寫description方法:
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Mobile phone Boss !")
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這樣InternetBoss類和MobileBoss類生成實例後,會調用本身的description方法:
li = InternetBoss("Robbin",50,"advertisement")
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
li.description()
lei.description()
Out:
I'm Internet Boss !
I'm Mobile phone Boss !
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Python 有兩個判斷繼承的函數:
如今還用咱們的例子說明一下,首先,這是咱們現有的三個類:
class Celebrity:
__slots__ = ['name', 'age',"domain"]
species = 'human'
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
def description(self):
print( "{} is {} years old, working in the {} industry".format(self.name, self.age,self.domain))
def speak(self, sound):
print("{} says: {}".format(self.name, sound))
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Mobile phone Boss !")
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而後咱們分別用不一樣的類建立三個實例:
mingzhu = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
ma= InternetBoss("Pony", 48,"internet")
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
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如今使用issubclass()判斷InternetBoss和MobileBoss是否繼承自Celebrity:
# True
issubclass(InternetBoss,Celebrity)
# True
issubclass(MobileBoss,Celebrity)
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使用isinstance()查看mingzhu究竟是誰的實例:
# True
isinstance(mingzhu,Celebrity)
# False
isinstance(mingzhu,InternetBoss)
# False
isinstance(mingzhu,MobileBoss)
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同理查看ma究竟是哪一個類的實例:
# True
isinstance(ma,Celebrity)
# True
isinstance(ma,InternetBoss)
# False
isinstance(ma,MobileBoss)
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由於InternetBoss是Celebrity子類,因此ma同時是Celebrity和InternetBoss的實例。
若是咱們混用了issubclass和isinstance,會報錯:
issubclass(ma,InternetBoss)
Out:
TypeError: issubclass() arg 1 must be a class
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剛纔提到了,若是子類沒有寫構造函數init(),會自動繼承父類的init,但咱們一般須要子類有不一樣的初始函數,這樣咱們就須要本身複寫一下,這裏以InternetBoss爲例:
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def __init__(self,name, age, domain,hometown):
super().__init__(name, age, domain)
self.hometown = hometown
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
def __repr__(self):
return f"This is {self.name} speaking !"
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使用了super()會保留須要的父類初始化參數,再添加本身的就好了,這裏的repr我會下次總結,如今再新建實例:
此次我記錄了slots用法,*args 的一個使用場景,類的繼承,複寫父類方法,構造函數等基本概念,剩下的慢慢來,我會一點點補充。。。
Ps: 本文的實例名稱均爲杜撰,請不要對號入座...
個人其餘文章已經放到了Github上,若是感興趣的朋友能夠去看看,連接以下:
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