http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5699254.html,基礎操做參見此文章,此處不贅述。html
安裝:yum install mysql-serverpython
無對應關係則不顯示mysql
select A.num, A.name, B.name from A,B Where A.nid = B.nid 無對應關係則不顯示 select A.num, A.name, B.name from A inner join B on A.nid = B.nid A表全部顯示,若是B中無對應關係,則值爲null;左邊的表爲主,左表的全部數據會顯示 select A.num, A.name, B.name from A left join B on A.nid = B.nid B表全部顯示,若是B中無對應關係,則值爲null;右邊的表爲主,右表的全部數據會顯示 select A.num, A.name, B.name from A right join B on A.nid = B.nid
組合,自動處理重合,兩個表都有的數據只顯示一次sql
select nickname from A數據庫
union編程
select name from Bsession
組合,不處理重合,兩個都有的數據顯示兩次oracle
select nickname from A框架
union all編程語言
select name from B
pip3 install pymysql
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql # 建立鏈接 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') # 建立遊標 cursor = conn.cursor() # 執行SQL,並返回收影響行數 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'") # 執行SQL,並返回受影響行數 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,)) # 執行SQL,並返回受影響行數 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) # 提交,否則沒法保存新建或者修改的數據 conn.commit() # 關閉遊標 cursor.close() # 關閉鏈接 conn.close()
若是ID設置的自增,那插入數據後不知道插的ID是多少,能夠經過「lastrowid」獲取最新插入數據的ID
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close() # 獲取最新自增ID new_id = cursor.lastrowid
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.execute("select * from hosts") # 獲取第一行數據 row_1 = cursor.fetchone() #雖然這個也是fetchone,可是會獲取第二行;下一個fetchone會獲取第三行,這有點相似於yield。 row_1 = cursor.fetchone() # 獲取前n行數據 # row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3) # 獲取全部數據 # row_3 = cursor.fetchall() conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close()
注:在fetch數據時按照順序進行,能夠使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)來移動遊標位置,如:
關於默認獲取的數據是元祖類型,若是想要或者字典類型的數據,即:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') # 遊標設置爲字典類型 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) r = cursor.execute("call p1()") result = cursor.fetchone() conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close()
SQLAlchemy是Python編程語言下的一款ORM框架,該框架創建在數據庫API之上,使用關係對象映射進行數據庫操做,簡言之即是:將對象轉換成SQL,而後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。
各個語言都有ORM框架,ORM框架的做用就是將複雜的SQL語句封裝起來,讓用戶能夠經過調用對象、類、方法作到操做數據庫。
SQLAlchemy自己沒法操做數據庫,其必須依賴pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用於和DBAPI進行交流,根據配置文件的不一樣調用不一樣的DBAPI,從而實現對數據庫的操做,如:
MySQL-Python mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> pymysql mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] MySQL-Connector mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> cx_Oracle oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...] 更多詳見:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
安裝:pip3 install SQLAlchemy
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 這三個組件便可進行數據庫操做,Engine(數據庫引擎)使用ConnectionPooling(數據庫鏈接池)鏈接數據庫,而後再經過Dialect執行SQL語句。
但僅僅使用Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 這三個組件只是實現了相似pymysql的功能,並無簡化數據庫操做,繼續往下看。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) # 執行SQL cur = engine.execute( "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)" ) #新插入行自增ID cur.lastrowid # 執行SQL,可見,使用engine.execute跟使用pymysql同樣 cur = engine.execute( "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),] ) # 執行SQL # cur = engine.execute( # "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)", # host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3 # ) # 執行SQL # cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts') # 獲取第一行數據 # cur.fetchone() # 獲取第n行數據 # cur.fetchmany(3) # 獲取全部數據 # cur.fetchall()
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 全部組件對數據進行操做。根據類建立對象,對象轉換成SQL,執行SQL。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 建立單表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16))
# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 多對多
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session()
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb') session.add(obj) session.add_all([ Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'), Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'), ]) session.commit()
刪
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") session.commit()
查
ret = session.query(Users).all() ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
其餘
# 條件 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter( or_( Users.id < 2, and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), Users.extra != "" )).all() # 通配符 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # 限制 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # 排序 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # 分組 from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 連表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() //這是inner join ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() //由於有isouter=True,這就變成了left join;沒有right join,但能夠改變兩個表的位置。 # 組合 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()