【python之旅】python的模塊

時間 2019-11-19

原文原文鏈接

1、定義模塊：
　　模塊：用來從邏輯上組織python代碼（變量、函數、類、邏輯：實現一個功能），本質就是以.py結尾的python文件（文件名：test.py ，對應的模塊名就是test）
　　包：用來從邏輯上組織模塊的，本質就是一個目錄（必須帶有__init__.py的文件）
2、導入方法：
　　一、import module_guyunnode

 1 #命名爲module_guyun.py
 2 #須要導入的模塊內容
 3 #!/usr/bin/env python
 4 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 5 # Author :GU
 6 name = "guyun"
 7 def say_hallo():
 8     print("hello guyun")
 9 ########################
10 #導入模塊
11 #!/usr/bin/env python
12 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
13 # Author :GU
14 import module_guyun
15 print(module_guyun.name)
16 module_guyun.say_hallo()
17 執行結果：
18 guyun
19 hello guyun

　　二、from module_alex import logger as logger_guyun #別名python

　　當要導入的模塊與本模塊命名重複時，別名要導入的模塊能夠解決這個問題git

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 3 # Author :GU
 4 name = "guyun"
 5 def say_hallo():
 6     print("hello guyun")
 7 def logger():
 8     print("in the module_guyun")
 9 def running():
10     pass
11 ##################
12 #!/usr/bin/env python
13 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
14 # Author :GU
15 from module_guyun import logger as logger_guyun
16 def logger():
17     print("in the main")
18 logger()
19 logger_guyun()
20 ##執行結果：
21 in the main
22 in the module_guyun

　　三、導入一個包實際的本質就是導入一個__init__.py正則表達式

　　包package_test裏面的init文件
算法

1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 # Author :GU
4 print("from test package package_test")

　　如今把package_testp_test文件導入p_testshell

1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 # Author :GU
4 import package_test
5 ##執行結果：
6 from test package package_test

　　四、當文件目錄再也不同一級目錄以後該如何調用編程

　　-module_testjson

　　　　-main.pywindows

　　-module_guyun.pybash

　　如今main.py去調用module_guyun.py

 1 #module_guyun.py文件
 2 #!/usr/bin/env python
 3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 4 # Author :GU
 5 name = "guyun"
 6 def say_hallo():
 7     print("hello guyun")
 8 def logger():
 9     print("in the module_guyun")
10 def running():
11     pass
12 ##main.py文件
13 #!/usr/bin/env python
14 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
15 # Author :GU
16 #from module_guyun import logger as logger_guyun
17 import sys,os
18 x  = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
19 #print(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
20 sys.path.append(x)
21 import module_guyun
22 module_guyun.say_hallo()
23 module_guyun.logger()
24 ####
25 #執行結果：
26 hello guyun
27 in the module_guyun

　　五、如何導入一個包

　　-package_test

　　　　-test1.py

　　　　-__init__.py

　　-p_test.py

 1 #init文件
 2 #!/usr/bin/env python
 3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 4 # Author :GU
 5 print("from test package package_test")
 6 from . import test1
 7 #test1文件
 8 #!/usr/bin/env python
 9 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
10 # Author :GU
11 def test():
12     print("in the test1")
13 ###調用文件
14 #!/usr/bin/env python
15 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
16 # Author :GU
17 import package_test ###執行init.py文件
18 package_test.test1.test()
19 #執行結果：
20 from test package package_test
21 in the test1
22 ####達到的目的就是在同一級目錄倒入一個包的文件，中間經過init文件調度

總結

　　import module_alex
　　import module_alex，module2_alex #調用多個模塊
　　for module_alex import * ###不建議用
　　from module_alex import m1,m2,m3 ##調用一個模塊中的多個小模塊
　　from module_alex import logger as logger_alex ###別名

3、import本質（路徑搜索和搜索路徑）

　　導入模塊的本質就是把python文件解釋一遍

　　import moile_name ------->module_name.py ----->module_name.py的路徑----->sys.path
導入包的本質就是在執行這個包裏面的__init__.py文件

4、導入優化
　　

5、模塊的分類
　a：標準庫（內置）

　b：開源模塊

　c：自定義模塊

　　一、標準庫

　　a、time和datetime

　　在Python中，一般有這幾種方式來表示時間：1）時間戳 2）格式化的時間字符串 3）元組（struct_time）共九個元素。因爲Python的time模塊實現主要調用C庫，因此各個平臺可能有所不一樣。

　　UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界協調時）亦即格林威治天文時間，世界標準時間。在中國爲UTC+8。DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令時。

　　時間戳（timestamp）的方式：一般來講，時間戳表示的是從1970年1月1日00:00:00開始按秒計算的偏移量。咱們運行「type(time.time())」，返回的是float類型。返回時間戳方式的函數主要有time()，clock()等。

　　元組（struct_time）方式：struct_time元組共有9個元素，返回struct_time的函數主要有gmtime()，localtime()，strptime()。下面列出這種方式元組中的幾個元素：

　　1）time.localtime([secs])：將一個時間戳轉換爲當前時區的struct_time。secs參數未提供，則以當前時間爲準。

1 >>> time.localtime()
2 time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=14, tm_min=14, tm_sec=50, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=0)
3 >>> time.localtime(1304575584.1361799)
4 time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=14, tm_min=6, tm_sec=24, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=0)

　　2）time.gmtime([secs])：和localtime()方法相似，gmtime()方法是將一個時間戳轉換爲UTC時區（0時區）的struct_time。

1 >>>time.gmtime()
2 time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=6, tm_min=19, tm_sec=48, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=0)

　　3）time.time()：返回當前時間的時間戳。

1 >>> time.time()
2 1304575584.1361799

　　4）time.mktime(t)：將一個struct_time轉化爲時間戳。

1 >>> time.mktime(time.localtime())
2 1304576839.0

　　5）time.sleep(secs)：線程推遲指定的時間運行。單位爲秒。

　　6）time.clock()：這個須要注意，在不一樣的系統上含義不一樣。在UNIX系統上，它返回的是「進程時間」，它是用秒錶示的浮點數（時間戳）。而在WINDOWS中，第一次調用，返回的是進程運行的實際時間。而第二次以後的調用是自第一次調用之後到如今的運行時間。（其實是以WIN32上QueryPerformanceCounter()爲基礎，它比毫秒錶示更爲精確）

1 import time  
2 if __name__ == '__main__':  
3     time.sleep(1)  
4     print "clock1:%s" % time.clock()  
5     time.sleep(1)  
6     print "clock2:%s" % time.clock()  
7     time.sleep(1)  
8     print "clock3:%s" % time.clock()

　　執行結果：

1 clock1:3.35238137808e-006
2 clock2:1.00004944763
3 clock3:2.00012040636

　　其中第一個clock()輸出的是程序運行時間
　　第2、三個clock()輸出的都是與第一個clock的時間間隔

　　7）time.asctime([t])：把一個表示時間的元組或者struct_time表示爲這種形式：'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'。若是沒有參數，將會將time.localtime()做爲參數傳入。

1 >>> time.asctime()
2 'Thu May 5 14:55:43 2011'

　　8）time.ctime([secs])：把一個時間戳（按秒計算的浮點數）轉化爲time.asctime()的形式。若是參數未給或者爲None的時候，將會默認time.time()爲參數。它的做用至關於time.asctime(time.localtime(secs))。

1 >>> time.ctime()
2 'Thu May 5 14:58:09 2011'
3 >>> time.ctime(time.time())
4 'Thu May 5 14:58:39 2011'
5 >>> time.ctime(1304579615)
6 'Thu May 5 15:13:35 2011'

　　9）time.strftime(format[, t])：把一個表明時間的元組或者struct_time（如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回）轉化爲格式化的時間字符串。若是t未指定，將傳入time.localtime()。若是元組中任何一個元素越界，ValueError的錯誤將會被拋出。

1 >>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X", time.localtime())
2 '2011-05-05 16:37:06'

　　10）time.strptime(string[, format])：把一個格式化時間字符串轉化爲struct_time。實際上它和strftime()是逆操做。

1 >>> time.strptime('2011-05-05 16:37:06', '%Y-%m-%d %X')
2 time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=16, tm_min=37, tm_sec=6, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=-1)

　　在這個函數中，format默認爲："%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"。

　　最後，咱們來對time模塊進行一個總結。根據以前描述，在Python中共有三種表達方式：1）timestamp 2）tuple或者struct_time 3）格式化字符串。

　　時間轉換關係

 1 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
 2 import time
 3 # print(time.clock()) #返回處理器時間,3.3開始已廢棄 , 改爲了time.process_time()測量處理器運算時間,不包括sleep時間,不穩定,mac上測不出來
 4 # print(time.altzone)  #返回與utc時間的時間差,以秒計算\
 5 # print(time.asctime()) #返回時間格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
 6 # print(time.localtime()) #返回本地時間 的struct time對象格式
 7 # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)) #返回utc時間的struc時間對象格式          當你沒插入值的時候，，默認傳入你當前時間，返回標準時間第一時區
 8  
 9 # print(time.asctime(time.localtime())) #返回時間格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
10 #print(time.ctime()) #返回Fri Aug 19 12:38:29 2016 格式, 同上
11  
12 # 日期字符串 轉成  時間戳
13 # string_2_struct = time.strptime("2016/05/22","%Y/%m/%d") #將 日期字符串 轉成 struct時間對象格式
14 # print(string_2_struct)
16 # struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct) #將struct時間對象轉成時間戳
17 # print(struct_2_stamp)
18  
19 #將時間戳轉爲字符串格式
20 # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #將utc時間戳轉換成struct_time格式
21 # print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #將utc struct_time格式轉成指定的字符串格式
22  
23 #時間加減
24 import datetime
25 # print(datetime.datetime.now()) #返回 2016-08-19 12:47:03.941925
26 #print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) )  # 時間戳直接轉成日期格式 2016-08-19
27 # print(datetime.datetime.now() )  獲取當前時間 
28 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) #當前時間+3天
29 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) #當前時間-3天
30 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #當前時間+3小時
31 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) #當前時間+30分
32 # c_time  = datetime.datetime.now()
33 # print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2)) #時間替換
34 ####################格式參照####################
35 %a    本地（locale）簡化星期名稱    
36 %A    本地完整星期名稱    
37 %b    本地簡化月份名稱    
38 %B    本地完整月份名稱    
39 %c    本地相應的日期和時間表示    
40 %d    一個月中的第幾天（01 - 31）    
41 %H    一天中的第幾個小時（24小時制，00 - 23）    
42 %I    第幾個小時（12小時制，01 - 12）    
43 %j    一年中的第幾天（001 - 366）    
44 %m    月份（01 - 12）    
45 %M    分鐘數（00 - 59）    
46 %p    本地am或者pm的相應符    一    
47 %S    秒（01 - 61）    二    
48 %U    一年中的星期數。（00 - 53星期天是一個星期的開始。）第一個星期天以前的全部天數都放在第0周。    三    
49 %w    一個星期中的第幾天（0 - 6，0是星期天）    三    
50 %W    和%U基本相同，不一樣的是%W以星期一爲一個星期的開始。    
51 %x    本地相應日期    
52 %X    本地相應時間    
53 %y    去掉世紀的年份（00 - 99）    
54 %Y    完整的年份    
55 %Z    時區的名字（若是不存在爲空字符）    
56 %%    ‘%’字符

　　##執行結果：

 1 3.9473128470428115e-07
 2 -32400
 3 Tue Aug 23 15:21:55 2016
 4 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=15, tm_min=21, tm_sec=55, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=0)
 5 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=14, tm_hour=1, tm_min=8, tm_sec=35, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=227, tm_isdst=0)
 6 Tue Aug 23 15:21:55 2016
 7 Tue Aug 23 15:21:55 2016
 8 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=22, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=143, tm_isdst=-1)
 9 1463846400.0
10 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=22, tm_hour=7, tm_min=17, tm_sec=55, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=235, tm_isdst=0)
11 2016-08-23 07:21:55
12 2016-08-23 15:21:55.438771
13 2016-08-23
14 2016-08-23 15:21:55.438771
15 2016-08-26 15:21:55.438771
16 2016-08-20 15:21:55.438771
17 2016-08-23 18:21:55.438771
18 2016-08-23 15:51:55.438771
19 2016-08-23 02:03:55.438771

執行結果：一一對應

　　b、random模塊

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 #_*_encoding: utf-8_*_
 3 import random
 4 print (random.random())  #0.6445010863311293  
 5 #random.random()用於生成一個0到1的隨機符點數: 0 <= n < 1.0
 6 print (random.randint(1,7)) #4
 7 #random.randint()的函數原型爲：random.randint(a, b)，用於生成一個指定範圍內的整數。
 8 # 其中參數a是下限，參數b是上限，生成的隨機數n: a <= n <= b
 9 print (random.randrange(1,10)) #5
10 #random.randrange的函數原型爲：random.randrange([start], stop[, step])，
11 # 從指定範圍內，按指定基數遞增的集合中 獲取一個隨機數。如：random.randrange(10, 100, 2)，
12 # 結果至關於從[10, 12, 14, 16, ... 96, 98]序列中獲取一個隨機數。
13 # random.randrange(10, 100, 2)在結果上與 random.choice(range(10, 100, 2) 等效。
14 print(random.choice('liukuni')) #i
15 #random.choice從序列中獲取一個隨機元素。
16 # 其函數原型爲：random.choice(sequence)。參數sequence表示一個有序類型。
17 # 這裏要說明一下：sequence在python不是一種特定的類型，而是泛指一系列的類型。
18 # list, tuple, 字符串都屬於sequence。有關sequence能夠查看python手冊數據模型這一章。
19 # 下面是使用choice的一些例子：
20 print(random.choice("學習Python"))#學
21 print(random.choice(["JGood","is","a","handsome","boy"]))  #List
22 print(random.choice(("Tuple","List","Dict")))   #List
23 print(random.sample([1,2,3,4,5],3))    #[1, 2, 5]
24 #random.sample的函數原型爲：random.sample(sequence, k)，從指定序列中隨機獲取指定長度的片段。sample函數不會修改原有序列。

　　實際應用

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # encoding: utf-8
 3 import random
 4 import string
 5 #隨機整數：
 6 print( random.randint(0,99))  #70
 7  
 8 #隨機選取0到100間的偶數：
 9 print(random.randrange(0, 101, 2)) #4
10  
11 #隨機浮點數：
12 print( random.random()) #0.2746445568079129
13 print(random.uniform(1, 10)) #9.887001463194844
14  
15 #隨機字符：
16 print(random.choice('abcdefg&#%^*f')) #f
17  
18 #多個字符中選取特定數量的字符：
19 print(random.sample('abcdefghij',3)) #['f', 'h', 'd']
20  
21 #隨機選取字符串：
22 print( random.choice ( ['apple', 'pear', 'peach', 'orange', 'lemon'] )) #apple
23 #洗牌#
24 items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
25 print(items) #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
26 random.shuffle(items)
27 print(items) #[1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 3, 6]

　　生產隨機驗證碼

 1 import random
 2 checkcode = ''
 3 for i in range(4):
 4     current = random.randrange(0,4)
 5     if current != i:
 6         temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))
 7     else:
 8         temp = random.randint(0,9)
 9     checkcode += str(temp)
10 print (checkcode)

　　c、os模塊

　　提供對操做系統進行調用的接口

 1 os.getcwd() 獲取當前工做目錄，即當前python腳本工做的目錄路徑
 2 os.chdir("dirname")  改變當前腳本工做目錄；至關於shell下cd
 3 os.curdir  返回當前目錄: ('.')
 4 os.pardir  獲取當前目錄的父目錄字符串名：('..')
 5 os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多層遞歸目錄
 6 os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目錄爲空，則刪除，並遞歸到上一級目錄，如若也爲空，則刪除，依此類推
 7 os.mkdir('dirname')    生成單級目錄；至關於shell中mkdir dirname
 8 os.rmdir('dirname')    刪除單級空目錄，若目錄不爲空則沒法刪除，報錯；至關於shell中rmdir dirname
 9 os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目錄下的全部文件和子目錄，包括隱藏文件，並以列表方式打印
10 os.remove()  刪除一個文件
11 os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目錄
12 os.stat('path/filename')  獲取文件/目錄信息
13 os.sep    輸出操做系統特定的路徑分隔符，win下爲"\\",Linux下爲"/"
14 os.linesep    輸出當前平臺使用的行終止符，win下爲"\r\n",Linux下爲"\n"
15 os.pathsep    輸出用於分割文件路徑的字符串
16 os.name    輸出字符串指示當前使用平臺。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
17 os.system("bash command")  運行shell命令，直接顯示
18 os.environ  獲取系統環境變量
19 os.path.abspath(path)  返回path規範化的絕對路徑
20 os.path.split(path)  將path分割成目錄和文件名二元組返回
21 os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目錄。其實就是os.path.split(path)的第一個元素
22 os.path.basename(path)  返回path最後的文件名。如何path以／或\結尾，那麼就會返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二個元素
23 os.path.exists(path)  若是path存在，返回True；若是path不存在，返回False
24 os.path.isabs(path)  若是path是絕對路徑，返回True
25 os.path.isfile(path)  若是path是一個存在的文件，返回True。不然返回False
26 os.path.isdir(path)  若是path是一個存在的目錄，則返回True。不然返回False
27 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  將多個路徑組合後返回，第一個絕對路徑以前的參數將被忽略
28 os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目錄的最後存取時間
29 os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目錄的最後修改時間

　　d、sys模塊

1 sys.argv           命令行參數List，第一個元素是程序自己路徑，讀取參數
2 sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出時exit(0)
3 sys.version        獲取Python解釋程序的版本信息
4 sys.maxint         最大的Int值
5 sys.path           返回模塊的搜索路徑，初始化時使用PYTHONPATH環境變量的值
6 sys.platform       返回操做系統平臺名稱
7 sys.stdout.write('please:')
8 val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

　　e、shutil

　　高級的文件、文件夾、壓縮包處理模塊

　　一、shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
　　將文件內容拷貝到另外一個文件中，能夠部份內容

　　二、shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
　　拷貝文件

　　三、shutil.copymode(src, dst)
　　僅拷貝權限。內容、組、用戶均不變

1 def copymode(src, dst):
2     """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
3     if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
4         st = os.stat(src)
5         mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
6         os.chmod(dst, mode)

　　四、shutil.copystat(src, dst)
　　拷貝狀態的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags（要求拷貝的文件必須存在）

　　修改了修改時間，和訪問時間

　　五、shutil.copy(src, dst)
　　拷貝文件和權限

 1 def copy(src, dst):
 2     """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
 3 
 4     The destination may be a directory.
 5 
 6     """
 7     if os.path.isdir(dst):
 8         dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
 9     copyfile(src, dst)
10     copymode(src, dst)

　　六、shutil.copy2(src, dst)
　　拷貝文件和狀態信息

 1 def copy2(src, dst):
 2     """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
 3 
 4     The destination may be a directory.
 5 
 6     """
 7     if os.path.isdir(dst):
 8         dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
 9     copyfile(src, dst)
10     copystat(src, dst)

　　七、shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
　　 shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
　　遞歸的去拷貝文件

　　例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

　　八、 shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
　　遞歸的去刪除文件

　　九、shutil.move(src, dst)
　　遞歸的去移動文件

　　十、shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

　　建立壓縮包並返回文件路徑，例如：zip、tar

　　base_name：壓縮包的文件名，也能夠是壓縮包的路徑。只是文件名時，則保存至當前目錄，不然保存至指定路徑，
　　　　如：www =>保存至當前路徑
　　　　如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/

　　format：壓縮包種類，「zip」, 「tar」, 「bztar」，「gztar」

　　root_dir：要壓縮的文件夾路徑（默認當前目錄）

　　owner：用戶，默認當前用戶

　　group：組，默認當前組

　　logger：用於記錄日誌，一般是logging.Logger對象

1 #將 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置當前程序目錄
2 import shutil
3 ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
4 #將 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目錄
5 import shutil
6 ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')

　　shutil 對壓縮包的處理是調用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 兩個模塊來進行的，詳細：

　　①、zipfile

 1 import zipfile
 2 # 壓縮
 3 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
 4 z.write('a.log')
 5 z.write('data.data')
 6 z.close()
 7 # 解壓
 8 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
 9 z.extractall()
10 z.close()

　　②、tarfile

 1 import tarfile
 2 # 壓縮
 3 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
 4 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
 5 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
 6 tar.close()
 7 # 解壓
 8 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
 9 tar.extractall()  # 可設置解壓地址
10 tar.close()

　　③、ZipFile

  1 class ZipFile(object):
  2     """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.
  3 
  4     z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)
  5 
  6     file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
  7           If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
  8     mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
  9     compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
 10     allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
 11                 needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
 12                 be necessary.
 13 
 14     """
 15 
 16     fp = None                   # Set here since __del__ checks it
 17 
 18     def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
 19         """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
 20         if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
 21             raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')
 22 
 23         if compression == ZIP_STORED:
 24             pass
 25         elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
 26             if not zlib:
 27                 raise RuntimeError,\
 28                       "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
 29         else:
 30             raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"
 31 
 32         self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
 33         self._didModify = False
 34         self.debug = 0  # Level of printing: 0 through 3
 35         self.NameToInfo = {}    # Find file info given name
 36         self.filelist = []      # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
 37         self.compression = compression  # Method of compression
 38         self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]
 39         self.pwd = None
 40         self._comment = ''
 41 
 42         # Check if we were passed a file-like object
 43         if isinstance(file, basestring):
 44             self._filePassed = 0
 45             self.filename = file
 46             modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}
 47             try:
 48                 self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
 49             except IOError:
 50                 if mode == 'a':
 51                     mode = key = 'w'
 52                     self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
 53                 else:
 54                     raise
 55         else:
 56             self._filePassed = 1
 57             self.fp = file
 58             self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)
 59 
 60         try:
 61             if key == 'r':
 62                 self._RealGetContents()
 63             elif key == 'w':
 64                 # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
 65                 # even if no files are added to the archive
 66                 self._didModify = True
 67             elif key == 'a':
 68                 try:
 69                     # See if file is a zip file
 70                     self._RealGetContents()
 71                     # seek to start of directory and overwrite
 72                     self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
 73                 except BadZipfile:
 74                     # file is not a zip file, just append
 75                     self.fp.seek(0, 2)
 76 
 77                     # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
 78                     # even if no files are added to the archive
 79                     self._didModify = True
 80             else:
 81                 raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
 82         except:
 83             fp = self.fp
 84             self.fp = None
 85             if not self._filePassed:
 86                 fp.close()
 87             raise
 88 
 89     def __enter__(self):
 90         return self
 91 
 92     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
 93         self.close()
 94 
 95     def _RealGetContents(self):
 96         """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
 97         fp = self.fp
 98         try:
 99             endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
100         except IOError:
101             raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
102         if not endrec:
103             raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
104         if self.debug > 1:
105             print endrec
106         size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE]             # bytes in central directory
107         offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET]         # offset of central directory
108         self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT]    # archive comment
109 
110         # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
111         concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
112         if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
113             # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
114             concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)
115 
116         if self.debug > 2:
117             inferred = concat + offset_cd
118             print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
119         # self.start_dir:  Position of start of central directory
120         self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
121         fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
122         data = fp.read(size_cd)
123         fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
124         total = 0
125         while total < size_cd:
126             centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
127             if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
128                 raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
129             centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
130             if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
131                 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
132             if self.debug > 2:
133                 print centdir
134             filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
135             # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
136             x = ZipInfo(filename)
137             x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
138             x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
139             x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
140             (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
141                 x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
142                 x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
143             x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
144             # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
145             x._raw_time = t
146             x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
147                                      t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )
148 
149             x._decodeExtra()
150             x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
151             x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
152             self.filelist.append(x)
153             self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x
154 
155             # update total bytes read from central directory
156             total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
157                      + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
158                      + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
159 
160             if self.debug > 2:
161                 print "total", total
162 
163 
164     def namelist(self):
165         """Return a list of file names in the archive."""
166         l = []
167         for data in self.filelist:
168             l.append(data.filename)
169         return l
170 
171     def infolist(self):
172         """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
173         archive."""
174         return self.filelist
175 
176     def printdir(self):
177         """Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
178         print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified    ", "Size")
179         for zinfo in self.filelist:
180             date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
181             print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)
182 
183     def testzip(self):
184         """Read all the files and check the CRC."""
185         chunk_size = 2 ** 20
186         for zinfo in self.filelist:
187             try:
188                 # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
189                 # MemoryError with very large embedded files.
190                 with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
191                     while f.read(chunk_size):     # Check CRC-32
192                         pass
193             except BadZipfile:
194                 return zinfo.filename
195 
196     def getinfo(self, name):
197         """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""
198         info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
199         if info is None:
200             raise KeyError(
201                 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name)
202 
203         return info
204 
205     def setpassword(self, pwd):
206         """Set default password for encrypted files."""
207         self.pwd = pwd
208 
209     @property
210     def comment(self):
211         """The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
212         return self._comment
213 
214     @comment.setter
215     def comment(self, comment):
216         # check for valid comment length
217         if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
218             import warnings
219             warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'
220                           % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
221             comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
222         self._comment = comment
223         self._didModify = True
224 
225     def read(self, name, pwd=None):
226         """Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
227         return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()
228 
229     def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
230         """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
231         if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
232             raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
233         if not self.fp:
234             raise RuntimeError, \
235                   "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"
236 
237         # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
238         # given a file object in the constructor
239         if self._filePassed:
240             zef_file = self.fp
241             should_close = False
242         else:
243             zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
244             should_close = True
245 
246         try:
247             # Make sure we have an info object
248             if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
249                 # 'name' is already an info object
250                 zinfo = name
251             else:
252                 # Get info object for name
253                 zinfo = self.getinfo(name)
254 
255             zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
256 
257             # Skip the file header:
258             fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
259             if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
260                 raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
261             fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
262             if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
263                 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")
264 
265             fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
266             if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
267                 zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
268 
269             if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
270                 raise BadZipfile, \
271                         'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (
272                             zinfo.orig_filename, fname)
273 
274             # check for encrypted flag & handle password
275             is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
276             zd = None
277             if is_encrypted:
278                 if not pwd:
279                     pwd = self.pwd
280                 if not pwd:
281                     raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
282                         "password required for extraction" % name
283 
284                 zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
285                 # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
286                 #  used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
287                 #  completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
288                 #  or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
289                 #  and is used to check the correctness of the password.
290                 bytes = zef_file.read(12)
291                 h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
292                 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
293                     # compare against the file type from extended local headers
294                     check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
295                 else:
296                     # compare against the CRC otherwise
297                     check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
298                 if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
299                     raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)
300 
301             return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
302                     close_fileobj=should_close)
303         except:
304             if should_close:
305                 zef_file.close()
306             raise
307 
308     def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
309         """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
310            using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
311            as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can
312            specify a different directory using `path'.
313         """
314         if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):
315             member = self.getinfo(member)
316 
317         if path is None:
318             path = os.getcwd()
319 
320         return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd)
321 
322     def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):
323         """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
324            directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.
325            `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned
326            by namelist().
327         """
328         if members is None:
329             members = self.namelist()
330 
331         for zipinfo in members:
332             self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)
333 
334     def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):
335         """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical
336            file on the path targetpath.
337         """
338         # build the destination pathname, replacing
339         # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
340         arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)
341 
342         if os.path.altsep:
343             arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)
344         # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or
345         # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.
346         arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]
347         arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)
348                     if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))
349         if os.path.sep == '\\':
350             # filter illegal characters on Windows
351             illegal = ':<>|"?*'
352             if isinstance(arcname, unicode):
353                 table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}
354             else:
355                 table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))
356             arcname = arcname.translate(table)
357             # remove trailing dots
358             arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))
359             arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x)
360 
361         targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)
362         targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath)
363 
364         # Create all upper directories if necessary.
365         upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
366         if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
367             os.makedirs(upperdirs)
368 
369         if member.filename[-1] == '/':
370             if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
371                 os.mkdir(targetpath)
372             return targetpath
373 
374         with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \
375              file(targetpath, "wb") as target:
376             shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)
377 
378         return targetpath
379 
380     def _writecheck(self, zinfo):
381         """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""
382         if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:
383             import warnings
384             warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)
385         if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
386             raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
387         if not self.fp:
388             raise RuntimeError, \
389                   "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
390         if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
391             raise RuntimeError, \
392                   "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
393         if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
394             raise RuntimeError, \
395                   "That compression method is not supported"
396         if not self._allowZip64:
397             requires_zip64 = None
398             if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
399                 requires_zip64 = "Files count"
400             elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
401                 requires_zip64 = "Filesize"
402             elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
403                 requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"
404             if requires_zip64:
405                 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
406                                    " would require ZIP64 extensions")
407 
408     def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
409         """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
410         arcname."""
411         if not self.fp:
412             raise RuntimeError(
413                   "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")
414 
415         st = os.stat(filename)
416         isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
417         mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)
418         date_time = mtime[0:6]
419         # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
420         if arcname is None:
421             arcname = filename
422         arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])
423         while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):
424             arcname = arcname[1:]
425         if isdir:
426             arcname += '/'
427         zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)
428         zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L      # Unix attributes
429         if compress_type is None:
430             zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
431         else:
432             zinfo.compress_type = compress_type
433 
434         zinfo.file_size = st.st_size
435         zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00
436         zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes
437 
438         self._writecheck(zinfo)
439         self._didModify = True
440 
441         if isdir:
442             zinfo.file_size = 0
443             zinfo.compress_size = 0
444             zinfo.CRC = 0
445             zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10  # MS-DOS directory flag
446             self.filelist.append(zinfo)
447             self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
448             self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))
449             return
450 
451         with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
452             # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later
453             zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0
454             zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0
455             # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size
456             zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \
457                     zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT
458             self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
459             if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
460                 cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
461                      zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
462             else:
463                 cmpr = None
464             file_size = 0
465             while 1:
466                 buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)
467                 if not buf:
468                     break
469                 file_size = file_size + len(buf)
470                 CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff
471                 if cmpr:
472                     buf = cmpr.compress(buf)
473                     compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
474                 self.fp.write(buf)
475         if cmpr:
476             buf = cmpr.flush()
477             compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
478             self.fp.write(buf)
479             zinfo.compress_size = compress_size
480         else:
481             zinfo.compress_size = file_size
482         zinfo.CRC = CRC
483         zinfo.file_size = file_size
484         if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:
485             if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
486                 raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')
487             if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
488                 raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')
489         # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include
490         # correct CRC and file sizes)
491         position = self.fp.tell()       # Preserve current position in file
492         self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
493         self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
494         self.fp.seek(position, 0)
495         self.filelist.append(zinfo)
496         self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
497 
498     def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):
499         """Write a file into the archive.  The contents is the string
500         'bytes'.  'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or
501         the name of the file in the archive."""
502         if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):
503             zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,
504                             date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])
505 
506             zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
507             if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':
508                 zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16   # drwxrwxr-x
509                 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10           # MS-DOS directory flag
510             else:
511                 zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16     # ?rw-------
512         else:
513             zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname
514 
515         if not self.fp:
516             raise RuntimeError(
517                   "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")
518 
519         if compress_type is not None:
520             zinfo.compress_type = compress_type
521 
522         zinfo.file_size = len(bytes)            # Uncompressed size
523         zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes
524         self._writecheck(zinfo)
525         self._didModify = True
526         zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff       # CRC-32 checksum
527         if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
528             co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
529                  zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
530             bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()
531             zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes)    # Compressed size
532         else:
533             zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size
534         zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \
535                 zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT
536         if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:
537             raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
538         self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
539         self.fp.write(bytes)
540         if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:
541             # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data
542             fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'
543             self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,
544                   zinfo.file_size))
545         self.fp.flush()
546         self.filelist.append(zinfo)
547         self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
548 
549     def __del__(self):
550         """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""
551         self.close()
552 
553     def close(self):
554         """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending
555         records."""
556         if self.fp is None:
557             return
558 
559         try:
560             if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records
561                 pos1 = self.fp.tell()
562                 for zinfo in self.filelist:         # write central directory
563                     dt = zinfo.date_time
564                     dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]
565                     dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)
566                     extra = []
567                     if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \
568                             or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
569                         extra.append(zinfo.file_size)
570                         extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)
571                         file_size = 0xffffffff
572                         compress_size = 0xffffffff
573                     else:
574                         file_size = zinfo.file_size
575                         compress_size = zinfo.compress_size
576 
577                     if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
578                         extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)
579                         header_offset = 0xffffffffL
580                     else:
581                         header_offset = zinfo.header_offset
582 
583                     extra_data = zinfo.extra
584                     if extra:
585                         # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's
586                         extra_data = struct.pack(
587                                 '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),
588                                 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data
589 
590                         extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)
591                         create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)
592                     else:
593                         extract_version = zinfo.extract_version
594                         create_version = zinfo.create_version
595 
596                     try:
597                         filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()
598                         centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,
599                         stringCentralDir, create_version,
600                         zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
601                         flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
602                         zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
603                         len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
604                         0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
605                         header_offset)
606                     except DeprecationWarning:
607                         print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,
608                         stringCentralDir, create_version,
609                         zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
610                         zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
611                         zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
612                         len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
613                         0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
614                         header_offset)
615                         raise
616                     self.fp.write(centdir)
617                     self.fp.write(filename)
618                     self.fp.write(extra_data)
619                     self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)
620 
621                 pos2 = self.fp.tell()
622                 # Write end-of-zip-archive record
623                 centDirCount = len(self.filelist)
624                 centDirSize = pos2 - pos1
625                 centDirOffset = pos1
626                 requires_zip64 = None
627                 if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
628                     requires_zip64 = "Files count"
629                 elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
630                     requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"
631                 elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:
632                     requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"
633                 if requires_zip64:
634                     # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records
635                     if not self._allowZip64:
636                         raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
637                                            " would require ZIP64 extensions")
638                     zip64endrec = struct.pack(
639                             structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,
640                             44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
641                             centDirSize, centDirOffset)
642                     self.fp.write(zip64endrec)
643 
644                     zip64locrec = struct.pack(
645                             structEndArchive64Locator,
646                             stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)
647                     self.fp.write(zip64locrec)
648                     centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)
649                     centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)
650                     centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)
651 
652                 endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,
653                                     0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
654                                     centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))
655                 self.fp.write(endrec)
656                 self.fp.write(self._comment)
657                 self.fp.flush()
658         finally:
659             fp = self.fp
660             self.fp = None
661             if not self._filePassed:
662                 fp.close()

View Code

　　④、TarFile

  1 class TarFile(object):
  2     """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
  3     """
  4 
  5     debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)
  6 
  7     dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
  8                                 # tar file, else the link.
  9 
 10     ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
 11                                 # continues processing.
 12 
 13     errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
 14                                 # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
 15                                 # are passed to the caller as exceptions.
 16 
 17     format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.
 18 
 19     encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.
 20 
 21     errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.
 22 
 23     tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.
 24 
 25     fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.
 26 
 27     def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
 28             tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
 29             errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
 30         """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
 31            read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
 32            file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
 33            defaults to 'r'.
 34            If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
 35            can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
 36            `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
 37         """
 38         modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}
 39         if mode not in modes:
 40             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
 41         self.mode = mode
 42         self._mode = modes[mode]
 43 
 44         if not fileobj:
 45             if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
 46                 # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
 47                 self.mode = "w"
 48                 self._mode = "wb"
 49             fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
 50             self._extfileobj = False
 51         else:
 52             if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
 53                 name = fileobj.name
 54             if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
 55                 self._mode = fileobj.mode
 56             self._extfileobj = True
 57         self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
 58         self.fileobj = fileobj
 59 
 60         # Init attributes.
 61         if format is not None:
 62             self.format = format
 63         if tarinfo is not None:
 64             self.tarinfo = tarinfo
 65         if dereference is not None:
 66             self.dereference = dereference
 67         if ignore_zeros is not None:
 68             self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
 69         if encoding is not None:
 70             self.encoding = encoding
 71 
 72         if errors is not None:
 73             self.errors = errors
 74         elif mode == "r":
 75             self.errors = "utf-8"
 76         else:
 77             self.errors = "strict"
 78 
 79         if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
 80             self.pax_headers = pax_headers
 81         else:
 82             self.pax_headers = {}
 83 
 84         if debug is not None:
 85             self.debug = debug
 86         if errorlevel is not None:
 87             self.errorlevel = errorlevel
 88 
 89         # Init datastructures.
 90         self.closed = False
 91         self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
 92         self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
 93         self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
 94                                 # current position in the archive file
 95         self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
 96                                 # archive members already added
 97 
 98         try:
 99             if self.mode == "r":
100                 self.firstmember = None
101                 self.firstmember = self.next()
102 
103             if self.mode == "a":
104                 # Move to the end of the archive,
105                 # before the first empty block.
106                 while True:
107                     self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
108                     try:
109                         tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
110                         self.members.append(tarinfo)
111                     except EOFHeaderError:
112                         self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
113                         break
114                     except HeaderError, e:
115                         raise ReadError(str(e))
116 
117             if self.mode in "aw":
118                 self._loaded = True
119 
120                 if self.pax_headers:
121                     buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
122                     self.fileobj.write(buf)
123                     self.offset += len(buf)
124         except:
125             if not self._extfileobj:
126                 self.fileobj.close()
127             self.closed = True
128             raise
129 
130     def _getposix(self):
131         return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT
132     def _setposix(self, value):
133         import warnings
134         warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,
135                       2)
136         if value:
137             self.format = USTAR_FORMAT
138         else:
139             self.format = GNU_FORMAT
140     posix = property(_getposix, _setposix)
141 
142     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
143     # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
144     # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
145     # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
146     # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
147     # from OPEN_METH.
148     #
149     # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
150     # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
151     # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.
152 
153     @classmethod
154     def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
155         """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
156            an appropriate TarFile class.
157 
158            mode:
159            'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
160            'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
161            'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
162            'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
163            'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
164            'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
165            'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
166            'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
167 
168            'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
169            'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
170            'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
171            'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
172            'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
173            'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
174            'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
175         """
176 
177         if not name and not fileobj:
178             raise ValueError("nothing to open")
179 
180         if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
181             # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
182             for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
183                 func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
184                 if fileobj is not None:
185                     saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
186                 try:
187                     return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
188                 except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:
189                     if fileobj is not None:
190                         fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
191                     continue
192             raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")
193 
194         elif ":" in mode:
195             filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
196             filemode = filemode or "r"
197             comptype = comptype or "tar"
198 
199             # Select the *open() function according to
200             # given compression.
201             if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
202                 func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
203             else:
204                 raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
205             return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)
206 
207         elif "|" in mode:
208             filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
209             filemode = filemode or "r"
210             comptype = comptype or "tar"
211 
212             if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
213                 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
214 
215             stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
216             try:
217                 t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
218             except:
219                 stream.close()
220                 raise
221             t._extfileobj = False
222             return t
223 
224         elif mode in ("a", "w"):
225             return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
226 
227         raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")
228 
229     @classmethod
230     def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
231         """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
232         """
233         if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):
234             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
235         return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
236 
237     @classmethod
238     def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
239         """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
240            Appending is not allowed.
241         """
242         if mode not in ("r", "w"):
243             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
244 
245         try:
246             import gzip
247             gzip.GzipFile
248         except (ImportError, AttributeError):
249             raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")
250 
251         try:
252             fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)
253         except OSError:
254             if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
255                 raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
256             raise
257 
258         try:
259             t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
260         except IOError:
261             fileobj.close()
262             if mode == 'r':
263                 raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
264             raise
265         except:
266             fileobj.close()
267             raise
268         t._extfileobj = False
269         return t
270 
271     @classmethod
272     def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
273         """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
274            Appending is not allowed.
275         """
276         if mode not in ("r", "w"):
277             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")
278 
279         try:
280             import bz2
281         except ImportError:
282             raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
283 
284         if fileobj is not None:
285             fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
286         else:
287             fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)
288 
289         try:
290             t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
291         except (IOError, EOFError):
292             fileobj.close()
293             if mode == 'r':
294                 raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
295             raise
296         except:
297             fileobj.close()
298             raise
299         t._extfileobj = False
300         return t
301 
302     # All *open() methods are registered here.
303     OPEN_METH = {
304         "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
305         "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
306         "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar
307     }
308 
309     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
310     # The public methods which TarFile provides:
311 
312     def close(self):
313         """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
314            appended to the archive.
315         """
316         if self.closed:
317             return
318 
319         if self.mode in "aw":
320             self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
321             self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
322             # fill up the end with zero-blocks
323             # (like option -b20 for tar does)
324             blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
325             if remainder > 0:
326                 self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))
327 
328         if not self._extfileobj:
329             self.fileobj.close()
330         self.closed = True
331 
332     def getmember(self, name):
333         """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
334            found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
335            than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
336            most up-to-date version.
337         """
338         tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
339         if tarinfo is None:
340             raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
341         return tarinfo
342 
343     def getmembers(self):
344         """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
345            list has the same order as the members in the archive.
346         """
347         self._check()
348         if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
349             self._load()        # all members, we first have to
350                                 # scan the whole archive.
351         return self.members
352 
353     def getnames(self):
354         """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
355            the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
356         """
357         return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]
358 
359     def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
360         """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
361            object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
362            modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
363            addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
364            file in the archive.
365         """
366         self._check("aw")
367 
368         # When fileobj is given, replace name by
369         # fileobj's real name.
370         if fileobj is not None:
371             name = fileobj.name
372 
373         # Building the name of the member in the archive.
374         # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
375         # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
376         if arcname is None:
377             arcname = name
378         drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
379         arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
380         arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")
381 
382         # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
383         # information specific for the file.
384         tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
385         tarinfo.tarfile = self
386 
387         # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
388         # and if symlinks shall be resolved.
389         if fileobj is None:
390             if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
391                 statres = os.lstat(name)
392             else:
393                 statres = os.stat(name)
394         else:
395             statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
396         linkname = ""
397 
398         stmd = statres.st_mode
399         if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
400             inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
401             if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
402                     inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
403                 # Is it a hardlink to an already
404                 # archived file?
405                 type = LNKTYPE
406                 linkname = self.inodes[inode]
407             else:
408                 # The inode is added only if its valid.
409                 # For win32 it is always 0.
410                 type = REGTYPE
411                 if inode[0]:
412                     self.inodes[inode] = arcname
413         elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
414             type = DIRTYPE
415         elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
416             type = FIFOTYPE
417         elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
418             type = SYMTYPE
419             linkname = os.readlink(name)
420         elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
421             type = CHRTYPE
422         elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
423             type = BLKTYPE
424         else:
425             return None
426 
427         # Fill the TarInfo object with all
428         # information we can get.
429         tarinfo.name = arcname
430         tarinfo.mode = stmd
431         tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
432         tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
433         if type == REGTYPE:
434             tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
435         else:
436             tarinfo.size = 0L
437         tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
438         tarinfo.type = type
439         tarinfo.linkname = linkname
440         if pwd:
441             try:
442                 tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
443             except KeyError:
444                 pass
445         if grp:
446             try:
447                 tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
448             except KeyError:
449                 pass
450 
451         if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
452             if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
453                 tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
454                 tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
455         return tarinfo
456 
457     def list(self, verbose=True):
458         """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
459            the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
460            output is produced.
461         """
462         self._check()
463 
464         for tarinfo in self:
465             if verbose:
466                 print filemode(tarinfo.mode),
467                 print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
468                                  tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),
469                 if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
470                     print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
471                                     % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),
472                 else:
473                     print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,
474                 print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
475                       % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],
476 
477             print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),
478 
479             if verbose:
480                 if tarinfo.issym():
481                     print "->", tarinfo.linkname,
482                 if tarinfo.islnk():
483                     print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,
484             print
485 
486     def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
487         """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
488            (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
489            specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
490            Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
491            setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
492            return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
493            that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
494            TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
495            excluded from the archive.
496         """
497         self._check("aw")
498 
499         if arcname is None:
500             arcname = name
501 
502         # Exclude pathnames.
503         if exclude is not None:
504             import warnings
505             warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
506                     DeprecationWarning, 2)
507             if exclude(name):
508                 self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
509                 return
510 
511         # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
512         if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
513             self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
514             return
515 
516         self._dbg(1, name)
517 
518         # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
519         tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)
520 
521         if tarinfo is None:
522             self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
523             return
524 
525         # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
526         if filter is not None:
527             tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
528             if tarinfo is None:
529                 self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
530                 return
531 
532         # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
533         if tarinfo.isreg():
534             with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
535                 self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
536 
537         elif tarinfo.isdir():
538             self.addfile(tarinfo)
539             if recursive:
540                 for f in os.listdir(name):
541                     self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
542                             recursive, exclude, filter)
543 
544         else:
545             self.addfile(tarinfo)
546 
547     def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
548         """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
549            given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
550            You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
551            On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
552            'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
553         """
554         self._check("aw")
555 
556         tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
557 
558         buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
559         self.fileobj.write(buf)
560         self.offset += len(buf)
561 
562         # If there's data to follow, append it.
563         if fileobj is not None:
564             copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
565             blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
566             if remainder > 0:
567                 self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
568                 blocks += 1
569             self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE
570 
571         self.members.append(tarinfo)
572 
573     def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
574         """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
575            directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
576            directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
577            to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
578            list returned by getmembers().
579         """
580         directories = []
581 
582         if members is None:
583             members = self
584 
585         for tarinfo in members:
586             if tarinfo.isdir():
587                 # Extract directories with a safe mode.
588                 directories.append(tarinfo)
589                 tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
590                 tarinfo.mode = 0700
591             self.extract(tarinfo, path)
592 
593         # Reverse sort directories.
594         directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
595         directories.reverse()
596 
597         # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
598         for tarinfo in directories:
599             dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
600             try:
601                 self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
602                 self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
603                 self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
604             except ExtractError, e:
605                 if self.errorlevel > 1:
606                     raise
607                 else:
608                     self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
609 
610     def extract(self, member, path=""):
611         """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
612            using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
613            as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
614            specify a different directory using `path'.
615         """
616         self._check("r")
617 
618         if isinstance(member, basestring):
619             tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
620         else:
621             tarinfo = member
622 
623         # Prepare the link target for makelink().
624         if tarinfo.islnk():
625             tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
626 
627         try:
628             self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))
629         except EnvironmentError, e:
630             if self.errorlevel > 0:
631                 raise
632             else:
633                 if e.filename is None:
634                     self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
635                 else:
636                     self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
637         except ExtractError, e:
638             if self.errorlevel > 1:
639                 raise
640             else:
641                 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
642 
643     def extractfile(self, member):
644         """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
645            a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
646            file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
647            object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
648            the above, None is returned.
649            The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
650            methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
651         """
652         self._check("r")
653 
654         if isinstance(member, basestring):
655             tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
656         else:
657             tarinfo = member
658 
659         if tarinfo.isreg():
660             return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
661 
662         elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
663             # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
664             # regular file.
665             return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
666 
667         elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
668             if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
669                 # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
670                 # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
671                 # stream of tar blocks.
672                 raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
673             else:
674                 # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
675                 return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
676         else:
677             # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
678             # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
679             return None
680 
681     def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
682         """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
683            file called targetpath.
684         """
685         # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
686         # and build the destination pathname, replacing
687         # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
688         targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
689         targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)
690 
691         # Create all upper directories.
692         upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
693         if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
694             # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
695             # default permissions.
696             os.makedirs(upperdirs)
697 
698         if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
699             self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
700         else:
701             self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)
702 
703         if tarinfo.isreg():
704             self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
705         elif tarinfo.isdir():
706             self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
707         elif tarinfo.isfifo():
708             self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
709         elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
710             self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
711         elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
712             self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
713         elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
714             self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
715         else:
716             self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
717 
718         self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
719         if not tarinfo.issym():
720             self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
721             self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)
722 
723     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
724     # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
725     # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
726     # subclass to implement other functionality.
727 
728     def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
729         """Make a directory called targetpath.
730         """
731         try:
732             # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
733             # later in _extract_member().
734             os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)
735         except EnvironmentError, e:
736             if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
737                 raise
738 
739     def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
740         """Make a file called targetpath.
741         """
742         source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
743         try:
744             with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
745                 copyfileobj(source, target)
746         finally:
747             source.close()
748 
749     def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
750         """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
751            at targetpath.
752         """
753         self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
754         self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
755                      "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)
756 
757     def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
758         """Make a fifo called targetpath.
759         """
760         if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
761             os.mkfifo(targetpath)
762         else:
763             raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")
764 
765     def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
766         """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
767         """
768         if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
769             raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
770 
771         mode = tarinfo.mode
772         if tarinfo.isblk():
773             mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
774         else:
775             mode |= stat.S_IFCHR
776 
777         os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
778                  os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))
779 
780     def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
781         """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
782           (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
783           instead of a link.
784         """
785         if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):
786             # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
787             if tarinfo.issym():
788                 if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
789                     os.unlink(targetpath)
790                 os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
791             else:
792                 # See extract().
793                 if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
794                     if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
795                         os.unlink(targetpath)
796                     os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
797                 else:
798                     self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
799         else:
800             try:
801                 self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
802             except KeyError:
803                 raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")
804 
805     def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
806         """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
807         """
808         if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
809             # We have to be root to do so.
810             try:
811                 g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
812             except KeyError:
813                 g = tarinfo.gid
814             try:
815                 u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
816             except KeyError:
817                 u = tarinfo.uid
818             try:
819                 if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
820                     os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
821                 else:
822                     if sys.platform != "os2emx":
823                         os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
824             except EnvironmentError, e:
825                 raise ExtractError("could not change owner")
826 
827     def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
828         """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
829         """
830         if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
831             try:
832                 os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
833             except EnvironmentError, e:
834                 raise ExtractError("could not change mode")
835 
836     def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
837         """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
838         """
839         if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
840             return
841         try:
842             os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
843         except EnvironmentError, e:
844             raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")
845 
846     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
847     def next(self):
848         """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
849            TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
850            available.
851         """
852         self._check("ra")
853         if self.firstmember is not None:
854             m = self.firstmember
855             self.firstmember = None
856             return m
857 
858         # Read the next block.
859         self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
860         tarinfo = None
861         while True:
862             try:
863                 tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
864             except EOFHeaderError, e:
865                 if self.ignore_zeros:
866                     self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
867                     self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
868                     continue
869             except InvalidHeaderError, e:
870                 if self.ignore_zeros:
871                     self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
872                     self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
873                     continue
874                 elif self.offset == 0:
875                     raise ReadError(str(e))
876             except EmptyHeaderError:
877                 if self.offset == 0:
878                     raise ReadError("empty file")
879             except TruncatedHeaderError, e:
880                 if self.offset == 0:
881                     raise ReadError(str(e))
882             except SubsequentHeaderError, e:
883                 raise ReadError(str(e))
884             break
885 
886         if tarinfo is not None:
887             self.members.append(tarinfo)
888         else:
889             self._loaded = True
890 
891         return tarinfo
892 
893     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
894     # Little helper methods:
895 
896     def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
897         """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
898            If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
899         """
900         # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
901         members = self.getmembers()
902 
903         # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
904         if tarinfo is not None:
905             members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]
906 
907         if normalize:
908             name = os.path.normpath(name)
909 
910         for member in reversed(members):
911             if normalize:
912                 member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
913             else:
914                 member_name = member.name
915 
916             if name == member_name:
917                 return member
918 
919     def _load(self):
920         """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
921            members.
922         """
923         while True:
924             tarinfo = self.next()
925             if tarinfo is None:
926                 break
927         self._loaded = True
928 
929     def _check(self, mode=None):
930         """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
931            corresponds to TarFile's mode.
932         """
933         if self.closed:
934             raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
935         if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
936             raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)
937 
938     def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
939         """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
940            archive.
941         """
942         if tarinfo.issym():
943             # Always search the entire archive.
944             linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
945             limit = None
946         else:
947             # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
948             # just a reference to an already archived file.
949             linkname = tarinfo.linkname
950             limit = tarinfo
951 
952         member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
953         if member is None:
954             raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
955         return member
956 
957     def __iter__(self):
958         """Provide an iterator object.
959         """
960         if self._loaded:
961             return iter(self.members)
962         else:
963             return TarIter(self)
964 
965     def _dbg(self, level, msg):
966         """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
967         """
968         if level <= self.debug:
969             print >> sys.stderr, msg
970 
971     def __enter__(self):
972         self._check()
973         return self
974 
975     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
976         if type is None:
977             self.close()
978         else:
979             # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
980             # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
981             if not self._extfileobj:
982                 self.fileobj.close()
983             self.closed = True
984 # class TarFile

View Code

　　f、shelve

　　shelve模塊是一個簡單的k,v將內存數據經過文件持久化的模塊，能夠持久化任何pickle可支持的python數據格式

 1 import shelve
 2 d = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打開一個文件
 3 class Test(object):
 4     def __init__(self,n):
 5         self.n = n
 6 t = Test(123) 
 7 t2 = Test(123334)
 8  
 9 name = ["alex","rain","test"]
10 d["test"] = name #持久化列表
11 d["t1"] = t      #持久化類
12 d["t2"] = t2
13 d.close()

　　g、xml處理模塊

　　xml是實現不一樣語言或程序之間進行數據交換的協議，跟json差很少，但json使用起來更簡單，不過，古時候，在json還沒誕生的黑暗年代，你們只能選擇用xml呀，至今不少傳統公司如金融行業的不少系統的接口還主要是xml。

　　xml的格式以下，就是經過<>節點來區別數據結構的:

 1 <?xml version="1.0"?>
 2 <data>
 3     <country name="Liechtenstein">
 4         <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
 5         <year>2008</year>
 6         <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
 7         <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
 8         <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
 9     </country>
10     <country name="Singapore">
11         <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
12         <year>2011</year>
13         <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
14         <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
15     </country>
16     <country name="Panama">
17         <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
18         <year>2011</year>
19         <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
20         <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
21         <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
22     </country>
23 </data>

View Code

　　xml協議在各個語言裏的都是支持的，在python中能夠用如下模塊操做xml

 1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 2 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
 3 root = tree.getroot()
 4 print(root.tag)
 5 #遍歷xml文檔
 6 for child in root:
 7     print(child.tag, child.attrib)
 8     for i in child:
 9         print(i.tag,i.text)
10 #只遍歷year 節點
11 for node in root.iter('year'):
12     print(node.tag,node.text)

　　修改和刪除xml文檔內容

 1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 2 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
 3 root = tree.getroot()
 4  
 5 #修改
 6 for node in root.iter('year'):
 7     new_year = int(node.text) + 1
 8     node.text = str(new_year)
 9     node.set("updated","yes")
10 tree.write("xmltest.xml")
11  
12 #刪除node
13 for country in root.findall('country'):
14    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
15    if rank > 50:
16      root.remove(country)
17 tree.write('output.xml')

　　本身建立xml文檔

 1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 2 new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
 3 name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})
 4 age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})
 5 sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")
 6 sex.text = '33'
 7 name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})
 8 age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")
 9 age.text = '19'
10 et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文檔對象
11 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)
12 ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式

　　h、ConfigParser模塊

　　用於生成和修改常見配置文檔，當前模塊的名稱在 python 3.x 版本中變動爲 configparser。

　　來看一個好多軟件的常見文檔格式以下

 1 [DEFAULT]
 2 ServerAliveInterval = 45
 3 Compression = yes
 4 CompressionLevel = 9
 5 ForwardX11 = yes
 6 [bitbucket.org]
 7 User = hg
 8 [topsecret.server.com]
 9 Port = 50022
10 ForwardX11 = no

　　若是想用python生成一個這樣的文檔怎麼作呢？

 1 import configparser
 2 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
 3 config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
 4                       'Compression': 'yes',
 5                      'CompressionLevel': '9'}
 6 config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
 7 config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
 8 config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
 9 topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
10 topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022'     # mutates the parser
11 topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here
12 config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
13 with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
14    config.write(configfile)

　　寫完了還能夠再讀出來

 1 >>> import configparser
 2 >>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()
 3 >>> config.sections()
 4 []
 5 >>> config.read('example.ini')
 6 ['example.ini']
 7 >>> config.sections()
 8 ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com']
 9 >>> 'bitbucket.org' in config
10 True
11 >>> 'bytebong.com' in config
12 False
13 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['User']
14 'hg'
15 >>> config['DEFAULT']['Compression']
16 'yes'
17 >>> topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
18 >>> topsecret['ForwardX11']
19 'no'
20 >>> topsecret['Port']
21 '50022'
22 >>> for key in config['bitbucket.org']: print(key)
23 ...
24 user
25 compressionlevel
26 serveraliveinterval
27 compression
28 forwardx11
29 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['ForwardX11']
30 'yes'

View Code

　　I、hashlib模塊　　

　　用於加密相關的操做，3.x裏代替了md5模塊和sha模塊，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法

 1 import hashlib
 2 m = hashlib.md5()
 3 m.update(b"Hello")
 4 m.update(b"It's me")
 5 print(m.digest())
 6 m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...")
 7  
 8 print(m.digest()) #2進制格式hash
 9 print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16進制格式hash
10 '''
11 def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
12     """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """
13     pass
14  
15 def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
16     """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """
17     pass
18  
19 '''
20 import hashlib
21  
22 # ######## md5 ########
23  
24 hash = hashlib.md5()
25 hash.update('admin')
26 print(hash.hexdigest())
27  
28 # ######## sha1 ########
29  
30 hash = hashlib.sha1()
31 hash.update('admin')
32 print(hash.hexdigest())
33  
34 # ######## sha256 ########
35  
36 hash = hashlib.sha256()
37 hash.update('admin')
38 print(hash.hexdigest())
39  
40  
41 # ######## sha384 ########
42  
43 hash = hashlib.sha384()
44 hash.update('admin')
45 print(hash.hexdigest())
46  
47 # ######## sha512 ########
48  
49 hash = hashlib.sha512()
50 hash.update('admin')
51 print(hash.hexdigest())

View Code

　　python 還有一個 hmac 模塊，它內部對咱們建立 key 和內容再進行處理而後再加密

1 import hmac
2 h = hmac.new('wueiqi')
3 h.update('hellowo')
4 print h.hexdigest()

　　j、re模塊

 1 '.'     默認匹配除\n以外的任意一個字符，若指定flag DOTALL,則匹配任意字符，包括換行
 2 '^'     匹配字符開頭，若指定flags MULTILINE,這種也能夠匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
 3 '$'     匹配字符結尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也能夠
 4 '*'     匹配*號前的字符0次或屢次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  結果爲['abb', 'ab', 'a']
 5 '+'     匹配前一個字符1次或屢次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 結果['ab', 'abb']
 6 '?'     匹配前一個字符1次或0次
 7 '{m}'   匹配前一個字符m次
 8 '{n,m}' 匹配前一個字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 結果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
 9 '|'     匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 結果'ABC'
10 '(...)' 分組匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 結果 abcabca456c
11  
12  
13 '\A'    只從字符開頭匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
14 '\Z'    匹配字符結尾，同$
15 '\d'    匹配數字0-9
16 '\D'    匹配非數字
17 '\w'    匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
18 '\W'    匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
19 's'     匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 結果 '\t'
20  
21 '(?P<name>...)' 分組匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 結果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}

　　H、Subprocess模塊

　　經常使用subprocess方法示例

#執行命令，返回命令執行狀態， 0 or 非0
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])

#執行命令，若是命令結果爲0，就正常返回，不然拋異常
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0

#接收字符串格式命令，返回元組形式，第1個元素是執行狀態，第2個是命令結果
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')

#接收字符串格式命令，並返回結果
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'

#執行命令，並返回結果，注意是返回結果，不是打印，下例結果返回給res
>>> res=subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l'])
>>> res
b'total 0\ndrwxr-xr-x 12 alex staff 408 Nov 2 11:05 OldBoyCRM\n'

#上面那些方法，底層都是封裝的subprocess.Popen
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode

wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.

terminate() 殺掉所啓動進程
communicate() 等待任務結束

stdin 標準輸入

stdout 標準輸出

stderr 標準錯誤

pid
The process ID of the child process.

#例子
>>> p = subprocess.Popen("df -h|grep disk",stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True)
>>> p.stdout.read()
b'/dev/disk1 465Gi 64Gi 400Gi 14% 16901472 104938142 14% /\n'

 1 >>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])  # doesn't capture output
 2 drwxr-xr-x   3 gy  staff   102 11  9 17:17 Applications
 3 drwxr-xr-x@  5 gy  staff   170 11  9 19:56 Applications (Parallels)
 4 drwxr-xr-x+ 19 gy  staff   646 11 21 10:19 Desktop
 5 drwx------+ 12 gy  staff   408 11 14 15:39 Documents
 6 drwx------+ 32 gy  staff  1088 11 21 10:19 Downloads
 7 drwx------@ 62 gy  staff  2108 11 17 10:44 Library
 8 >>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)
 9 Traceback (most recent call last):
10 subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1
11 >>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
12 CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
13 stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n')

　　調用subprocess.run(...)是推薦的經常使用方法，在大多數狀況下能知足需求，但若是你可能須要進行一些複雜的與系統的交互的話，你還能夠用subprocess.Popen(),語法以下：

1 p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE) 2 print(p.stdout.read())

可用參數：

args：shell命令，能夠是字符串或者序列類型（如：list，元組）
bufsize：指定緩衝。0 無緩衝,1 行緩衝,其餘緩衝區大小,負值系統緩衝
stdin, stdout, stderr：分別表示程序的標準輸入、輸出、錯誤句柄
preexec_fn：只在Unix平臺下有效，用於指定一個可執行對象（callable object），它將在子進程運行以前被調用
close_sfs：在windows平臺下，若是close_fds被設置爲True，則新建立的子進程將不會繼承父進程的輸入、輸出、錯誤管道。
因此不能將close_fds設置爲True同時重定向子進程的標準輸入、輸出與錯誤(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
shell：同上
cwd：用於設置子進程的當前目錄
env：用於指定子進程的環境變量。若是env = None，子進程的環境變量將從父進程中繼承。
universal_newlines：不一樣系統的換行符不一樣，True -> 贊成使用 \n
startupinfo與createionflags只在windows下有效
將被傳遞給底層的CreateProcess()函數，用於設置子進程的一些屬性，如：主窗口的外觀，進程的優先級等等

終端輸入的命令分爲兩種：

輸入便可獲得輸出，如：ifconfig
輸入進行某環境，依賴再輸入，如：python

須要交互的命令示例

 1 import subprocess
 2  
 3 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
 4 obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
 5 obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
 6 obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
 7 obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
 8  
 9 out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)
10 print out_error_list

subprocess實現sudo 自動輸入密碼

 1 import subprocess
 2  
 3 def mypass():
 4     mypass = '123' #or get the password from anywhere
 5     return mypass
 6  
 7 echo = subprocess.Popen(['echo',mypass()],
 8                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
 9                         )
10  
11 sudo = subprocess.Popen(['sudo','-S','iptables','-L'],
12                         stdin=echo.stdout,
13                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
14                         )
15  
16 end_of_pipe = sudo.stdout
17  
18 print "Password ok \n Iptables Chains %s" % end_of_pipe.read()

最經常使用的匹配語法

1 re.match 從頭開始匹配
2 re.search 匹配包含
3 re.findall 把全部匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
4 re.splitall 以匹配到的字符當作列表分隔符
5 re.sub      匹配字符並替換

　　反斜槓的困擾
　　與大多數編程語言相同，正則表達式裏使用"\"做爲轉義字符，這就可能形成反斜槓困擾。假如你須要匹配文本中的字符"\"，那麼使用編程語言表示的正則表達式裏將須要4個反斜槓"\\\\"：前兩個和後兩個分別用於在編程語言裏轉義成反斜槓，轉換成兩個反斜槓後再在正則表達式裏轉義成一個反斜槓。Python裏的原生字符串很好地解決了這個問題，這個例子中的正則表達式可使用r"\\"表示。一樣，匹配一個數字的"\\d"能夠寫成 r"\d"。有了原生字符串，你不再用擔憂是否是漏寫了反斜槓，寫出來的表達式也更直觀。

　　僅需輕輕知道的幾個匹配模式

1 re.I(re.IGNORECASE): 忽略大小寫（括號內是完整寫法，下同）
2 M(MULTILINE): 多行模式，改變'^'和'$'的行爲（參見上圖）
3 S(DOTALL): 點任意匹配模式，改變'.'的行爲

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