Mysql基礎知識

Mysql基礎總結(部分參照燕十八老師的教學)

1. 什麼是SQL(Structured Query Language)結構查詢語句

SQL語句是一種what型語言【想要什麼,給你】,語法相對簡單易懂mysql

  • SQL語言的劃分面試

    1. DDL(Data Definition Language)-數據庫定義語言;用來定義數據庫對象、數據表和列;使用DDL建立、刪除、修改數據庫的表和結構
    2. DML(Data Manipulation Language)-數據庫操做語言;操做數據庫的相關數據,好比增長、刪除、修改表中的數據
    3. DCL(Data Control Language)-數據控制語言;用它來定義訪問權限和安全等級
    4. DQL(Data Query Language)-數據查詢語言;數據查詢語言,用來查詢數據
  • SQL語句的執行順序sql

    select distinct player_id , player_name , count(*) as num     # 順序5
    from player join team on player.team_id = team.team_id        # 順序1
    where height > 1.80            # 順序2
    group by player.team_id        # 順序3
    having num >2                  # 順序4
    order by num desc              # 順序6
    limit 2;                       # 順序7
    • 完整的順序是
      1. from子句組裝數據(包括join
      2. where子句進行條件篩選
      3. group by分組
      4. 使用匯集函數進行計算、數據映射
      5. having篩選分組
      6. 計算全部的表達式
      7. select的字段
      8. order by排序
      9. limit篩選
  • SQL語句的執行流程數據庫

    ​ Mysql中的流程:SQL語句 → 緩存查詢 → 解析器 → 優化器 → 執行器緩存

    1. 查詢緩存:Server如何在查詢緩存總髮現了這條SQL語句,就會直接將結果返回給客戶端;若是沒有,就進入到解析器階段。須要說明的是,由於查詢緩存每每效率不高,因此在Mysql 8.0 以後就拋棄了這個功能。安全

    2. 解析器:在解析器中隊SQL語句進行語法分析、語義分析架構

    3. 優化器:在優化器中會肯定SQL語句的執行路徑,好比是根據全表檢索,仍是根據索引來檢驗等分佈式

    4. 執行器:在執行以前須要判斷改用戶是否具有權限,若是具有權限就執行SQL查詢並返回結果。在Mysql 8.0如下的版本,若是設置了查詢緩存,這時會將查詢結果進行緩存。函數

2. Mysql 架構

  1. Mysql是Client/Server架構,體系架構圖以下

  • 由如下幾個部分組成
    1. 鏈接池組件(Connection Pool)
    2. 管理服務和工具組件(Enterprise Management Services & Utilities)
    3. SQL 接口組件(SQL Interface)
    4. 查詢分析器(Parser)
    5. 優化器組件(Optimizer)
    6. 緩衝組件(Cache & Buffer)
    7. 插件式儲存引擎(Pluggable Storage Engines)
    8. 物理文件(File System , Files & Logs)
  1. 關於儲存引擎工具

    1. InnoDB儲存引擎

      Mysql 5.5 版本後默認的儲存引擎,優勢是支持事務、行級鎖、外鍵約束、支持崩潰後的安全恢復

    2. Myisam儲存引擎

      不支持事務和外鍵,支持全文索引(只對英文有效),特色是查詢速度快

    3. Memory儲存引擎

      數據放在內存當中(相似memcache)以便獲得更快的響應速度,可是崩掉的話數據會丟失

    4. NDB儲存引擎

      主要用於Mysql Cluster 分佈式集羣

    5. Archive儲存引擎

      有很好的壓縮機制,用於文件文檔,寫入時會進行壓縮

3. 經常使用庫/表操做語句

1.  mysql -h localhost -u root -p      # 以root用戶鏈接本地數據庫
 2.  show databases;                    # 查看Mysql服務中的全部數據庫
 3.  create database database_name;     # 建立數據庫
 4.  use databases;                     # 更改操做的數據庫對象
 5.  \c                                 # 取消執行當前未輸入mysql語句
 6.  show tables;                       # 查看該操做數據庫對象中全部的數據表名和視圖名
 7.  desc table_name/view_name;         # 查看錶/視圖結構
 8.  truncate table_name;               # 清空表數據【表結構不變】
 9.  delete from table_name;            # 刪除表
 10.  show create table table_name;     # 查看建表/視圖過程
 11. show table status \G;              # 查看數據庫中的全部表信息;\G 豎行顯示
 12. show table status where name = table_name \G;     # 指定表
 13. rename table_name;                 # 改表名
 14. drop table/view table_name/view_name;             # 刪除表/視圖

4. 增刪改

1.insert

insert into table_name (column1,column2 ……) values (value1,value2 ……);

2.delete

delete from table_name where …… ;          # where表示指定條件,不用where將針對表整表操做

3.update

update table_name set column1 = new_value , column2 = new_value …… where ……;

4. select

select cloumn1,cloumn2…… from table_name where …… group by …… having …… order by …… limit …… ;        
# where|group by|having|order by|limit 能夠沒有其中某些項,如有必須按照前後順序

5.深刻理解select

select 是增刪改查的重點,也是難點,可否寫出高性能的sql語句,select是否熟練佔很大一部分

  • 變量,變量就能夠進行各類運算,包括算術運算邏輯運算

  • where後面的語句是表達式,表達式的值爲 eg:where 1 則恆爲真 查詢整張表,反之 where 0 恆位假 查詢結果位Empty

  • select 語句還能夠配合算術運算符邏輯運算符位運算符以及相關函數寫出更高性能的查詢語句

    • 經常使用的select用法以goods表爲例

      1. 數字篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price > 300;
      2. 字符篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_name = 'kd876';
      3. 區間篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price between 300 and 3000;
      4. 多條件篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price between 300 and 3000 and goods_id > 10 ;
      5. 模糊條件篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_name like '諾基亞%';         
        # 通配符% 表示任意多個字符 _ 表示任意單個字符
      6. 在字符串組裏篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_id in (3,10);      
        # goods_id in(3,10)等價於goods_id = 3 or goods_id = 10
      7. 藉助函數優化篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where left(goods_name,2)='kd';  
        # 函數left(a,n)表示在a字符串中從左到右取n個字符
      8. 全字符段篩選

        select * from goods;
      9. 不重複篩選

        select distinct goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods; # distinct 不重複的意思
      10. 排序篩選

        select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price >300 order by shop_price desc;    
        # asc升序(默認)/ desc 降序
  • 補上後續練習所須要的表格代碼

    create table goods (
      goods_id mediumint(8) unsigned primary key auto_increment,
      goods_name varchar(120) not null default '',
      cat_id smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
      brand_id smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
      goods_sn char(15) not null default '',
      goods_number smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
      shop_price decimal(10,2) unsigned not null default '0.00',
      market_price decimal(10,2) unsigned not null default '0.00',
      click_count int(10) unsigned not null default '0'
    ) engine=InnoDB default charset=utf8;
    insert into `goods` values (1,'kd876',4,8,'ecs000000',1,1388.00,1665.60,9),
    (4,'諾基亞n85原裝充電器',8,1,'ecs000004',17,58.00,69.60,0),
    (3,'諾基亞原裝5800耳機',8,1,'ecs000002',24,68.00,81.60,3),
    (5,'索愛原裝m2卡讀卡器',11,7,'ecs000005',8,20.00,24.00,3),
    (6,'勝創kingmax內存卡',11,0,'ecs000006',15,42.00,50.40,0),
    (7,'諾基亞n85原裝立體聲耳機hs-82',8,1,'ecs000007',20,100.00,120.00,0),
    (8,'飛利浦9@9v',3,4,'ecs000008',1,399.00,478.79,10),
    (9,'諾基亞e66',3,1,'ecs000009',4,2298.00,2757.60,20),
    (10,'索愛c702c',3,7,'ecs000010',7,1328.00,1593.60,11),
    (11,'索愛c702c',3,7,'ecs000011',1,1300.00,0.00,0),
    (12,'摩托羅拉a810',3,2,'ecs000012',8,983.00,1179.60,13),
    (13,'諾基亞5320 xpressmusic',3,1,'ecs000013',8,1311.00,1573.20,13),
    (14,'諾基亞5800xm',4,1,'ecs000014',1,2625.00,3150.00,6),
    (15,'摩托羅拉a810',3,2,'ecs000015',3,788.00,945.60,8),
    (16,'恆基偉業g101',2,11,'ecs000016',0,823.33,988.00,3),
    (17,'夏新n7',3,5,'ecs000017',1,2300.00,2760.00,2),
    (18,'夏新t5',4,5,'ecs000018',1,2878.00,3453.60,0),
    (19,'三星sgh-f258',3,6,'ecs000019',12,858.00,1029.60,7),
    (20,'三星bc01',3,6,'ecs000020',12,280.00,336.00,14),
    (21,'金立 a30',3,10,'ecs000021',40,2000.00,2400.00,4),
    (22,'多普達touch hd',3,3,'ecs000022',1,5999.00,7198.80,16),
    (23,'諾基亞n96',5,1,'ecs000023',8,3700.00,4440.00,17),
    (24,'p806',3,9,'ecs000024',100,2000.00,2400.00,35),
    (25,'小靈通/固話50元充值卡',13,0,'ecs000025',2,48.00,57.59,0),
    (26,'小靈通/固話20元充值卡',13,0,'ecs000026',2,19.00,22.80,0),
    (27,'聯通100元充值卡',15,0,'ecs000027',2,95.00,100.00,0),
    (28,'聯通50元充值卡',15,0,'ecs000028',0,45.00,50.00,0),
    (29,'移動100元充值卡',14,0,'ecs000029',0,90.00,0.00,0),
    (30,'移動20元充值卡',14,0,'ecs000030',9,18.00,21.00,1),
    (31,'摩托羅拉e8 ',3,2,'ecs000031',1,1337.00,1604.39,5),
    (32,'諾基亞n85',3,1,'ecs000032',4,3010.00,3612.00,9);
    
    create table category (
    cat_id smallint unsigned auto_increment primary key,
    cat_name varchar(90) not null default '',
    parent_id smallint unsigned
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    INSERT INTO `category` VALUES
    (1,'手機類型',0),
    (2,'CDMA手機',1),
    (3,'GSM手機',1),
    (4,'3G手機',1),
    (5,'雙模手機',1),
    (6,'手機配件',0),
    (7,'充電器',6),
    (8,'耳機',6),
    (9,'電池',6),
    (11,'讀卡器和內存卡',6),
    (12,'充值卡',0),
    (13,'小靈通/固話充值卡',12),
    (14,'移動手機充值卡',12),
    (15,'聯通手機充值卡',12);
    
    CREATE TABLE `result` (
      `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
      `subject` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
      `score` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    insert into result
    values
    ('張三','數學',90),
    ('張三','語文',50),
    ('張三','地理',40),
    ('李四','語文',55),
    ('李四','政治',45),
    ('王五','政治',30);
    
    create table a (
    id char(1),
    num int
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into a values ('a',5),('b',10),('c',15),('d',10);
    
    create table b (
    id char(1),
    num int
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into b values ('b',5),('c',15),('d',20),('e',99);
    
    create table m(
         mid int,
         hid int,
         gid int,
         mres varchar(10),
         matime date
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into m
         values
         (1,1,2,'2:0','2006-05-21'),
         (2,2,3,'1:2','2006-06-21'),
         (3,3,1,'2:5','2006-06-25'),
         (4,2,1,'3:2','2006-07-21');
    
    create table t (
         tid int,
         tname varchar(20)
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into t
         values
         (1,'國安'),
         (2,'申花'),
         (3,'布爾聯隊');
    
    create table mian ( num int) engine=InnoDB;
    insert into mian values
    (3),
    (12),
    (15),
    (25),
    (23),
    (29),
    (34),
    (37),
    (32);
    
    create table user (
    uid int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null default '',
    age smallint unsigned not null default 0
    ) engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    
    create table boy (
        hid char(1),
         bname varchar(20)
    )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into boy (bname,hid)
         values
         ('屌絲','A'),
         ('楊過','B'),
         ('陳冠希','C');
    
    create table girl (
        hid char(1),
         gname varchar(20)
         )engine=InnoDB charset utf8;
    insert into girl(gname,hid)
         values
         ('小龍女','B'),
         ('張柏芝','C'),
         ('死宅女','D');

    ​ 注:上述包含的表格有goodscategoryresultabmtmianuserboygirl

6.查詢練習以goods表爲例

  1. 查詢出名字爲’諾基亞NXX’的手機

    select * from goods where goods_id in(4,11);
  2. 查詢出名字不以’諾基亞’開頭的商品

    select * from goods where goods_name not like '諾基亞%';
  3. 查詢出第4和第11行的全部信息

     
  4. goods表中商品名爲’諾基亞xxxx’改成’HTCxxxx’

    select goods_id, concat('HTC',substring(goods_name,4)) from goods where goods_name like '諾基亞%';     
    # 1. 函數concat(a,b) 將ab兩個字符串鏈接成一個字符串     
    # 2. 函數substring(string,position)從特定位置開始的字符串返回一個給定長度的子字符串
  • 小結:當涉及到多重條件查詢須要用到運算符、and、or、not……之類來修飾條件時
    * 必定要先弄清楚條件之間的分類
    * 使用( )將其分類,避免優先級之類的問題
  1. 面試題mian表

mian表中處於[20,29]之間的num值改爲20,[30,39]之間的num值改爲30,一句sql完成。

update mian set num = (floor(num/10)*10) where num between 20 an 39;  # 函數floor(x) 取不大於x的最大整數值

7. group by 分組與統計函數

  1. 經常使用統計函數

    max()					# 獲取最大值
    min()					# 獲取最小值
    avg()					# 求取平均值
    sum()					# 求和
    count()				# 計算行數/條數          *特別注意count()返回的是一個總行數
    distinct()		# 求有多少種不一樣解
  2. 另外注意:當出現group by分組種不能配對的狀況,該字段取查詢時候第一次出現的值

8. having 篩選結果集

having 並不必定 與 where共存(這種狀況能夠看作相似where 1這種語句能夠忽略),但必定在where以後;能夠存在只有having而沒有where的狀況

  1. 查詢goods表中商品比市場價低出多少?

    select goods_id ,goods_name,market_price - shop_price from goods ;
  2. 查詢goods表中商品比市場價低出至少200元的商品

    select goods_id ,goods_name,(market_price - shop_price) as discount from goods where market_price - shop_price ;    
    # 注意爲何where後面不能用 discount
    select goods_id,goods_name,(market_price-shop_price) as discount from goods having discount>200;

9. where __ group by __ having 綜合練習result表

  • 有以上result表,要求查詢出2門及2門以上不及格的平均成績 ※※※經典題目※※※
    • 難點分析:如何找出2門及2門以上不及格的同窗
  1. 一種典型錯誤 ❌ 【錯誤點:對count和比較運算二者結合的理解錯誤

    msyql> select name , count(score<60) as gks , avg(score) as pjf from result group by name having gks >= 2;
    
    +--------+-----+---------+
    | name   | gks | pjf     |
    +--------+-----+---------+
    | 張三   |   3 | 60.0000 |
    | 李四   |   2 | 50.0000 |
    +--------+-----+---------+                
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)                # 貌似是正確的,但只針對此種狀況

    驗證:假如增長1行數據 values('趙六','語文',88),('趙六','數學',99),('趙六','物理',100)

    再次執行上面的sql語句,將會獲得以下結果

    +--------+-----+---------+
    | name   | gks | pjf     |
    +--------+-----+---------+
    | 張三   |   3 | 60.0000 |
    | 李四   |   2 | 50.0000 |
    | 趙六   |   3 | 95.6667 |
    +--------+-----+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)       					
    # 很明顯有語義上的錯誤!實際上count(score)和count(score<60)查詢出的結果是同樣的,函數count()返回的是總行數!
  2. 正確解題思路✅(逆向思惟)

    1. select name ,avg(score),as pjf from result group by name;
    
    +--------+---------+
    | name   | pjf     |
    +--------+---------+
    | 張三   | 60.0000 |
    | 李四   | 50.0000 |
    | 王五   | 30.0000 |
    | 趙六   | 95.6667 |
    +--------+---------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)						# 1. 查詢出全部同窗的平均分,並分組
    2. select name, score<60 from result;
    
    +--------+----------+
    | name   | score<60 |
    +--------+----------+
    | 張三   |        0 |
    | 張三   |        1 |
    | 張三   |        1 |
    | 李四   |        1 |
    | 李四   |        1 |
    | 王五   |        1 |
    | 趙六   |        0 |
    | 趙六   |        0 |
    | 趙六   |        0 |
    +--------+----------+
    9 rows in set (0.00 sec)						
    # 2. 查看每一個同窗的掛科狀況;這裏運用了邏輯運算,這個點也很重要!score<60 若真則返回0 若假則返回1
    3. select name , sum(score<60) as gks from result group by name;
    
    +--------+------+
    | name   | gks  |
    +--------+------+
    | 張三   |    2 |
    | 李四   |    2 |
    | 王五   |    1 |
    | 趙六   |    0 |
    +--------+------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)						# 3. 計算每位同窗的總掛科數
    4. select name ,sum(score<60) as gks ,avg(score) as pjf from result group by name having gks >=2;
    
    +--------+------+------------+
    | name   | gks  |     pjf   |
    +--------+------+------------+
    | 張三   |    2 |    60.0000 |
    | 李四   |    2 |    50.0000 |
    +--------+------+------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)						# 4. 整合1.3步,獲得結果集,並篩選出gks大於等於2的同窗

10. order by 排序(在內存中排序)與limit(限制範圍)綜合查詢goods表

  1. 按欄目由低到高排序,欄目內部按價格由高到低排序

    select goods_id ,goods_name ,shop_price ,cat_id from goods order by cat_id desc,shop_price asc;
  2. 取出價格最高的前3名商品

    select goods_id ,goods_name,shop_price from goods order by shop_price desc limit 0,3;    
    # limit x,y 其中x表明起始位置也就是偏移量,y表明返回最大行數;x初始值爲0
  3. 取出商品市場價前10到25的商品信息

    select goods_id ,goods_name,market_price from goods order by market_price limit 11,15;

11. 子查詢

mysql子查詢是嵌套在另外一個查詢(如selectinsertupdate或者delete)中的查詢。這裏重點總結了嵌套在select中的子查詢

  1. where 子查詢【之內層查詢結果一般爲變量做爲外層查詢的比較條件
  • 如何查詢每一個欄目下面最新的那件產品?
    • 語義解析:欄目列 :cat_id ;最新的那件產品⇔goods_id 爲最大值時所對應的那一件產品
# 1. 陷阱演示 ❌
# 思路:最新的商品 max(goods_id);每一個欄目 group by cat_id

select max(goods_id) ,goods_name ,cat_id ,shop_price from goods group by cat_id ; 

# 報錯:ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #2 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated 
# column 'zion.goods.goods_name' which is not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause;
# this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by    大概意思是 語義缺陷,不兼容

#分析:」先查詢再排序「  group by cat_id  可是goods_name,shop_price應該取誰的呢?
# 2. 正確方法 ✅
# 思路:」先排序再查詢「  須要用到子查詢/鏈接查詢

# 」先排序「
select max(goods_id),cat_id from goods group by cat_id;

+---------------+--------+
| max(goods_id) | cat_id |
+---------------+--------+
|            16 |      2 |
|            32 |      3 |
|            18 |      4 |
|            23 |      5 |
|             7 |      8 |
|             6 |     11 |
|            26 |     13 |
|            30 |     14 |
|            28 |     15 |
+---------------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 」再查詢「
select cat_id ,goods_id, goods_name, shop_price from goods where goods_id in (select max(goods_id) from goods group by cat_id);

+--------+----------+----------------------------------------+------------+
| cat_id | goods_id | goods_name                             | shop_price |
+--------+----------+----------------------------------------+------------+
|     11 |        6 | 勝創kingmax內存卡                      |      42.00 |
|      8 |        7 | 諾基亞n85原裝立體聲耳機hs-82           |     100.00 |
|      2 |       16 | 恆基偉業g101                           |     823.33 |
|      4 |       18 | 夏新t5                                 |    2878.00 |
|      5 |       23 | 諾基亞n96                              |    3700.00 |
|     13 |       26 | 小靈通/固話20元充值卡                  |      19.00 |
|     15 |       28 | 聯通50元充值卡                         |      45.00 |
|     14 |       30 | 移動20元充值卡                         |      18.00 |
|      3 |       32 | 諾基亞n85                              |    3010.00 |
+--------+----------+----------------------------------------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)


# 分析:1.因而可知 select max(goods_id) ,goods_name ,shop_price from goods  除了goods_id符合題意,其它的在語義上就是存在缺陷的;
# 這是一個有缺陷的語句。  
#      2.列就是變量;把查詢這個變量(列)的sql語句做爲外層sql語句的比較條件,這麼作的目的是爲了咱們每次更新商品後,都能取得最新的那個商品。 
# 這樣也不會出現 列與列不匹配錯亂的狀況
  • 查詢出編號位19的商品的欄目名稱[欄目名稱放在category表中]

    select cat_id,cat_name from category where cat_id = ( select cat_id from goods where goods_id = 19 );
    
    +--------+-----------+
    | cat_id | cat_name  |
    +--------+-----------+
    |      3 | GSM手機   |
    +--------+-----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  1. from 子查詢 【將查詢出來的結果當成一個新」表「來操做

==============未完待續……

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