每週一個 Python 模塊 | ipaddress

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ipaddress模塊包括用於處理 IPv4 和 IPv6 網絡地址的類。這些類支持驗證,查找網絡上的地址和主機以及其餘常見操做。python

地址

最基本的對象表明網絡地址自己。傳遞字符串,整數或字節序列給 ip_address() 來構造地址。返回值是 IPv4AddressIPv6Address 實例,具體取決於所使用的地址類型。git

import binascii
import ipaddress


ADDRESSES = [
    '10.9.0.6',
    'fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa',
]

for ip in ADDRESSES:
    addr = ipaddress.ip_address(ip)
    print('{!r}'.format(addr))
    print(' IP version:', addr.version)
    print(' is private:', addr.is_private)
    print(' packed form:', binascii.hexlify(addr.packed))
    print(' integer:', int(addr))
    print()
    
# output
# IPv4Address('10.9.0.6')
# IP version: 4
# is private: True
# packed form: b'0a090006'
# integer: 168361990
# 
# IPv6Address('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa')
# IP version: 6
# is private: True
# packed form: b'fdfd87b5b4755e3eb1bce121a8eb14aa'
# integer: 337611086560236126439725644408160982186
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還能夠用這個方法來校驗 IP 地址是否合法:github

import ipaddress


def is_ip_Valid(ipaddr):
    try:
        ipaddress.ip_address(ipaddr);
        return True;
    except :
        return False;
     
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(is_ip_Valid('2001:db8::'));
    print(is_ip_Valid('192.168.168.1'));
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網絡

網絡是由一系列地址組成的,一般用地址和掩碼這種形式來表示。網絡

import ipaddress

NETWORKS = [
    '10.9.0.0/24',
    'fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64',
]

for n in NETWORKS:
    net = ipaddress.ip_network(n)
    print('{!r}'.format(net))
    print(' is private:', net.is_private)
    print(' broadcast:', net.broadcast_address)
    print(' compressed:', net.compressed)
    print(' with netmask:', net.with_netmask)
    print(' with hostmask:', net.with_hostmask)
    print(' num addresses:', net.num_addresses)
    print()
    
# output
# IPv4Network('10.9.0.0/24')
# is private: True
# broadcast: 10.9.0.255
# compressed: 10.9.0.0/24
# with netmask: 10.9.0.0/255.255.255.0
# with hostmask: 10.9.0.0/0.0.0.255
# num addresses: 256
# 
# IPv6Network('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64')
# is private: True
# broadcast: fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
# compressed: fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64
# with netmask: fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
# with hostmask: fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
# num addresses: 18446744073709551616
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與地址同樣,IPv4 和 IPv6網絡有兩種網絡類。每一個類提供用於訪問與網絡相關聯的值的屬性或方法,例如廣播地址和可供主機使用的網絡上的地址。測試

網絡實例是可迭代的,併產生網絡上的地址。spa

import ipaddress

NETWORKS = [
    '10.9.0.0/24',
    'fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64',
]

for n in NETWORKS:
    net = ipaddress.ip_network(n)
    print('{!r}'.format(net))
    for i, ip in zip(range(3), net):
        print(ip)
    print()
    
# output
# IPv4Network('10.9.0.0/24')
# 10.9.0.0
# 10.9.0.1
# 10.9.0.2
# 
# IPv6Network('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64')
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::1
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::2
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此示例僅打印一些地址,由於 IPv6 網絡能夠包含的地址遠多於輸出中的地址。.net

迭代網絡會產生地址,但並不是全部地址都對主機有效。例如,網絡的基地址和廣播地址。要查找網絡上常規主機可使用的地址,請使用 hosts() 方法,該方法會生成一個生成器。code

import ipaddress

NETWORKS = [
    '10.9.0.0/24',
    'fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64',
]

for n in NETWORKS:
    net = ipaddress.ip_network(n)
    print('{!r}'.format(net))
    for i, ip in zip(range(3), net.hosts()):
        print(ip)
    print()
    
# output
# IPv4Network('10.9.0.0/24')
# 10.9.0.1
# 10.9.0.2
# 10.9.0.3
# 
# IPv6Network('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64')
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::1
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::2
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::3
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將此示例的輸出與前一示例進行比較代表,主機地址不包括在整個網絡上進行迭代時生成的第一個值。orm

除了迭代器協議以外,網絡還支持in 操做,來肯定地址是不是網絡的一部分。

import ipaddress


NETWORKS = [
    ipaddress.ip_network('10.9.0.0/24'),
    ipaddress.ip_network('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64'),
]

ADDRESSES = [
    ipaddress.ip_address('10.9.0.6'),
    ipaddress.ip_address('10.7.0.31'),
    ipaddress.ip_address('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa'),
    ipaddress.ip_address('fe80::3840:c439:b25e:63b0'),
]


for ip in ADDRESSES:
    for net in NETWORKS:
        if ip in net:
            print('{}\nis on {}'.format(ip, net))
            break
    else:
        print('{}\nis not on a known network'.format(ip))
    print()
    
# output
# 10.9.0.6
# is on 10.9.0.0/24
# 
# 10.7.0.31
# is not on a known network
# 
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa
# is on fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64
# 
# fe80::3840:c439:b25e:63b0
# is not on a known network
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in使用網絡掩碼來測試地址,所以它比擴展網絡上的完整地址列表更有效。

接口

網絡接口表示網絡上的特定地址,而且能夠由主機地址和網絡前綴或網絡掩碼錶示。

import ipaddress


ADDRESSES = [
    '10.9.0.6/24',
    'fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa/64',
]


for ip in ADDRESSES:
    iface = ipaddress.ip_interface(ip)
    print('{!r}'.format(iface))
    print('network:\n ', iface.network)
    print('ip:\n ', iface.ip)
    print('IP with prefixlen:\n ', iface.with_prefixlen)
    print('netmask:\n ', iface.with_netmask)
    print('hostmask:\n ', iface.with_hostmask)
    print()
    
# output
# IPv4Interface('10.9.0.6/24')
# network:
# 10.9.0.0/24
# ip:
# 10.9.0.6
# IP with prefixlen:
# 10.9.0.6/24
# netmask:
# 10.9.0.6/255.255.255.0
# hostmask:
# 10.9.0.6/0.0.0.255
# 
# IPv6Interface('fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa/64')
# network:
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e::/64
# ip:
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa
# IP with prefixlen:
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa/64
# netmask:
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
# hostmask:
# fdfd:87b5:b475:5e3e:b1bc:e121:a8eb:14aa/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
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接口對象具備分別訪問完整網絡和地址的屬性,以及表達接口和網絡掩碼的幾種不一樣方式。

相關文檔:

pymotw.com/3/ipaddress…

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