Oracle 無備份狀況下的恢復--密碼文件/參數文件

13.1 恢復密碼文件

密碼文件（linux 爲例）在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目錄下，文件名的前綴是orapw,後接數據庫實例名。

[oracle@DSI backup]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall     1536 Jul 25 10:15 orapworcl

該文件只爲兩個權限服務：SYSDBA和SYSOPER

密碼文件的丟失或損壞致使須要訪問該文件的相關操做都失敗，好比，使用有SYSDBA和SYSOPER權限的遠程登陸都會失敗，影響oracle的管理控制檯 database console、grid control

$ sqlplus / as sysdba
$ sqlplus sys/xxx@orcl as sysdba
ERROR
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL> grant sysdba to hr
ERROR
ORA-01994: GRANT failed: password file missing or disabled

若初始化參數remote_login_passwordfile的值爲NONE,數據庫的行爲特徵與密碼文件損壞如出一轍。

密碼文件的恢復很簡單，使用orapwd命令重建一個密碼文件

$ orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapworcl password=oracle force=y

--force參數覆蓋已有的密碼文件

參數ignorecase將SYS的密碼設置爲11g之前的不區分大小寫

普通用戶的密碼大小寫是否區分由參數sec_case_sensitive_logon.

13.2 恢復參數文件

沒有參數文件db沒法啓動到nomount階段，當參數文件損壞時沒有備份，dba能夠經過參數文件pfile的形式重建。

首先查看告警日誌，全部非默認的參數均記在其內，這是恢復參數文件最準確的方法

[oracle@DSI dbs]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/
[oracle@DSI trace]$ tail -n 200 alert_orcl.log
Using parameter settings in server-side spfile /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora
System parameters with non-default values:
  processes                = 150
  memory_target            = 752M
  control_files            = "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl"
  control_files            = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl"
  db_block_size            = 8192
  compatible               = "11.2.0.4.0"
  db_recovery_file_dest    = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area"
  db_recovery_file_dest_size= 4977M
  undo_tablespace          = "UNDOTBS1"
  remote_login_passwordfile= "EXCLUSIVE"
  db_domain                = ""
  dispatchers              = "(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)"
  audit_file_dest          = "/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump"
  audit_trail              = "DB"
  db_name                  = "orcl"
  open_cursors             = 300
  diagnostic_dest          = "/u01/app/oracle"

若連告警日誌都沒有了，dba應當理解那些參數是必須設置的

11g在自動內存管理機制與新的診斷日誌路徑管理的幫助下，必須指定的參數

：DB_NAME\CONTROL_FILES

若是沒有db_name參數，實例沒法啓動

DB_NAME\DB_BLOCK_SIZE\COMPATIBLE 能夠在文件頭部取得

不設置或錯誤會報錯

ORA-01103

ORA-00058

參數compatible的特色是隻能增大不能減少，默認是11.2.0

參數instance_name和service_name能夠從環境變量oracle_sid、密碼文件名及tnsname.ora文件中找回。

參數process\open_cursors\sessions能夠考慮設置的大一些，

其餘參數儘可能不設置，通常使用默認值就能打開數據庫。

不能打開數據庫要具體分析。

若在數據庫運行時發現參數文件出了問題，可使用11g的新命令「create pfile/spfile from memory」 從內存中建立一個pfile參數文件

SQL> create pfile='/tmp/initorcl.ora.memory' from memory;
File created.
[oracle@DSI trace]$ cat /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory 
# Oracle init.ora parameter file generated by instance orcl on 07/29/2019 15:20:17

除非必要，應將如下畫線起始的隱含參數刪掉
[oracle@DSI trace]$ grep -v '^(_|#).*' /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory >/tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden
[oracle@DSI trace]$ cat /tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden

注意，若是採用window自動打開資源管理計劃的話，發現參數resource_manager_plan應該刪掉

等下次關閉db後，再將spfile建立回來

SQL> create spfile from pfile=’/tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden’;

[oracle@DSI trace]$ grep -v '^(_|#).*' /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory
# Oracle init.ora parameter file generated by instance orcl on 07/29/2019 15:20:17
__db_cache_size=320M
__java_pool_size=4M
__large_pool_size=8M
__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle' # ORACLE_BASE set from environment
__pga_aggregate_target=288M
__sga_target=464M
__shared_io_pool_size=0
__shared_pool_size=120M
__streams_pool_size=0
_aggregation_optimization_settings=0
_always_anti_join='CHOOSE'
_always_semi_join='CHOOSE'
_and_pruning_enabled=TRUE
_b_tree_bitmap_plans=TRUE
_bloom_filter_enabled=TRUE
_bloom_folding_enabled=TRUE
_bloom_pruning_enabled=TRUE
_complex_view_merging=TRUE
_compression_compatibility='11.2.0.4.0'
_connect_by_use_union_all='TRUE'
_convert_set_to_join=FALSE
_cost_equality_semi_join=TRUE
_cpu_to_io=0
_dimension_skip_null=TRUE
_eliminate_common_subexpr=TRUE
_enable_type_dep_selectivity=TRUE
_fast_full_scan_enabled=TRUE
_first_k_rows_dynamic_proration=TRUE
_gby_hash_aggregation_enabled=TRUE
_generalized_pruning_enabled=TRUE
_globalindex_pnum_filter_enabled=TRUE
_gs_anti_semi_join_allowed=TRUE
_improved_outerjoin_card=TRUE
_improved_row_length_enabled=TRUE
_index_join_enabled=TRUE
_ksb_restart_policy_times='0'
_ksb_restart_policy_times='60'
_ksb_restart_policy_times='120'
_ksb_restart_policy_times='240' # internal update to set default
_left_nested_loops_random=TRUE
_local_communication_costing_enabled=TRUE
_minimal_stats_aggregation=TRUE
_mmv_query_rewrite_enabled=TRUE
_new_initial_join_orders=TRUE
_new_sort_cost_estimate=TRUE
_nlj_batching_enabled=1
_optim_adjust_for_part_skews=TRUE
_optim_enhance_nnull_detection=TRUE
_optim_new_default_join_sel=TRUE
_optim_peek_user_binds=TRUE
_optimizer_adaptive_cursor_sharing=TRUE
_optimizer_better_inlist_costing='ALL'
_optimizer_cbqt_no_size_restriction=TRUE
_optimizer_coalesce_subqueries=TRUE
_optimizer_complex_pred_selectivity=TRUE
_optimizer_compute_index_stats=TRUE
_optimizer_connect_by_combine_sw=TRUE
_optimizer_connect_by_cost_based=TRUE
_optimizer_connect_by_elim_dups=TRUE
_optimizer_correct_sq_selectivity=TRUE
_optimizer_cost_based_transformation='LINEAR'
_optimizer_cost_hjsmj_multimatch=TRUE
_optimizer_cost_model='CHOOSE'
_optimizer_dim_subq_join_sel=TRUE
_optimizer_distinct_agg_transform=TRUE
_optimizer_distinct_elimination=TRUE
_optimizer_distinct_placement=TRUE
_optimizer_eliminate_filtering_join=TRUE
_optimizer_enable_density_improvements=TRUE
_optimizer_enable_extended_stats=TRUE
_optimizer_enable_table_lookup_by_nl=TRUE
_optimizer_enhanced_filter_push=TRUE
_optimizer_extend_jppd_view_types=TRUE
_optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing='UDO'
_optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing_rel='SIMPLE'
_optimizer_extended_stats_usage_control=192
_optimizer_false_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
_optimizer_fast_access_pred_analysis=TRUE
_optimizer_fast_pred_transitivity=TRUE
_optimizer_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
_optimizer_fkr_index_cost_bias=10
_optimizer_full_outer_join_to_outer=TRUE
_optimizer_group_by_placement=TRUE
_optimizer_improve_selectivity=TRUE
_optimizer_interleave_jppd=TRUE
_optimizer_join_elimination_enabled=TRUE
_optimizer_join_factorization=TRUE
_optimizer_join_order_control=3
_optimizer_join_sel_sanity_check=TRUE
_optimizer_max_permutations=2000
_optimizer_mode_force=TRUE
_optimizer_multi_level_push_pred=TRUE
_optimizer_native_full_outer_join='FORCE'
_optimizer_new_join_card_computation=TRUE
_optimizer_null_aware_antijoin=TRUE
_optimizer_or_expansion='DEPTH'
_optimizer_order_by_elimination_enabled=TRUE
_optimizer_outer_join_to_inner=TRUE
_optimizer_outer_to_anti_enabled=TRUE
_optimizer_push_down_distinct=0
_optimizer_push_pred_cost_based=TRUE
_optimizer_rownum_bind_default=10
_optimizer_rownum_pred_based_fkr=TRUE
_optimizer_skip_scan_enabled=TRUE
_optimizer_sortmerge_join_inequality=TRUE
_optimizer_squ_bottomup=TRUE
_optimizer_star_tran_in_with_clause=TRUE
_optimizer_system_stats_usage=TRUE
_optimizer_table_expansion=TRUE
_optimizer_transitivity_retain=TRUE
_optimizer_try_st_before_jppd=TRUE
_optimizer_undo_cost_change='11.2.0.4'
_optimizer_unnest_corr_set_subq=TRUE
_optimizer_unnest_disjunctive_subq=TRUE
_optimizer_use_cbqt_star_transformation=TRUE
_optimizer_use_feedback=TRUE
_or_expand_nvl_predicate=TRUE
_ordered_nested_loop=TRUE
_parallel_broadcast_enabled=TRUE
_partition_view_enabled=TRUE
_pivot_implementation_method='CHOOSE'
_pre_rewrite_push_pred=TRUE
_pred_move_around=TRUE
_push_join_predicate=TRUE
_push_join_union_view=TRUE
_push_join_union_view2=TRUE
_px_minus_intersect=TRUE
_px_partition_scan_enabled=TRUE
_px_pwg_enabled=TRUE
_px_ual_serial_input=TRUE
_query_rewrite_setopgrw_enable=TRUE
_remove_aggr_subquery=TRUE
_replace_virtual_columns=TRUE
_right_outer_hash_enable=TRUE
_selfjoin_mv_duplicates=TRUE
_sql_model_unfold_forloops='RUN_TIME'
_sqltune_category_parsed='DEFAULT' # parsed sqltune_category
_subquery_pruning_enabled=TRUE
_subquery_pruning_mv_enabled=FALSE
_table_scan_cost_plus_one=TRUE
_union_rewrite_for_gs='YES_GSET_MVS'
_unnest_subquery=TRUE
_use_column_stats_for_function=TRUE
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
audit_trail='DB'
background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace' #Deprecate parameter
compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl'
control_files='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl'
core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/cdump'
db_block_size=8192
db_domain=''
db_name='orcl'
db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
db_recovery_file_dest_size=4977M
diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
log_buffer=6479872 # log buffer update
memory_target=752M
open_cursors=300
optimizer_dynamic_sampling=2
optimizer_mode='ALL_ROWS'
plsql_warnings='DISABLE:ALL' # PL/SQL warnings at init.ora
processes=150
query_rewrite_enabled='TRUE'
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
result_cache_max_size=1952K
skip_unusable_indexes=TRUE
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace' #Deprecate parameter

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