學習golang不免須要分析源碼包中一些實現,下面就來講說container/heap包的源碼golang
heap的實現使用到了小根堆,下面先對堆作個簡單說明app
1. 堆概念 函數
2. heap學習
樹的最小元素在根部,爲index 0.測試
heap包對任意實現了heap接口的類型提供堆操做。ui
heap是經常使用的實現優先隊列的方法。要建立一個優先隊列,實現一個具備使用(負的)優先級做爲比較的依據的Less方法的Heap接口,如此一來可用Push添加項目而用Pop取出隊列最高優先級的項目。this
// Any type that implements heap.Interface may be used as a // min-heap with the following invariants (established after // Init has been called or if the data is empty or sorted): // // !h.Less(j, i) for 0 <= i < h.Len() and 2*i+1 <= j <= 2*i+2 and j < h.Len() // // Note that Push and Pop in this interface are for package heap's // implementation to call. To add and remove things from the heap, // use heap.Push and heap.Pop. type Interface interface { sort.Interface Push(x interface{}) // add x as element Len() Pop() interface{} // remove and return element Len() - 1. }
// A type, typically a collection, that satisfies sort.Interface can be // sorted by the routines in this package. The methods require that the // elements of the collection be enumerated by an integer index. type Interface interface { // Len is the number of elements in the collection. Len() int // Less reports whether the element with // index i should sort before the element with index j. Less(i, j int) bool // Swap swaps the elements with indexes i and j. Swap(i, j int) }
根據上面interface的定義,能夠看出這個堆結構繼承自sort.Interface, 而sort.Interface,須要實現三個方法:Len(), Less() , Swap() 。 spa
同事還須要實現堆接口定義的兩個方法:Push(x interface{}) / Pop() interface{}, 因此咱們要想使用heap定義一個堆, 只須要定義實現了這五個方法結構就能夠了。code
任何實現了本接口的類型均可以用於構建最小堆。最小堆能夠經過heap.Init創建,數據是遞增順序或者空的話也是最小堆。最小堆的約束條件是:htm
!h.Less(j, i) for 0 <= i < h.Len() and 2*i+1 <= j <= 2*i+2 and j < h.Len()
注意接口的Push和Pop方法是供heap包調用的,請使用heap.Push和heap.Pop來向一個堆添加或者刪除元素。
如下是heap導出的方法:
func Fix(h Interface, i int) //在修改第i個元素後,調用本函數修復堆,比刪除第i個元素後插入新元素更有效率。複雜度O(log(n)),其中n等於h.Len()。 func Init(h Interface) //初始化一個堆。一個堆在使用任何堆操做以前應先初始化。Init函數對於堆的約束性是冪等的(屢次執行無心義),並可能在任什麼時候候堆的約束性被破壞時被調用。本函數複雜度爲O(n),其中n等於h.Len()。 func Pop(h Interface) interface{} //刪除並返回堆h中的最小元素(不影響約束性)。複雜度O(log(n)),其中n等於h.Len()。該函數等價於Remove(h, 0)。 func Push(h Interface, x interface{}) //向堆h中插入元素x,並保持堆的約束性。複雜度O(log(n)),其中n等於h.Len()。 func Remove(h Interface, i int) interface{} //刪除堆中的第i個元素,並保持堆的約束性。複雜度O(log(n)),其中n等於h.Len()。
實例:
1. 包含int的最小堆
// This example demonstrates an integer heap built using the heap interface. package heap_test import ( "container/heap" "fmt" ) // An IntHeap is a min-heap of ints. type IntHeap []int func (h IntHeap) Len() int { return len(h) } func (h IntHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i] < h[j] } func (h IntHeap) Swap(i, j int) { h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i] } func (h *IntHeap) Push(x interface{}) { // Push and Pop use pointer receivers because they modify the slice's length, // not just its contents. *h = append(*h, x.(int)) } func (h *IntHeap) Pop() interface{} { old := *h n := len(old) x := old[n-1] *h = old[0 : n-1] return x } // This example inserts several ints into an IntHeap, checks the minimum, // and removes them in order of priority. func Example_intHeap() { h := &IntHeap{2, 1, 5} heap.Init(h) heap.Push(h, 3) fmt.Printf("minimum: %d\n", (*h)[0]) for h.Len() > 0 { fmt.Printf("%d ", heap.Pop(h)) } // Output: // minimum: 1 // 1 2 3 5 }
2. 用heap建立一個優先級隊列
// This example demonstrates a priority queue built using the heap interface. package heap_test import ( "container/heap" "fmt" ) // An Item is something we manage in a priority queue. type Item struct { value string // The value of the item; arbitrary. priority int // The priority of the item in the queue. // The index is needed by update and is maintained by the heap.Interface methods. index int // The index of the item in the heap. } // A PriorityQueue implements heap.Interface and holds Items. type PriorityQueue []*Item func (pq PriorityQueue) Len() int { return len(pq) } func (pq PriorityQueue) Less(i, j int) bool { // We want Pop to give us the highest, not lowest, priority so we use greater than here. return pq[i].priority > pq[j].priority } func (pq PriorityQueue) Swap(i, j int) { pq[i], pq[j] = pq[j], pq[i] pq[i].index = i pq[j].index = j } func (pq *PriorityQueue) Push(x interface{}) { n := len(*pq) item := x.(*Item) item.index = n *pq = append(*pq, item) } func (pq *PriorityQueue) Pop() interface{} { old := *pq n := len(old) item := old[n-1] item.index = -1 // for safety *pq = old[0 : n-1] return item } // update modifies the priority and value of an Item in the queue. func (pq *PriorityQueue) update(item *Item, value string, priority int) { item.value = value item.priority = priority heap.Fix(pq, item.index) } // This example creates a PriorityQueue with some items, adds and manipulates an item, // and then removes the items in priority order. func Example_priorityQueue() { // Some items and their priorities. items := map[string]int{ "banana": 3, "apple": 2, "pear": 4, } // Create a priority queue, put the items in it, and // establish the priority queue (heap) invariants. pq := make(PriorityQueue, len(items)) i := 0 for value, priority := range items { pq[i] = &Item{ value: value, priority: priority, index: i, } i++ } heap.Init(&pq) // Insert a new item and then modify its priority. item := &Item{ value: "orange", priority: 1, } heap.Push(&pq, item) pq.update(item, item.value, 5) // Take the items out; they arrive in decreasing priority order. for pq.Len() > 0 { item := heap.Pop(&pq).(*Item) fmt.Printf("%.2d:%s ", item.priority, item.value) } // Output: // 05:orange 04:pear 03:banana 02:apple }
說明:測試源碼都是golang包裏面提供的, 有興趣能夠直接去查閱下golang源碼